Hit1614-HBHD-Ch 4

Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Chapter 4
Tissues, Glands, and Membranes

Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Overview

Key Terms
adipose fibroblast parietal
areolar histology serosa
benign malignant staging
biopsy matrix stem cell
cancer membrane visceral
cartilage metastasis
chemotherapy mucosa
chondrocyte mucus
collagen myelin
endocrine neoplasm
epithelium neuroglia
exocrine neuron
fascia osteocyte

Tissue Origins
Learning Objectives
1.Define stem cells, and describe
their role in development and repair
of tissue.
2.Name the four main groups of
tissues, and give the location and
general characteristics of each.
3.Describe the difference between
exocrine and endocrine glands, and
give examples of each.

Connective Tissue
Learning Objective
4.Classify the different types of
connective tissue.

Membranes
Learning Objectives
5.Describe three types of epithelial
membranes.
6.List six types of connective tissue
membranes.

Benign and Malignant Tumors
Learning Objectives
7.Explain the difference between
benign and malignant tumors, and
give several examples of each type.
8.Identify the most common methods
of diagnosing and treating cancer.

Case Study
Learning Objective
9. Using the case study and
information in the text, describe
the warning signs of cancer.

Word Anatomy
Learning Objective
10. Show how word parts are used to build words related
to tissues, glands, and membranes.

Tissue Origins (cont.)
• Histology is the study of tissues.
• Four main groups of tissues
– Epithelial
– Connective
– Muscle
– Nervous tissue

Epithelial Tissue
Overview
•Forms a protective covering for the body
– Outer layer of skin
•Forms membranes and ducts
•Lines body cavities and hollow organs

Epithelial Tissue (cont.)
Structure
•Classification by shape
– Squamous
– Cuboidal
– Columnar
•Classification by layers
– Simple
– Stratified
– Pseudostratified

Simple Epithelium
•Single cell layer allows materials to pass from one system
to another

Figure 4-1 Simple epithelial tissues.
In how many layers are these epithelial cells?

Stratified Epithelium
•Multiple cell layers provide protection in areas subject to
wear and tear.

Figure 4-2 Stratified squamous epithelium.
What is the function of stratified epithelium?

Special Functions
•Goblet cells secrete mucus.
– Trap foreign particles in the respiratory tract
– Protect lining of digestive organs
•Some epithelial cells have cilia.
– Sweep particles trapped in mucus away from the
lungs
•Epithelial cells repair and replace themselves quickly.

Figure 4-3 Goblet cells.

Glands
•Produce substances that are sent out to other parts of
the body
•Types
– Exocrine glands
• Use ducts to deliver product to other regions
Example: Sweat and salivary glands
– Endocrine glands
• Use blood vessels to deliver hormones to other
regions
Example: Adrenal gland and pancreas

✓
Checkpoints
4-1 What are the three basic shapes of epithelial cells?
4-2 What are the two categories of glands based on
their method of secretion?

?
Pop Quiz
4.1 You are studying a slide in anatomy lab. You
see several layers of tile-shaped cells. What tissue is
most likely on the slide?
A)Simple columnar epithelium
B)Stratified columnar epithelium
C)Simple squamous epithelium
D)Stratified squamous epithelium

?
Pop Quiz Answer
4.1 You are studying a slide in anatomy lab. You
see several layers of tile-shaped cells. What tissue is
most likely on the slide?
A)Simple columnar epithelium
B)Stratified columnar epithelium
C)Simple squamous epithelium
D)Stratified squamous epithelium

Epithelium
?
Pop Quiz
4.2 Which is an example of an endocrine gland?
A)Glands secrete hydrochloric acid into the stomach.
B)Pancreas secretes insulin, which regulates blood
sugar.
C)Respiratory epithelium secretes mucus on its
surface.
D)Salivary glands secrete enzymes into the mouth.

Epithelium (cont.)
?
Pop Quiz Answer
4.2 Which is an example of an endocrine gland?
A)Glands secrete hydrochloric acid into the stomach.
B)Pancreas secretes insulin, which regulates blood
sugar.
C)Respiratory epithelium secretes mucus on its
surface.
D)Salivary glands secrete enzymes into the mouth.

Connective Tissue (cont.)
Overview
•The supporting fabric of the body
•Contains large amounts of matrix between cells
•Categorized by physical properties
– Circulating connective tissue
– Generalized connective tissue
– Structural connective tissue

Circulating Connective Tissue
•Fluid connective tissue that travels in vessels
•Carries nutrients, gases, wastes, and other materials
throughout body

Generalized Connective Tissue
•Widely distributed and not highly specialized
•Types in order of increasing hardness:
– Loose
– Dense
– Cartilage
– Bone tissue

Loose Connective Tissue
•Soft matrix
•Provides support and protection

Figure 4-4 Circulating and loose connective tissue.
Which of these tissues has the most fibers? Which of these
tissues is modified for storage?

Dense Connective Tissue
•Firm matrix with large numbers of collagen and elastic
fibers
•Provides protection, support, flexibility, and attachment

Cartilage
•Strong and flexible with a solid matrix
•Provides protection, structure, shock absorption, and
elasticity

Bone
•Solid matrix hardened with mineral salts
•Makes up bones of skeleton
•Gives structure, support, and protection to body
•Works with muscles to produce movement

Figure 4-5 Dense connective tissue, cartilage and bone.

✓
Checkpoints
4-3 What is the general name for the intercellular
material in connective tissue?
4-4 What protein makes up the most abundant fibers in
connective tissue?
4-5 What type of cell characterizes dense connective
tissue? Cartilage? Bone tissue?

?
Pop Quiz
4.3 Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes
are to
A)Bone
B)Fat
C)Muscle
D)Tendon

?
Pop Quiz Answer
4.3 Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes
are to
A)Bone
B)Fat
C)Muscle
D)Tendon

?
Pop Quiz
4.4 You are studying a slide of a body tissue in
anatomy lab. You see a few similar cells that do not
contact each other and many thick collagen fibers
oriented in the same direction. What tissue is most
likely on the slide?
A)Areolar connective tissue
B)Dense connective tissue
C)Stratified epithelial tissue
D)Transitional epithelial tissue

?
Pop Quiz Answer
4.4 You are studying a slide of a body tissue in
anatomy lab. You see a few similar cells that do not
contact each other and many thick collagen fibers
oriented in the same direction. What tissue is most
likely on the slide?
B)Dense connective tissue
C)Stratified epithelial tissue
D)Transitional epithelial tissue

Muscle Tissue
Types
•Skeletal muscle
– Voluntary
– Striated
•Cardiac muscle (myocardium)
– Involuntary
– Contains intercalated disks
•Smooth muscle (visceral muscle)
– Involuntary
– Unstriated

Figure 4-6 Muscle tissue.
Muscle Tissue (cont.)

✓
Checkpoint
4-6 What are the three types of muscle tissue?

?
Pop Quiz
4.5 Which tissue is striated and under involuntary
control?
B)Cardiac muscle tissue
C)Skeletal muscle tissue
D)Smooth muscle tissue

?
Pop Quiz Answer
4.5 Which tissue is striated and under involuntary
control?
B)Cardiac muscle tissue
C)Skeletal muscle tissue
D)Smooth muscle tissue

Nervous Tissue
Overview
•Nervous tissue makes up body’s communication system.
•Nervous system components:
– Brain
– Nerves
– Spinal cord
•Cell types:
– Neuron
– Neuroglia

Nervous Tissue (cont.)
The Neuron
•Basic unit of nervous tissue.
•Neurons transmit nerve impulses.
•Parts of a neuron
– Body
– Fibers
•A nerve is a bundle of nerve fibers held together with
connective tissue.

Neuroglia
•Support and protect nervous tissue
– Some protect the brain from harmful substances.
– Some get rid of foreign organisms and cellular debris.
– Some form myelin sheath around axons.
•Do not transmit nerve impulses

Figure 4-7 Nervous tissue.

✓
Checkpoints
4-7 What is the basic cell of the nervous system, and
what is its function?
4-8 What are the nonconducting support cells of the
nervous system called?

Membranes (cont.)
• Thin sheets of tissue
• Functions of membranes
– Cover surfaces
– Serve as dividers
– Line hollow organs or body cavities
– Anchor organs
– Secrete lubricants to ease the movement of organs
• Two main categories
– Epithelial membranes
– Connective tissue membranes

Membranes (cont.)
Epithelial Membranes
•Outer surface is made of epithelium

Membranes (cont.)
Serous Membranes
•Line body cavities and cover internal organs
•Do not connect to the outside of the body
•Secrete serous fluid that acts as a lubricant

Figure 4-8 Organization of serous membranes.
Membranes (cont.)

Membranes (cont.)
Mucous Membranes
•Line tubes and ducts that open to outside of the body
•Vary in structure and function
– Trap and remove foreign particles
– Protect deeper tissue
– Absorb food materials

Membranes (cont.)
Connective Tissue Membranes
•Composed of connective tissue with no epithelium

Membranes (cont.)
Membranes and Disease
•Membranes play a part in disease process.
•Become inflamed or infected:
– Example: Peritonitis
•Act as pathways to spread disease in the body.
•Frequently involved in autoimmune disorders:
– Examples: Systemic lupus erythematosus and
rheumatoid arthritis

Membranes (cont.)
✓
Checkpoints
4-9 What are the three types of epithelial membranes?
4-10 What is the difference between a parietal and a
visceral serous membrane?
4-11 What is fascia, and where is it located?

Membranes (cont.)
?
Pop Quiz
4.6 Which membrane contains epithelial tissue?
A)Bursa
B)Fascia
C)Meninges
D)Pleura

Membranes (cont.)
?
Pop Quiz Answer
4.6 Which membrane contains epithelial tissue?
A)Bursa
B)Fascia
C)Meninges
D)Pleura

Benign and Malignant Tumors (cont.)
Overview
•Abnormal growth of cells is called a tumor or neoplasm.
•Types
– Benign
– Malignant (cancer)

Benign Tumors
•Do not invade other tissues or spread to other sites
•Some examples:

Malignant Tumors
•Classified according to tissues of origin
– Carcinoma
– Sarcoma
– Leukemia
– Lymphoma
– Glioma

Figure 4-9 Benign and malignant tumors.

Signs of Cancer
•Thickening or lump
•Changes in the color, shape, or size of a mole
•Sore that does not heal
•Unusual bleeding or discharge
•Difficulty in swallowing
•Persistent indigestion or discomfort after eating
•Hoarseness or persistent cough
•White patches in the mouth
•Changes in bowel or bladder habits
•Unexplained weight gain or loss
•Feeling weak or very tired

Cancer Diagnosis
•Microscopic study of tissue or cells
•Radiography
•Ultrasound (ultrasonography)
•Computed tomography (CT)
•Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
•Positron emission tomography (PET)
•Tumor marker tests
•Genetic tests
•Staging

Figure 4-10 Diagnostic imaging for tumors.

Cancer Treatment
•Treatment methods may be combined.
•Surgery
•Radiation
•Chemotherapy
•Biological therapy (immunotherapy)
•Hormone therapy
•Angiogenesis blockers

✓
Checkpoints
4-12 What is the difference between a benign and a
malignant tumor?
4-13 What is a biopsy?
4-14 What are the three standard approaches to the
treatment of cancer?

?
Pop Quiz
4.7 What is another term for tumor?
A)Arthritis
B)Bursa
C)Neoplasm
D)Peritonitis

?
Pop Quiz Answer
4.7 What is another term for tumor?
A)Arthritis
B)Bursa
C)Neoplasm
D)Peritonitis

?
Pop Quiz
4.8 What is the removal of living tissue for
microscopic examination called?
A)Biopsy
B)Computed tomography
C)Magnetic resonance imaging
D)Positron emission tomography

?
Pop Quiz Answer
4.8 What is the removal of living tissue for
microscopic examination called?
A)Biopsy
B)Computed tomography
C)Magnetic resonance imaging
D)Positron emission tomography

Tissues and Aging
• Connective tissues lose elasticity as they age.
• Blood vessels
• Tendons and ligaments
• Bones
• Muscles

Figure 4-11 Atrophy of the brain.
Tissues and Aging (cont.)

Case Study (cont.)
• Paul was diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma.
• Squamous cell carcinoma may be a carcinogenic effect
of sun damage on skin tissue.
• This case study illustrates the fact that skin cancer can
be caused by frequent exposure to the sun and can be
mostly prevented by wearing sunscreen outdoors and
reapplying it often. It is also recommended to cover up
exposed areas of the skin when outdoors.

Word Anatomy (cont.)

Hit1614-HBHD-Ch 4

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Hit1614-HBHD-Ch 4

Similar to Hit1614-HBHD-Ch 4 (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Hit1614-HBHD-Ch 4

Editor's Notes