2. BITUMEN
• Bitumen is an oil based substance.
• It is a semi-solid hydrocarbon product produced by
removing the lighter fractions (such as liquid
petroleum gas, petrol and diesel) from heavy crude oil
during the refining process.
• It is correctly known as refined bitumen.
• In North America, bitumen is commonly known as
“asphalt cement” or “asphalt”.
3. •While elsewhere, “asphalt” is the term used for a
mixture of small stones, sand, filler and bitumen,
which is used as a road paving material.
• The asphalt mixture contains approximately 5%
bitumen. At ambient temperatures bitumen is a stable,
semi-solid substance.
4. The vast majority of refined bitumen is used in construction:
primarily as a constituent of products used in paving and roofing
applications.
According to the requirements of the end use bitumen is
produced to specification. This is achieved either by refining
process or blending.
It is estimated that the current world use of bitumen is
approximately 102 million tonnes per year.
Approximately 85% of all the bitumen produced is used as the
binder in asphalt for roads.
It is also used in other paved areas such as airport runways, car
Where to be used.?
5. colour ranges from brown to black.
Bitumen is used in construction as a constituent of products used in paving and
roofing applications
SOME EXTRA
INFO.
6. ASPHALT
The primary use (70%) of asphalt/bitumen is in road
construction, where it is used as the glue or binder
mixed with aggregate particles to create asphalt
concrete. Its other main uses are for bituminous water
proofing products, including production of roofing
felt and for sealing flat roofs.
7. DIFFERENT TYPES OF
ASPHALTS
• Asphaltic Concrete
• Bituminous Macadam
• Open-graded Asphalt
• Stone Mastic Asphalt
• Tack coat
• Surface treatments
8. Asphaltic Concrete: a dense, continuously graded mixture of
coarse and
fine aggregates, mineral filler and bitumen produced hot in a
mixing plant. It is delivered, spread and compacted while hot.
Bituminous Macadam: a road with a graded aggregate and
bituminous
coating, in which the mechanical interlock of the aggregate
particles
contributes significantly to its strength.
Open-graded Asphalt: an asphaltic mix using aggregates
containing only
small amounts of fine material and providing a high percentage
of air voids.
Stone Mastic Asphalt: a gap-graded wearing course mix with a
high proportion of coarse aggregate content which interlocks to
form a stone-onstone skeleton to resist permanent deformation.
9. Tack coat: a thin layer of emulsified or cutback bitumen that
bonds a layer of road to the layer beneath. Current practice is to
favour the more modem bitumen emulsions in place of cutbacks.
Surface treatments: including dressings and coats, involve
spraying a
coating of bitumen onto the surface of a wearing course. It can
be sprayed as an emulsion, a cutback or a paving grade bitumen.
Either a single or double coating of fine aggregates or stone
chippings is applied. These treatments are applied to renovate
and waterproof old roads that require maintenance.
An example of such a treatment is a fog seal which is a coat of
bitumen
emulsion applied to an existing surface to seal cracks as a
maintenance
treatment.
10. GYPSUM
Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium
sulfate dihydrate, with the chemical formula CaSO4·2H2O.
It can be used as a fertilizer, is the main constituent in many
forms of plaster and is widely mined.
A massive fine-grained white or lightly tinted variety of
gypsum, called alabaster, has been used for sculpture by many
cultures including Ancient Egypt , Mesopotamia , Ancient
Rome, Byzantine empire and the Nottingham alabasters of
medieval England.
It is the definition of a hardness of 2 on the Mohs scale of
mineral hardness.
It forms as an evaporite mineral and as a hydration product
11. Uses of Gypsum
construction types (residential, non-residential, new or
refurbished), ranging from complex high-tech systems to easy to
install products adapted for use by the general public.
More than 1,600 million m2 of European interior surfaces are
covered every year with plasterboards every year. around 5
million tons of plaster are used in Europe for interior lining.
More than 1,500 million m2 of European interior surfaces are
covered every year with plasterboards, blocks or plaste
12. A. Plasterboard
Plasterboard is used for partitions and the lining of walls, ceilings,
roofs and floors. The properties of plasterboard can be modified to
meet specific requirements, such as fire resistance, humidity
resistance, shock resistance, etc.
B. Decorative Plaster
Plaster powder, mixed with water, manually or through the use of
silo-supplied spraysystems, are used to create an effective and
aesthetically-pleasing lining for brick and block walls, and for
ceilings.
Gypsum’s adaptability in application lends itself to moulding and
shaping. Since time immemorial, Gypsum has been used by skilled
craftsmen to create decorative plaster mouldings.
C. Building plaster
Gypsum plaster is used for walls and ceilings.
13. D. Plaster blocks
Gypsum blocks are used for partitions and Gypsum tiles for ceilings.
E. Gypsum-based self-levelling screeds
Anhydrite or Alpha-Hemihydrates are used in the production of self-levelling
floor screeds.
F. Gypsum Fibreboards
Gypsum fibreboard is used for partitions and the lining of walls, ceilings, roofs
and floors. Standard Gypsum fibreboard offers good performance when it
comes to shock resistance, sound insulation and humidity resistance.
14. GYPSUM FALSE CEILING
GYPSUM FALSE CEILING –
The gypsum false ceiling consists of gypsum boards which are fixed over
a support system of GI framework. Gypsum, which is hydrated calcium
silicate, is available in boards of 9mm, 12.5mm and 15mm thicknesses.
The boards are available in sizes of 1200mm x 2400mm.
15. INSTALLATION –
The different parts of the supporting system are –
· GI suspenders, which are fixed onto the slab above by means
of
a soffit cleat.
· The suspenders are then fixed onto the Primary channel,
which is
at 1200mm centre to centre in either direction.
· Below the primary channels are the secondary channels or
the ceiling
section, which is screwed onto the primary channel. The
ceiling
sections are spaced at 457mm centre to centre in either
direction.
· Perimeter channels are to be fixed onto the walls
· The gypsum boards are screwed onto these ceiling sections
with self
17. Some important Info.
MANUFACTURER’S –
India gypsum, Saint Gobain etc.
MOISTURE RESISTANT BOARDS –
Moisture resistant boards or MR boards are available for application in
areas where there is possibility of moisture content, as normal
gypsum boards will deteriorate.
THINGS TO CONSIDER –
· The edges of the boards are to be treated carefully, especially at
the
junction of horizontal and vertical boards. Special corner beads
are
available for such applications, to ensure a good finish.
· The jointing between the boards are to be done as specified, to
ensure a
smooth finish, and also to avoid formation of cracks.
18. Item Detail Rate
1 Lloyd Gypsum 111 Waterproof White Cement Based Gypsum Rs.350.00 / 25 Kg. Bag
2 Lloyd Gypsum 222 Waterproof Grey Cement Based Gypsum Rs. 300.00/25 Kg.Bag
3 Lloyd Gypsum 333 Perlite Based 100 % Pure Natural Gypsum Rs. 175.00 /25 Kg. Bag
4 Lloyd Gypsum 444 Vermiculite Based 100 %
Pure Natural Gypsum
Rs. 165.00 / 25Kg.Bag
5 Lloyd Gypsum 555 Stucco Plaster Rs.135.00/20 Kg.Bag
6 Lloyd Gypsum 666 SBR Bonding Agent Rs. 250.00 / Litre
PRICING
19. Gypsum
MERITS
It is used as pattern
material.
Caries high compression
strength.
It forms a thick surface to
resist normal knocks after
drying.
It is easy to spread and
level
It easily mixes up with
water.
DEMERITS
It is not used for
external finish as it can
not be used in damp
finish.
Cement cannot be
mixed with gypsum.
It cannot be used in
moist situations.
Labour cost for gypsum
appling is high.
20. ASPHALT
MERITS
One of the first advantages of
asphalt driveways is that they
are more weather resistant
than concrete.
Another advantage of asphalt
is their flexibility.
If cracked, they are far easier
to repair.
One of the best advantages
of asphalt driveways is their
cost. They are usually
cheaper to install.
Demerits
Asphalt pavement requires
more maintenance than
concrete.
Every three to five years,
asphalt pavement must be
resealed to prevent cracking.
When asphalt is not laid properly,
it is prone to cracks and pitting.
In order for traditional asphalt to
be used, it must first be heated to
250 to 350 degrees which is not
sustainable.
21. BITUMEN
MERITS
Extremely flexible: bitumen
enhanced with a thermoplastic
elastomer.
Eco-friendly
Contains no dissolvers, aromas,
PVC.
Loose laid: no need for permanent
glue
A waterproof material
Hardly deformable
Flexible
Skid resistance
Easy maintenance reduces traffic
disruption
DEMERITS
One of the first disadvantages of
asphalt driveways is their strength.
You should never allow heavy
machinery on your driveway if it is
made from bitumen.
Another disadvantage of asphalt
driveways deals with heat. If you
live in a hot climate, you should
think twice about having a
driveway that is made from
bitumen.
Most bitumen driveways will only
last approximately 15 years.
They require much more
maintenance.
