HBHD 13e Ch10

Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Chapter 10
The Nervous System: The Brain
and Cranial Nerves

Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Overview

Key Terms
aphasia corpus callosum meninges
basal nuclei diencephalon midbrain
brain stem electroencephalograph (EEG)pons
cerebellum gyrus (pl. gyri) reticular formation
cerebral cortex hematoma seizure
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hypothalamus stroke
cerebrum limbic system sulcus (pl. sulci)
concussion medulla oblongata thalamus
ventricle

Overview of the Brain
Learning Objectives
1.Give the locations of the four main
divisions of the brain.
2.Name and describe the three
meninges.
3.Cite the function of cerebrospinal
fluid, and describe where and how
this fluid is formed.

The Cerebrum
Learning Objectives
4.Name and locate the lobes of the
cerebral hemispheres.
5.Cite one function of the cerebral
cortex in each lobe of the cerebrum.

The Diencephalon
Learning Objective
6.Name two divisions of the
diencephalon, and cite the functions
of each.

The Brain Stem
Learning Objective
7.Locate the three subdivisions of the
brain stem, and give the functions of
each.

The Cerebellum
Learning Objectives
8.Describe the cerebellum, and
identify its functions.
9.Name three neuronal networks that
involve multiple regions of the brain,
and describe the function of each.

Brain Studies
Learning Objective
10. Describe four techniques used to
study the brain.

Learning Objective
11. Describe at least six disorders
that affect the brain.
Disorders of the Brain and Associated
Structures

Cranial Nerves
Learning Objectives
12. List the names and functions of
the 12 cranial nerves.
13. Discuss five disorders that involve
the cranial nerves.

Case Study
Learning Objective
14.Using information in the
case study, list the possible
effects of mild traumatic brain
injury.

Word Anatomy
Learning Objective
15.Show how word parts are used to build words related
to the nervous system.

Overview of the Brain

Overview of the Brain (cont.)

Figure 10-1 Brain, sagittal section.
What is the largest part of the brain? What part connects
with the spinal cord?

Protective Structures of the Brain and Spinal Cord
•Meninges
– Dura mater
• Dural sinuses
– Arachnoid
– Pia mater

Figure 10-2 Frontal (coronal) section of the top of the head.
The meninges and related parts are shown.
What are the channels formed where the dura mater
divides into two layers?
How many layers of meninges are there?

(cont.)
•Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
– Supports nervous tissue, cushions from shock
– Carries nutrients to cells
– Transports waste products from cells
•Produced in ventricles
– Choroid plexus
– Lateral ventricles
– Foramina
– Cerebral aqueduct

(cont.)
•Ventricles
– Four fluid-filled spaces within the brain
• Lateral (two)
• Third
• Fourth
– Contain choroid plexus, which manufactures CSF
– Supports nervous tissue, cushions from shock
– Carries nutrients to cells
– Transports waste products from cells

Which ventricle is continuous with the central canal of the
spinal cord?
Figure 10-3 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the cerebral
ventricles.

✓
Checkpoints
10-1 What are the main divisions of the brain?
10-2 What are the names of the three layers of the
meninges from the outermost to the innermost?
10-3 Where is CSF produced?

?
Pop Quiz
10.1 Which division of the brain is physically
connected to the spinal cord?
A)Brain stem
B)Cerebellum
C)Cerebrum
D)Diencephalon

?
Pop Quiz Answer
10.1 Which division of the brain is physically
connected to the spinal cord?
A)Brain stem
B)Cerebellum
C)Cerebrum
D)Diencephalon

The Cerebrum (cont.)
Divisions of the Cerebral Hemispheres
•The cerebrum is divided into two cerebral hemispheres.
•Each hemisphere is divided into five lobes:
– Frontal
– Parietal
– Temporal
– Occipital
– Insula

The Cerebral Hemispheres
•Outer layer of nervous tissue is called the cortex.
•Cortex arranged into folds:
– Gyri
– Sulci
• Central sulcus
• Lateral sulcus

The Cerebral Hemispheres (cont.)
•The internal layer is composed primarily of white matter.
– Corpus callosum bridges cerebral hemispheres.

Figure 10-4 External surface of the brain.
What structure separates the frontal from the parietal lobe?
The temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes?

Functions of the Cerebral Cortex

Figure 10-5 Functional areas of the cerebral cortex.
What cortical area is posterior to the central sulcus? What
area is anterior to the central sulcus?

Memory and the Learning Process
•Short-term memory
– Information lost unless reinforced
•Long-term memory
– Rehearsal (repetition)
– Alertness

✓
Checkpoints
10-4 Name the four surface lobes of each cerebral
hemisphere.
10-5 Name the thin outer layer of gray matter where
higher brain functions occur.

?
Pop Quiz
10.2 Which lobes are separated by the central sulcus?
A) Frontal and parietal
B) Parietal and occipital
C) Temporal and occipital
D)Temporal and frontal

?
Pop Quiz Answer
10.2 Which lobes are separated by the central sulcus?
A) Frontal and parietal
B) Parietal and occipital
C) Temporal and occipital
D)Temporal and frontal

The Diencephalon (cont.)
Thalamus
•Sorts sensory impulses
•Directs impulses within the cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
•Maintains homeostasis
•Controls sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of
the autonomic nervous system
•Influences heartbeat, blood flow, hormone secretion

Figure 10-6 The diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum.
To what part of the brain is the pituitary gland attached?

✓
Checkpoint
10-6 What are the two main portions of the
diencephalon, and what do they do?

?
Pop Quiz
10.3 Which structure controls the autonomic nervous
system and the pituitary gland?
A) Basal ganglia
B) Cerebellum
C) Hypothalamus
D)Thalamus

?
Pop Quiz Answer
10.3 Which structure controls the autonomic nervous
system and the pituitary gland?
A) Basal ganglia
B) Cerebellum
C) Hypothalamus
D)Thalamus

The Brain Stem (cont.)
• Composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla
oblongata
• Connects the cerebrum and diencephalon with the
spinal cord

Midbrain
•Superior part of the brain stem
•Four masses form superior part of the midbrain
– House reflexes involving eyes and ears
•Conducts impulses between higher centers of the
cerebrum and lower centers of the pons, medulla,
cerebellum, spinal cord

Pons
•Connecting link between the cerebellum and rest of the
nervous system
•Regulates some reflexes involving respiration

Medullary Oblongata
•Respiratory center
•Cardiac center
•Vasomotor center
•Contralateral (opposite side) control

✓
Checkpoint
10-7 What are the three subdivisions of the brain stem?

?
Pop Quiz
10.4 Which part of the brain stem contains relay centers
for eye and ear reflexes?
A) Pons
B) Thalamus
C) Medulla oblongata
D) Midbrain

?
Pop Quiz Answer
10.4 Which part of the brain stem contains relay centers
for eye and ear reflexes?
A) Pons
B) Thalamus
C) Medulla oblongata
D) Midbrain

The Cerebellum (cont.)
• Three parts
– Vermis
– Left hemisphere
– Right hemisphere
• Functions
– Helps coordinate voluntary muscles
– Helps maintain balance
– Helps maintain muscle tone

Figure 10-7 The cerebellum.

✓
Checkpoint
10-8 What are some functions of the cerebellum?

Widespread Neuronal Networks
Limbic System
– Between the cerebrum and diencephalon
– Involved in emotional states, behavior
– Involved in learning, long-term memory
– Stimulates reticular formation (consciousness)
– Links functions of the cerebral cortex and brain stem
Basal Nuclei
Reticular Formation
– Reticular activating system (RAS)

Figure 10-8 The limbic system.
Which part of the cerebral cortex contributes to the limbic
system?
Widespread Neuronal Networks (cont.)

✓
Checkpoints
10-9 What are four structures in the limbic system?
10-10 What is the function of the basal nuclei?
10-11 What is the function of the reticular activating
system?

The Cerebellum
?
Pop Quiz
10.5 Which of the following is NOT a function of the
cerebellum?
A) Maintaining muscle tone
B) Maintaining balance
C) Coordinating voluntary muscles
D)Initiating movements of voluntary muscles

?
Pop Quiz Answer
10.5 Which of the following is NOT a function of the
cerebellum?
A) Maintaining muscle tone
B) Maintaining balance
C) Coordinating voluntary muscles
D)Initiating movements of voluntary muscles

Brain Studies
Learning Objective
10.Describe four techniques used to
study the brain.

Brain Studies (cont.)
Brain Imaging Techniques
•Computed tomography (CT) scan
•Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
•Positron emission tomography (PET)

Figure 10-9 Imaging the brain.

Electroencephalography
•Record electric currents given off by brain nerve cells
•Used to
– Study sleep patterns
– Diagnose disease
– Locate tumors
– Study drug effects
– Determine brain death

Figure 10-10 Electroencephalography.

Learning Objective
11.Describe at least six disorders that
affect the brain.
Structures

Structures (cont.)
Seizures and Epilepsies
•Seizure
•Epilepsy
Inflammation
•Meningitis
– Inflammation of brain and spinal cord coverings
•Encephalitis
– Inflammation of the brain
Hydrocephalus
– Abnormal CSF accumulation within the brain

Figure 10-11 Hydrocephalus.
Disorders of the Brain and Associated Structures (cont.)

Structures (cont.)
Stroke and Other Brain Disorders
•Stroke
– Most common brain disorder
•Tumors
– Gliomas

Figure 10-12 Brain tumor.

Structures (cont.)
Head Injury
•Head trauma can lead to injury within the skull.
•Hematomas
– Epidural
– Subdural
– Intracerebral
•Cerebral concussion

Figure 10-13 Hematomas.
What type of hematoma forms outside of the dura mater?
What type forms below the dura mater?

Structures (cont.)
Degenerative Diseases
•Alzheimer disease
•Multi-infarct dementia
•Parkinson disease
•Huntington disorder

Figure 10-14 Effects of Alzheimer disease.

Structures (cont.)
✓
Checkpoints
10-12 What is the common term for cerebrovascular
accident (CVA)?
10-13 What type of cells are commonly involved in
brain tumors?

Structures (cont.)
?
Pop Quiz
10.6 Which of the following symptoms is suggestive of
Alzheimer disease?
A) Memory loss
B) Tremor
C) Impaired balance
D) Limb rigidity

Structures (cont.)
?
Pop Quiz Answer
10.6 Which of the following symptoms is suggestive of
Alzheimer disease?
A) Memory loss
B) Tremor
C) Impaired balance
D) Limb rigidity

Cranial Nerves
Learning Objectives
12.List the names and functions of
the 12 cranial nerves.
13.Discuss five disorders that involve
the cranial nerves.

Cranial Nerves (cont.)
• 12 pairs
• Four categories:
– Special sensory impulses
– General sensory impulses
– Somatic motor impulses
– Visceral motor impulses

Names and Functions of the Cranial Nerves

Names and Functions of the Cranial Nerves (cont.)

Figure 10-15 Cranial nerves.

Disorders Involving the Cranial Nerves
• Destruction of optic fibers
• Damage to hearing nerves
• Paralysis of muscles
• Bell palsy
• Neuralgia

✓
Checkpoints
10-14 How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
10-15 What are the three types of cranial nerves? What is
a mixed nerve?

?
Pop Quiz
10.7 Which cranial nerve is concerned with the sense of
smell?
A) Vagus nerve
B) Trigeminal nerve
C) Olfactory nerve
D) Hypoglossal nerve

?
Pop Quiz Answer
10.7 Which cranial nerve is concerned with the sense of
smell?
A) Vagus nerve
B) Trigeminal nerve
C) Olfactory nerve
D) Hypoglossal nerve

Effects of Aging on the Nervous System
• Decreased brain size and weight
• Decreased speed of information processing
• Slowed movements
• Diminished memory
• Reduced blood flow to the brain

Learning Objective
14.Using information in the
case study, list the possible
effects of mild traumatic brain
injury.
Case Study

Case Study (cont.)
Symptoms of a Concussion
• Headache
• Slurred speech
• Blurred vision
• Slow to arouse
• Nausea and vomiting
• Changes
– Cognitive
– Physical
– Emotional
– Behavioral
Treatment
•Close observation of the injured person
•Quiet and rest
•Avoidance of overstimulation and alcohol
•Avoidance of using electronics

Word Anatomy (cont.)

HBHD 13e Ch10

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