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HBHD13e Ch9
1.
Copyright © 2015
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 9 The Nervous System: The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
2.
Copyright © 2015
Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Overview
3.
Copyright © 2015
Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Key Terms acetylcholine motor presynaptic action potential nerve receptor afferent nerve impulse reflex autonomic nervous system neuritis repolarization axon neuroglia saltatory conduction dendrite neuron sensory depolarization neurotransmitter somatic nervous system effector norepinephrine sympathetic nervous system efferent parasympathetic nervous system synapse ganglion plexus tract interneuron postsynaptic
4.
Copyright © 2015
Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Overview of the Nervous System Learning Objective 1.Outline the organization of the nervous system according to structure and function.
5.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Neurons and Their Functions Learning Objectives 2.Describe the structure of a neuron. 3.Explain the construction and function of the myelin sheath. 4.Describe how neuron fibers are built into a nerve.
6.
Copyright © 2015
Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Neuroglia Learning Objective 5.List four types of neuroglia in the central nervous system, and cite the functions of each.
7.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Nervous System at Work Learning Objectives 6.Diagram and describe the steps in an action potential. 7.Explain the role of neurotransmitters in impulse transmission at a synapse.
8.
Copyright © 2015
Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Spinal Cord Learning Objective 8.Describe the distribution of gray and white matter in the spinal cord.
9.
Copyright © 2015
Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Spinal Nerves Learning Objective 9.Describe and name the spinal nerves and three of their main plexuses.
10.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Reflexes Learning Objectives 10.List the components of a reflex arc. 11.Define a simple reflex, and give several examples of reflexes.
11.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Learning Objectives 12.Compare the locations and functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. 13.Explain the role of cellular receptors in the action of neurotransmitters in the autonomic nervous system. The Autonomic Nervous System
12.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Learning Objective 14.Describe eight disorders of the spinal cord and spinal nerves. Clinical Aspects of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Case Study Learning Objective 15.Using the case study, describe the effects of demyelination on motor and sensory function.
14.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Word Anatomy Learning Objective 16.Show how word parts are used to build words related to the nervous system.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Overview of the Nervous System Role of the Nervous System •Coordinates all body systems. •Detects and responds to stimuli. •Brain and spinal cord act as switching centers. •Nerves carry messages to and from centers.
16.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Overview of the Nervous System (cont.) Structural Divisions •Central nervous system (CNS) – Brain – Spinal cord •Peripheral nervous system (PNS) – Cranial nerves – Spinal nerves
17.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Figure 9-1 Anatomic divisions of the nervous system, posterior view. What structures make up the central nervous system? The peripheral nervous system? Overview of the Nervous System (cont.)
18.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Overview of the Nervous System (cont.) Functional Divisions of the PNS
19.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Overview of the Nervous System (cont.) ✓ Checkpoints 9-1 What are the two divisions of the nervous system based on structure? 9-2 What division of the PNS is voluntary and controls skeletal muscles? What division is involuntary and controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands?
20.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Overview of the Nervous System (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 9.1 Which division of the nervous system exclusively controls skeletal muscles? A)Peripheral nervous system B)Central nervous system C)Somatic nervous system D)Autonomic nervous system
21.
Copyright © 2015
Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Overview of the Nervous System (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 9.1 Which division of the nervous system exclusively controls skeletal muscles? A)Peripheral nervous system B)Central nervous system C)Somatic nervous system D)Autonomic nervous system
22.
Copyright © 2015
Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Neurons and Their Functions Learning Objectives 2.Describe the structure of a neuron. 3.Explain the construction and function of the myelin sheath. 4.Describe how neuron fibers are built into a nerve.
23.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Neurons and Their Functions (cont.) Structure of a Neuron •Neurons are the functional cells of the nervous system. •They are highly specialized with a unique structure related to their function. – Cell body • Contains the nucleus and other organelles – Cell fibers • Dendrites carry impulses to cell body. • Axons carry impulses away from cell body.
24.
Copyright © 2015
Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Figure 9-2 Diagram of a motor neuron. How do you know the neuron shown here is a motor neuron? Is it part of the somatic or visceral nervous system? Explain. Neurons and Their Functions (cont.)
25.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Figure 9-3 Microscopic view of a neuron. Neurons and Their Functions (cont.)
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Neurons and Their Functions (cont.) The Myelin Sheath •Some axons insulated and protected by a fatty myelin sheath. •In the PNS, myelin sheath is formed by Schwann cells. – Outermost membrane of Schwann cell forms neurilemma. •In the CNS, myelin sheath formed by oligodendrocytes. •Myelinated axons make up white matter. •Unmyelinated axons make up gray matter.
27.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Figure 9-4 Formation of a myelin sheath. Neurons and Their Functions (cont.)
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Neurons and Their Functions (cont.) Types of Neurons
29.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Neurons and Their Functions (cont.) Nerves and Tracts •Nerve—fiber bundle within the PNS •Tract—fiber bundle within the CNS •Organized into fascicles •Connective tissue layers – Endoneurium – Perineurium – Epineurium
30.
Copyright © 2015
Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Figure 9-5 Structure of a nerve. What is the deepest layer of connective tissue in a nerve? What is the outermost layer? Neurons and Their Functions (cont.)
31.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Neurons and Their Functions (cont.) ✓ Checkpoints 9-3 What is the name of the neuron fiber that carries impulses toward the cell body? What is the name of the fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body? 9-4 What color describes myelinated fibers? What color describes the nervous system’s unmyelinated tissue? 9-5 What name is given to nerves that convey impulses toward the CNS? What name is given to nerves that transport away from the CNS? 9-6 What is a nerve? What is a tract?
32.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Neurons and Their Functions (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 9.2 Which fibers conduct impulses away from the cell body? A) Dendrites B) Axons C) Cell bodies D) Neurilemma
33.
Copyright © 2015
Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Neurons and Their Functions (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 9.2 Which fibers conduct impulses away from the cell body? A) Dendrites B) Axons C) Cell bodies D) Neurilemma
34.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Neuroglia Learning Objective 5.List four types of neuroglia in the central nervous system, and cite the functions of each.
35.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Neuroglia (cont.) Functions of Neuroglia •Protect, support, and nourish nervous tissue •Aid in cell repair •Remove pathogens and impurities •Regulate composition of fluid around cells Examples of Neuroglia •Schwann cells •Astrocytes •Oligodendrocytes •Ependymal cells
36.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Figure 9-6 Astrocytes, a type of neuroglia. Neuroglia (cont.)
37.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Neuroglia (cont.) ✓ Checkpoint 9-7 What is the name of the nervous system’s nonconducting cells, which protect, nourish, and support the neurons?
38.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Neuroglia (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 9.3 Which of the following is NOT an example of a neuroglial cell? A) Neuron B) Astrocyte C) Schwann cell D) All of the options are neuroglia.
39.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Neuroglia (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 9.3 Which of the following is NOT an example of a neuroglial cell? A) Neuron B) Astrocyte C) Schwann cell D) All of the options are neuroglia.
40.
Copyright © 2015
Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Nervous System at Work Learning Objectives 6.Diagram and describe the steps in an action potential. 7.Explain the role of neurotransmitters in impulse transmission at a synapse.
41.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Nervous System at Work (cont.) Overview •The nervous system works by means of electric impulses sent along fibers and transmitted from cell to cell at highly specialized junctions called synapses.
42.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Nervous System at Work (cont.) The Nerve Impulse •Resting state – Plasma membrane is polarized – Leak channels – Sodium–potassium pump •Action potential – Depolarization – Repolarization •Role of myelin—saltatory conduction
43.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Figure 9-7 The action potential. The Nervous System at Work (cont.)
44.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Figure 9-8 A nerve impulse. What happens to the charge on the membrane at the point of an action potential? The Nervous System at Work (cont.)
45.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Figure 9-9 Saltatory conduction. The Nervous System at Work (cont.)
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Nervous System at Work (cont.) The Synapse •Junction point for transmitting nerve impulse from neuron to another cell •Basic structure – Axon (presynaptic cell) • Releases neurotransmitter, a chemical signal – Synaptic cleft – Dendrite (postsynaptic cell) • Binds neurotransmitter via receptors
47.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Nervous System at Work (cont.) Examples of Neurotransmitters •Norepinephrine •Serotonin •Dopamine •Acetylcholine
48.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Figure 9-10 A synapse. The Nervous System at Work (cont.)
49.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Nervous System at Work (cont.) ✓ Checkpoints 9-8 What are the two stages of an action potential, and what happens during each? 9-9 What ions are involved in generating an action potential? 9-10 How does the myelin sheath affect conduction along an axon? 9-11 What is the junction between two neurons called? 9-12 As a group, what are all the chemicals that carry information across the synaptic cleft called?
50.
Copyright © 2015
Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Nervous System at Work (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 9.4 Potassium channels open early in the action potential to cause membrane: A) Depolarization B) Potential C) Repolarization D) Degradation
51.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Nervous System at Work (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 9.4 Potassium channels open early in the action potential to cause membrane: A) Depolarization B) Potential C) Repolarization D) Degradation
52.
Copyright © 2015
Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Spinal Cord Learning Objective 8.Describe the distribution of gray and white matter in the spinal cord.
53.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Spinal Cord (cont.) Overview •Links the PNS and brain •Helps coordinate impulses within the CNS •Contained in and protected by vertebrae
54.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Spinal Cord (cont.) Structure of the Spinal Cord •Inner gray matter (unmyelinated axons) – Dorsal horn – Ventral horn – Gray commissure – Central canal •Outer white matter (myelinated axons) – Posterior median sulcus – Anterior median fissure – Ascending and descending tracts
55.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Spinal Cord (cont.) ✓ Checkpoints 9-13 How are the gray and white matter arranged in the spinal cord? 9-14 What is the purpose of the tracts in the spinal cord’s white matter?
56.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Spinal Cord (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 9.5 What fluid is found in the central canal of the spinal cord? A) Blood B) Cerebrospinal fluid C) Lymph D) Saline
57.
Copyright © 2015
Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Spinal Cord (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 9.5 What fluid is found in the central canal of the spinal cord? A) Blood B) Cerebrospinal fluid C) Lymph D) Saline
58.
Copyright © 2015
Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Spinal Nerves Learning Objective 9.Describe and name the spinal nerves and three of their main plexuses.
59.
Copyright © 2015
Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Spinal Nerves (cont.) • 31 pairs • Each nerve attached to the spinal cord by two roots. – Dorsal root with dorsal root ganglion (sensory) – Ventral root (motor) • Nerves near end of cord travel together in the cord until each exits from its respective intervertebral foramen. • Mixed nerves contain both sensory and motor fibers.
60.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Figure 9-11 Spinal cord and spinal nerves. Is the spinal cord the same length as the spinal column? How does the number of cervical vertebrae compare to the number of cervical spinal nerves? The Spinal Nerves (cont.)
61.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Spinal Nerves (cont.) Branches of the Spinal Nerves •Cervical plexus – Phrenic nerve •Brachial plexus – Radial nerve •Lumbosacral plexus – Sciatic nerve •Dermatomes
62.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Figure 9-12 Dermatomes. Which spinal nerves carry impulses from the skin of the toes? From the anterior hand and fingers? The Spinal Nerves (cont.)
63.
Copyright © 2015
Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Spinal Nerves (cont.) ✓ Checkpoints 9-15 How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? 9-16 What types of fibers are in a spinal nerve’s dorsal root? What types are in its ventral root? 9-17 What is the term for a network of spinal nerves?
64.
Copyright © 2015
Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Spinal Nerves (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 9.6 The phrenic nerve arises from the: A) Brachial plexus B) Lumbosacral plexus C) Abdominal plexus D)Cervical plexus
65.
Copyright © 2015
Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Spinal Nerves (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 9.6 The phrenic nerve arises from the: A) Brachial plexus B) Lumbosacral plexus C) Abdominal plexus D)Cervical plexus
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Reflexes Learning Objectives 10.List the components of a reflex arc. 11.Define a simple reflex, and give several examples of reflexes.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Reflexes (cont.) The Reflex Arc
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Figure 9-13 Typical reflex arc. Is this a somatic or an autonomic reflex arc? What type of neuron is located between the sensory and motor neuron in the CNS? Reflexes (cont.)
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Reflexes (cont.) Reflex Activities •Simple reflex – Characteristics • Rapid • Uncomplicated • Automatic – Types • Stretch reflex • Withdrawal reflex
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Reflexes (cont.) ✓ Checkpoint 9-18 What is the name for a pathway through the nervous system from a stimulus to an effector?
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Reflexes (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 9.7 What is the correct order of impulse conduction through a reflex arc? A) Sensory neuron, receptor, effector, interneuron, motor neuron B) Receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector C) Receptor, motor neuron, sensory neuron, interneuron, effector D) Effector, sensory neuron, motor neuron, interneuron, receptor
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Reflexes (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 9.7 What is the correct order of impulse conduction through a reflex arc? A) Sensory neuron, receptor, effector, interneuron, motor neuron B) Receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector C) Receptor, motor neuron, sensory neuron, interneuron, effector D) Effector, sensory neuron, motor neuron, interneuron, receptor
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Clinical Aspects of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Learning Objectives 12.Compare the locations and functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. 13.Explain the role of cellular receptors in the action of neurotransmitters in the autonomic nervous system.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Autonomic Nervous System (cont.) Function •Regulates the action of glands, smooth muscles of hollow organs and vessels, and heart muscle Structure •Preganglionic neuron connects the spinal cord to ganglion. •Postganglionic neuron connects ganglion to effector.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Autonomic Nervous System (cont.) Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous •Sympathetic nervous system •Parasympathetic nervous system
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Autonomic Nervous System (cont.) Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System •Sympathetic nervous system – Fight-or-flight response •Parasympathetic nervous system – Returns body to normal •Systems generally have opposite effects on organ
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Autonomic Nervous System (cont.) Sympathetic Nervous System Anatomy •Preganglionic neurons in thoracolumbar area •Ganglia: – Sympathetic chain ganglia – Collateral ganglia •Postganglionic neurons are adrenergic (norepinephrine)
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Autonomic Nervous System (cont.) Parasympathetic Nervous System Anatomy •Preganglionic neurons in craniosacral areas •Terminal ganglia •Postganglionic neurons are cholinergic (acetylcholine)
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Figure 9-14 Autonomic nervous system. Which division of the autonomic nervous system has ganglia closer to the effector organ? The Autonomic Nervous System (cont.)
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Autonomic Nervous System (cont.) The Role of Cellular Receptors •“Docking sites” on postsynaptic cell membranes •Two types: – Cholinergic receptors • Nicotinic (bind nicotine) on skeletal muscle cells • Muscarinic (bind muscarine, a poison) on effector cells of the PNS – Adrenergic receptors • Found on receptor cells of the sympathetic nervous system • Bind norepinephrine, epinephrine
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Autonomic Nervous System (cont.) ✓ Checkpoints 9-19 How many neurons are there in each motor pathway of the ANS? 9-20 Which division of the ANS stimulates a stress response? Which division reverses the stress response?
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Autonomic Nervous System (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 9.8 Which of the following is NOT an action of the sympathetic nervous system? A) Increase in blood pressure B) Stimulation of skeletal muscle C) Stimulation of the adrenal gland D)Dilation of the pupils
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved The Autonomic Nervous System (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 9.8 Which of the following is NOT an action of the sympathetic nervous system? A) Increase in blood pressure B) Stimulation of skeletal muscle C) Stimulation of the adrenal gland D)Dilation of the pupils
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Learning Objective 14.Describe eight disorders of the spinal cord and spinal nerves. Clinical Aspects of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Clinical Aspects of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves (cont.) Medical Procedures Involving the Spinal Cord •Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) – Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) removed for testing •Drug administration – Anesthetic (an epidural) – Pain medication
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Figure 9-15 Lumbar puncture and epidural anesthesia. Clinical Aspects of the Spine and Spinal Nerves (cont.)
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Clinical Aspects of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves (cont.) Diseases and Other Disorders of the Spinal Cord •Diseases – Multiple sclerosis (MS) – Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis – Poliomyelitis •Tumors
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Clinical Aspects of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves (cont.) Diseases and Other Disorders of the Spinal Cord (cont.) •Injuries – Monoplegia – Diplegia – Paraplegia – Hemiplegia – Tetraplegia
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Clinical Aspects of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves (cont.) Disorders of the Spinal Nerves •Neuropathy •Mononeuropathy •Polyneuropathy – Tumors – Toxins – Infections • Herpes zoster – Autoimmune disorders • Guillain-Barré syndrome
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Clinical Aspects of the Spine and Spinal Nerves (cont.) Figure 9-16 Carpal tunnel syndrome.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Clinical Aspects of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves (cont.) ✓ Checkpoints 9-21 What is removed in a lumbar puncture? 9-22 What is the meaning of the word root plegia? 9-23 What term is used for any disorder of the nerves?
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Clinical Aspects of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 9.9 Ms. L has been experiencing muscle weakness. Her physician informs her that she has abnormal antibodies attacking the myelin sheath around neurons in her central nervous system. The most likely diagnosis is: A) Poliomyelitis B) Multiple sclerosis C) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis D) Peripheral neuropathy
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Clinical Aspects of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 9.9 Ms. L has been experiencing muscle weakness. Her physician informs her that she has abnormal antibodies attacking the myelin sheath around neurons in her central nervous system. The most likely diagnosis is: A) Poliomyelitis B) Multiple sclerosis C) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis D) Peripheral neuropathy
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Case Study Learning Objective 15.Using the case study, describe the effects of demyelination on motor and sensory function.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Case Study (cont.) • Damage to white matter tracts in the brain and spinal cord prevents the transmission of nerve impulse to and from the CNS and PNS. – Damage to sensory tracts leads to sensory deficits. – Damage to motor tracts leads to motor deficits.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Word Anatomy Learning Objective 16.Show how word parts are used to build words related to the nervous system.
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Word Anatomy (cont.)
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Word Anatomy (cont.)
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Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved Word Anatomy (cont.)
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