HBHD 13e Ch12

Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Chapter 12
The Endocrine System: Glands and
Hormones

Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Overview

Key Terms
endocrine system pituitary (hypophysis) steroid
hormone prostaglandin target tissue
hypothalamus receptor

The Endocrine System
• Consists of a group of glands that produce hormones
• Works with the nervous system to control and
coordinate all other body systems
• Affects body systems by chemical stimuli

Hormones
Learning Objectives
1.Compare the effects of the nervous
system and the endocrine system in
controlling the body.
2.Describe the functions of hormones.
3.Identify the glands of the endocrine
system on a diagram.
4.Discuss the chemical composition of
hormones.

The Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones
Learning Objectives
5.Explain how hormones are
regulated.
6.List the hormones produced by
each endocrine gland, and describe
the effects of each on the body.
7.Describe how the hypothalamus
controls the posterior and anterior
pituitary.
8.Describe the effects of
hyposecretion and hypersecretion of
the various hormones.

Other Hormone-Producing Tissues
Learning Objective
9.List seven tissues other than the
endocrine glands that produce
hormones.

Hormones and Treatment
Learning Objectives
10.Explain the origin and function of
prostaglandins.
11.List eight medical uses of
hormones.

Hormones and Stress
Learning Objective
12.Explain how the endocrine system
responds to stress.

Case Study
Learning Objective
13.Referring to the case
study, discuss the signs,
symptoms, and treatment
of diabetes mellitus type 1.

Word Anatomy
Learning Objective
14.Show how word parts are used to build words related
to the endocrine system.

Figure 12-1 The endocrine glands.
What gland controls the thyroid gland?
Hormones

Hormones (cont.)
• Chemical messengers with regulatory effects on cells or
organs.
• Hormones from endocrine glands are released directly
into tissue fluids, not through ducts.
• Some affect many tissues.
– Growth hormone
– Thyroid hormone
– Insulin
• Some affect a specific tissue.
– Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
– Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Hormones (cont.)
Hormone Chemistry
•Amino acid compounds
– Proteins or related compounds
– All hormones except steroids
•Lipids
– Made of fatty acids
– Most are steroids, derived from the steroid
cholesterol
– Produced in the adrenal cortex and sex glands
– Prostaglandins are also lipids

Hormones (cont.)
Hormone Regulation
•Negative feedback (most common)
– Endocrine gland oversecretes hormone
– Tissue becomes too active
– Action negatively affects gland to decrease secretion
•Positive feedback
– Hormone response produces more hormone
•Rhythmic pattern

Hormones (cont.)
✓
Checkpoints
12-1 What are hormones, and what are some effects
of hormones?
12-2 What name is given to the specific tissue that
responds to a hormone?
12-3 Hormones belong to what two chemical
categories?
12-4 What is the most common mechanism used to
regulate hormone secretion?

Hormones (cont.)
?
Pop Quiz
12.1 Growth hormone secretions are regulated by
negative feedback. Increased blood growth hormone
levels result in:
A)Increased growth hormone secretion
B)Decreased growth hormone secretion
C)No change in growth hormone secretion

Hormones (cont.)
?
Pop Quiz Answer
12.1 Growth hormone secretions are regulated by
negative feedback. Increased blood growth hormone
levels result in:
A)Increased growth hormone secretion
B)Decreased growth hormone secretion
C)No change in growth hormone secretion

The Endocrine Glands and Their
Hormones
Learning Objectives
5.Explain how hormones are
regulated.
6.List the hormones produced by
each endocrine gland, and describe
the effects of each on the body.
7.Describe how the hypothalamus
controls the posterior and anterior
pituitary.
8.Describe the effects of
hyposecretion and hypersecretion of
the various hormones.

(cont.)
The Pituitary
•The “master gland:” releases hormones that affect
working of other endocrine glands
•Pituitary structure
– Anterior lobe
– Posterior lobe
– Infundibulum

Figure 12-2 The hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and target
tissues.
(cont.)

(cont.)
Control of the Pituitary
•Hypothalamus sends releasing hormones (RH) and
inhibiting hormones (IH).
– Hormones stimulate and suppress anterior pituitary
secretions.
•Hypothalamus produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and
oxytocin.
– Stored in the posterior pituitary.
– Nerve impulses stimulate secretions.

(cont.)
Anterior Pituitary Lobe Hormones
•Growth hormone (GH)
•Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
•Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
•Prolactin (PRL)
•Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
•Luteinizing hormone (LH)

(cont.)
Posterior Pituitary Lobe Hormones
•Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
•Oxytocin

Figure 12-3 Negative feedback control of thyroid hormones.
(cont.)

(cont.)
Pituitary Tumors
•Gigantism
•Acromegaly

(cont.)
✓
Checkpoints
12-5 What part of the brain controls the pituitary?
12-6 What hormones are released from the posterior
pituitary?
12-7 What hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete?

(cont.)
?
Pop Quiz
12.2 Which of the following hormones is synthesized in
the posterior pituitary?
A)Antidiuretic hormone
B)Growth hormone
C)Melatonin
D)Oxytocin

(cont.)
?
Pop Quiz Answer
12.2 Which of the following hormones is synthesized in
the posterior pituitary?
A)Antidiuretic hormone
B)Growth hormone
C)Melatonin
• Oxytocin

(cont.)
The Thyroid
•Lateral lobes on either side of the larynx
•Connecting band (isthmus)
•Enclosed by connective tissue capsule

Figure 12-4 Thyroid and parathyroid glands.
What structure is superior to the thyroid? Inferior to the
thyroid?
The Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones (cont.)

(cont.)
Thyroid Hormones
•Thyroxine (T4)
– Principal hormone
– Increases energy and protein metabolism rate
•Triiodothyronine (T3)
– Increases energy and protein metabolism rate
•Calcitonin
– Regulates calcium metabolism
– Works with parathyroid hormone and vitamin D

(cont.)
Disorders of the Thyroid Gland
•Goiter
– Simple versus nodular
•Hypothyroidism
– Congenital
– Hashimoto thyroiditis (adult)
– Endemic
•Hyperthyroidism
– Graves disease
– Thyroid storm

Figure 12-5 Thyroid hormone disorders.

(cont.)
Parathyroid Glands
•Four glands in posterior capsule of thyroid
•Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
– Works with calcitonin to regulate calcium metabolism

(cont.)
Disorders of the Parathyroid Glands
•Hyposecretion
– Tetany
•Hypersecretion

(cont.)
✓
Checkpoints
12-8 What is the effect of thyroid hormones on cells?
12-9 What mineral is needed to produce thyroid
hormones?
12-10 What is the term for an enlarged thyroid gland?
12-11 What mineral do parathyroid hormone (PTH) and
calcitriol regulate?

(cont.)
The Adrenal Glands
•Two small glands on top of the kidneys
•Each gland has two parts that act as separate glands
– Medulla
– Cortex

Figure 12-6 The adrenal gland.
What is the outer region
of the adrenal gland called?
The inner region?
(cont.)

(cont.)
Hormones from the adrenal medulla
•Epinephrine—“fight or flight” hormone
Hormones from the adrenal medulla
•Glucocorticoids; cortisol
•Mineralocorticoids; aldosterone
•Sex hormones

(cont.)
Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex
•Hyposecretion
– Addison disease
•Hypersecretion
– Cushing syndrome

Figure 12-7 Cushing disease.

(cont.)
✓
Checkpoints
12-12 What is the main hormone produced by the
adrenal medulla?
12-13 What three categories of hormones are released
by the adrenal cortex?
12-14 What effect does cortisol have on blood glucose
levels?

(cont.)
The Pancreas
•Structure
– Acini: Secrete digestive enzymes
– Islets: Secrete hormones
Pancreatic Hormones
•Insulin: Lowers blood sugar level; stimulates
manufacture of amino acids into protein
•Glucagon: Increases blood sugar

Figure 12-8 The pancreas and its functions.

Figure 12-9 The effects of insulin and glucagon.
What organs do insulin and glucagon mainly influence?

(cont.)
Diabetes Mellitus
•Most common endocrine disorder
•Types
– Type 1 diabetes
– Type 2 diabetes
– Metabolic syndrome
– Gestational diabetes

(cont.)
The Sex Glands
•Ovaries and testes produce hormones to develop sexual
characteristics and maintain reproductive organs.
•Hormones of the testes
– Androgens, for example, testosterone
•Hormones of the ovaries
– Estrogens
– Progesterone

(cont.)
The Pineal Gland
•Cone-shaped structure posterior to the midbrain
•Produces melatonin
– Influences sleep–wake cycles
– Appears to delay onset of puberty

The Pancreas and Sex Glands
✓
Checkpoints
12-15 What two hormones produced by the islets of the
pancreas regulate blood glucose levels?
12-16 What hormone is low or ineffective in cases of
diabetes mellitus?
12-17 Sex hormones confer certain features associated
with male and female gender. What are these features
called as a group?
12-18 What hormone does the pineal gland secrete?

Other Hormone-Producing Tissues (cont.)
• Digestive tract
• Kidney—erythropoietin (EPO)
• Brain
• Atria—atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
• Thymus—thymosin
• Placenta

Other Hormone-Producing Tissues (cont.)
Prostaglandins
•Group of hormones made by most body tissues
•Produced, act, and rapidly inactivated in or close to origin
•Functions
– Constrict structures
– Dilate structures
– Promote inflammation

Hormones and Treatment (cont.)
• Hormones are extracted from animal tissue,
manufactured in the lab, or genetically engineered
• Growth hormone
• Insulin
• Adrenal steroids
• Epinephrine (adrenaline)
• Thyroid hormones
• Oxytocin
• Androgens
• Estrogen and progesterone

Hormones and Stress (cont.)
• Fight-or-flight response
• Endocrine response
– Epinephrine
– Cortisol
– ADH
– Growth hormone
• Distress

Hormones and Stress (cont.)
✓
Checkpoints
12-19 What organs produce each of the following:
erythropoietin, osteocalcin, and ANP?
12-20 What are four hormones released in times
of stress?

Aging and the Endocrine System
• Decline in hormone secretion
• Main clinical conditions
– Type 2 diabetes mellitus
– Osteoporosis

Case Study (cont.)
Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus
•Frequent urination
•Weight loss
•Headaches
•Hyperglycemia
•Presence of glucose and ketones in the urine
Treatment
•Careful monitoring of blood glucose levels
•Daily insulin injections

Word Anatomy (cont.)

HBHD 13e Ch12

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