Carbon Dioxide Gas Essays

Carbon Dioxide Gas Essays
06.05 Rate and Collision Theory: Assessment Instructions
Investigation of the Rate of a Reaction
Background:
The reaction you will be investigating is the reaction that occurs when an Alka–Seltzer tablet is
placed into a given amount of water. Alka–Seltzer is an over–the–counter antacid and pain relief
medication that is dissolved in water before it is ingested. Each tablet contains aspirin
(acetylsalicylic acid), citric acid, and sodium bicarbonate. As the tablet dissolves in water, the
bicarbonate ions in the tablet react with the hydrogen ions from the acids that are also contained in
the tablet. The carbon dioxide gas produced by the reaction is what causes the bubbling that can be
observed.
HCO3– (aq) + H+ (aq) → H2O (l) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Be sure to write a detailed procedure for each lab design so that the same procedure can be followed
accurately by anyone who reads it. Include details on the setup, the control of variables, and how the
rate of each trial will be compared.
For each of your two reactions, most of the reactants and products can be difficult to see, and
concentration can be difficult to measure without the proper laboratory equipment. Therefore, it is
recommended that the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced over a given amount of time be used
to help qualitatively compare the reaction rates of each trial. If you have another way you would like
to compare rates of this reaction, feel free to explain it thoroughly in your written lab procedure.
Be sure your instructions include multiple trials for each factor to help ensure that the results of your
investigation are more reliable.
Discussion and Conclusion:
Answer the following questions in complete sentences.
1.What two factors did you investigate in your procedure, and why did you choose to compare these
two factors?
2.What other factors did you need to control during your investigation? Explain how you controlled
each one in your procedure.

3.What was your prediction about the results of each factor tested in your two lab procedures?
Explain your predictions based on your knowledge of the dissolving process, collision theory, and
reaction rates.
4.In your own words, explain the collision theory,
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Investigating The Chemical Equation For Photosynthesis
Research Question
What is the effect of varying the distance (cm) of the Elodea plant from the light source at (5cm,
15cm, 25cm, 35cm and 45cm) (±0.05) on the photosynthetic rate by counting the number of oxygen
bubbles rising up the test tube per minute (bubbles 〖min〗^(–1))?
Aim
To investigate the effect of varying the distance (cm) of the Elodea plant from the light source at
(5cm, 15cm, 25cm, 35cm and 45cm) (±0.05) on the photosynthetic rate by counting the number of
oxygen bubbles rising up the test tube per minute (bubbles 〖min〗^(–1)).
Background Information
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, some bacteria, and some protistans use the energy
from sunlight to produce sugar, which cellular respiration converts into ATP (Farabee, 2010). The
chemical equation for photosynthesis is:
6〖CO〗_2+ H_2 O→C_6 H_12 O_6+ 〖6O〗_2
There are two stages to photosynthesis. The first stage of photosynthesis is a set of reactions
typically referred to as the light–independent reactions (Damon, 2007). The light–independent
reactions predominantly involve photosynthetic pigments (including chlorophyll) absorbing light
energy and undergoing a conversion into chemical energy known as Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP).
Also, light energy is utilised by the plant to undergo a reaction called photolysis of water. In this
reaction, a water molecule is split into its component elements; hydrogen and oxygen (Damon,
2007). The oxygen is extracted from the plant as a waste product and can

Essay on Chemistry 1 Stoichiometry Lab
Stoichiometry
04/09/12
Chemistry I B
Ms. Norton
Introduction/Pre–laboratory Assignment: 1. Write out and balance each of the following equations.
A. CuSO4 + Fe Cu + FeSO4 B. 3CuSO4 + 2Fe 3Cu + Fe(SO4)3 2. If Iron (III) Sulfate were formed,
what mass of Copper would be expected and what is the limiting reagent? C. 2.26 g Cu D. Fe 3. If
Iron (II) Sulfate were formed, what mass of Copper would be expected and what is the limiting
reagent? E. 2.8 g Cu F. CuSO4
Driving Question: What compound is formed when you add 7 g of CuSO4 to 2 g of Fe?
Goal: To correctly identify what compound is formed and how close it is to the theoretical yield.
Materials:
* Safety Goggles ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Let the copper settle to the bottom of the beaker and decant again. X. Dry the copper as your teacher
directs and determine its mass. Record this mass. XI. Calculate the percent yield by using the
theoretical yield that you determined in the pre–lab. Observations: Adding Iron to Copper (II)
Sulfate * Got very hot * It started sizzling * Made greenish/turquoise bubbles * A brownish sludge
formed
These were all chemical reactions that took place. The reason that this is known is because of table
7.1 on page 219 in the textbook.
Data: | Yield | Percent Yield | Theoretical: | 2.28 g Cu | 100 % | Actual: | 2.13 g Cu | 93.4 % |
Data Analysis: When weighing the mass of our product you get 2.13 grams. Also when you figure
out the percent yield you get 93.4%.
Conclusion:
I. The limiting reactant was 2.28 g Cu. Because iron is the limiting reactant. I know this because
when the equation is done iron ends up being the limiting reactant. II. So iron would be the limiting
reactant. You have unreacted iron that will mess up the weight. III. So the impurities were washed
away and the experiment is contaminated. IV. It didn't have anything to do with the reaction because
it was a spectator ion. V. CuSO4 + Fe Cu + FeSO4
There are two main errors that could happen in this lab. The first being human error when weighing

the elements. This would result in more reactants which would cause more products and a
misreading

Copper Carbonate Lab Report
The reaction characteristics of basic copper carbonate 〖mCuCO〗_3⋅n〖Cu(OH)〗_2 were
observed by changing the reaction mole ratio. The reaction mole ratio of sodium carbonate to copper
chloride (II) was controlled from 1.08 to 1.68. Fig. 1 shows the XRD patterns of copper carbonate
powder. At a reaction ratio of 1.08, paratacamite (Cu_2 Cl(OH)_3 ), beside alkali copper carbonate,
was formed because of incomplete reaction at a copper content of 53.9 wt%. Lack of sodium
carbonate may cause incomplete reaction with copper chloride (II) because of low pH (6.0) of the
solution [12]. The copper content according to the reaction mole ratio were 57.7, 50.5, 58.8, 59.3,
and 59.8 wt% at the reaction mole ratios of 1.20, 1.32, 1.44, 1.56, and 1.68, respectively. ... Show
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The malachite basic copper carbonate formed as CuCO3 ⋅ Cu(OH)2 shows bright green, whereas
that of azurite formed as 2CuCO3 ⋅ Cu(OH)2 shows strong blue. In this study, most of the
manufactured copper carbonate was converted to malachite basic copper carbonate of bright green
at the reaction mole ratio of >1.20. In the case of low reaction ratio of sodium carbonate, m, the
stoichiometric coefficients of CuCO3, is higher than n, the stoichiometric coefficient of Cu(OH)2,
so that the amount of CuCO3 is generated is more than that of Cu(OH)2. With increasing reaction
mole ratio of sodium carbonate, m is lower than n so that the generation rate of CuCO_3 is lower
than that of Cu〖(OH)〗_2. Therefore, copper content increased with increasing sodium carbonate.
With assumption of same value of m and n, theoretical copper content becomes 57.5

The Carbon Short Story
The Carbon Story The story starts in the Biosphere–Animal. There is a piece of carbon and lignin
was his name. He had recently embarked on a journey through a deer. Lignin was inside the deer for
twenty hours. Afterword, lignin jumped into what he thought was a pool, which was the dirt. He was
now apart of the biosphere–soil.
While swimming in the soil for fourteen years, Lignin felt something tugging on him. Mr.
mushroom came into sight and Lignin saw him as a fun guy. Mr. mushroom asked Lignin if he
would like to fly. Lignin responded with an excited "Yes". In a short time, Mr. mushroom managed
to turn Lignin into a robot that named CO2. CO2 had then used his newly gained powers to fly into
the Atmosphere.
The great land of the biosphere ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For this reason, he stayed there for 40 years. Eventually, he became lonely and decided that he
wanted to swim with the fishes. To do this, he dissolved himself into Lake Powell. CO2 was now
apart of the Hydrosphere.
Consequently, CO2 had been changed by the water into a carbonate ion in the hydrosphere. To adapt
to the new form, he gave himself the name: Carbo. He had stayed there for 24 years. Carbo, had one
day meet a snail named Gary which had a cracked shell. Feeling empathetic, Carbo asked what had
happen with Gary's shell. Gary explained that the current had propelled him right into a rock. Carbo
had now been determined to reinforce Gary's shell. According to plan, Carbo became apart of Gary's
shell. Resulting in Carbo meeting the world of the Lithosphere–Limestone.
After his 24 years in the Hydrosphere, Carbo had become incorporated into limestone. His stay
lasted millions of years inside the sunset quarter. One day he was abruptly caught in a volcanic
eruption. Consequently, his limestone shell was dissolved. However, Carbo had once again been
reborn a CO2. At the time he didn't understand why, but he wanted to leave to the atmosphere once
again. CO2 listened to the voice inside and left to the

A Penny Green
Introduction
During this project, the group will be attempting to turn a penny green. Needed in this experiment
will be pennies dated before 1982 because that was when pennies were made of copper. During this
experiment, the group will be mixing together different chemical reactions in order to get the penny
to turn green. The group is trying to create a patina coating on the penny. Patina is referring to the
blue–green layer of corrosion that expands on the surface of copper when it is exposed to oxygen
and sulfur compounds. However, instead of using simply sulfur and oxide compounds, like the
Statue of Liberty, the experimenters will be using a vinegar substitute. The vinegar is being
substituted for the acid rain, the acid is the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The patina is preserving the statue, it is protecting the Statue of Liberty from further deterioration.
Another result of patina, besides the blue–green color, is the mass change of the Statue of Liberty.
Studies have shown that only the top 5% of the skin has oxidized in the first one hundred years since
it was built. Most of this occurred in the first ten to twenty–five years because of early oxidization.
It took about thirty–four years for the very top layer of the skin on the Statue of Liberty to become
completely blue–green.
(Chemistry)
First of all copper must oxidize in order for the process to start. It's a basic reaction of copper to
oxygen. The chemical formula is: 2Cu + O2 ––> 2CuO. The vinegar is very similar to acetate acid.
Together the vinegar and copper would form Copper (II) Acetate. The formula would be
Cu(C2H3O2)2. Also, the patina growth varies dramatically with location and how much copper
sulfate (CuSO4) the object contains. The Statue of Liberty has been exposed to acid rain and oxygen
which forms (over time) patina. The acid rain is the combination of rain and the pollution in the
atmosphere which solidifies enough for form acid rain. The sulfate comes from sulfuric acid in the
acid rain and the sulfate is bound to other components in patina. This is because the copper sulfate is
normally soluble in water. Also, copper carbonate Cu(HCO3)2 does not exist in a solid state, so
when the rain

Analysis of Soda Ash and Volumetric Analysis of a...
Analysis of Soda Ash and Volumetric Analysis of a
Carbonate–Bicarbonate Mixture
Manalo, Ma. Cristina Joyce B.
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
University of Santo Tomas
Espana, Manila
A. Abstract
Crude sodium bicarbonate or commonly known as soda ash may contain amounts of impurities like
chlorides and hydroxides. The total acid neutralizing capacity of a soda ash sample, its alkalinity
value, was stated in terms of mass of sodium carbonate. In doing so, any sodium hydrogen
carbonate present in the sample was converted to its equivalent neutralizing capacity in terms of
sodium carbonate. A mass of the impure sample was dissolved and diluted in distilled water. 3 drops
of indicator was mixed and the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Preparation of 0.10 M HCl 500 mL of distilled water was measured and put to a beaker. 4.2 mL of
concentrated HCl was added carefully and slowly to the beaker. The solution was stirred and then
transferred into a labelled storage bottle. b. Standardization of NaOH Two burets were prepared and
with one buret, 20 mL of the standard NaOH was transferred into a dry container. 3 drops of methyl
orange were added. The acid buret was filled with the acid to be standardized and the acid was
titrated with the base until the formation of an orange–colored solution. c. Analysis of the
Carbonate–Bicarbonate Mixture The electrode was rinsed with distilled water and was immersed
carefully into the specified buffer. The acid buret was filled up with the standard acid (HCl). The
initial volume of the acid was recorded. A 2.00 gram of solid sample was weighed and dissolved and
diluted with distilled water in a volumetric flask. A 50.0 mL aliquot was measured and 3 drops of
phenolphthalein were added. The electrode was immersed to the solution and was titrated with acid.
The volume of the HCl used to obtain a pink–colored solution was recorded. 3 drops of the methyl
orange were added to the same mixture. The volume of the acid used to obtain an orange–colored
solution was recorded. E. Results and Discussion I. Analysis of Soda Ash
Standardization of NaOH | Trial 1 | Trial 2 | Volume of NaOH | 20.0 mL | 20.0 mL | Final Volume of
HCl |

Investigation of the Thermal Decomposition of Copper...
Investigation of the Thermal Decomposition of Copper Carbonate
Aim:
Copper has two oxides, Cu2O, and CuO. Copper carbonate, CuCO3 decomposes on heating to form
one of these oxides and an equation can be written for each possible reaction
Equation 1: 2CuCO3 (s) Cu2O (s) + 2CO2 (g) + O2 (g)
Equation 2: CuCO3 (s) CuO (s) + CO2 (g)
The aim of this experiment is to prove which equation is correct. This can be done by volumetric
analysis i.e. calculating the volume of gas produced. This is then compared to the calculated volume
of gas produced in each equation and the equation with the nearest volume of gas is correct.
This is a thermal decomposition reaction and when an element like copper can form two oxides,
which one forms is based ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is also not sufficient to simply consider the stability of a compound with respect to its elements. It
is necessary to consider the stability of copper
(I) oxide with respect to copper (II) oxide, as well as with respect to copper and oxygen.
It would also be important to consider the stability of CuCO3 with respect to both oxides, to see
which reaction is energetically most likely. So it is clear that the value of Î"Hf suggests that Cu2O
will be formed, but that this will not necessarily be the case because of the other factors involved.
Copper (II) compounds are by far the most common they are called
"cupric". Copper (I) compounds "cuprous" compounds are far less common. Copper atoms most
readily go to oxidation state +2, by a variety of reactions. Cupric compounds are unstable in the
presence of water, so must either be insoluble or form complexes with other molecules. The
equations are written in moles and through my background knowledge
I now know the definition of a mole, 1mole of any substance contains the same number of particles
as 12g of carbon–12. 1 mole of any element contains 6.01 x 1023 atoms. 1 mole of a molecular
compound contains 6.01 x 1023 molecules.
This means that in a reaction in which 2 molecules of one substance react with 1 molecule of

another for instance the formation of water: 2H2 + O2 2H2O, 2 moles of hydrogen molecules will
react with
1 mole of oxygen molecules to give 2 moles of water molecules. For an element, the mass

Causes Of Coral Reef Bleaching
Neida M. Gutierrez
Mrs. Ybarra
Chemistry CC
20 Oct, 2017
Research paper: Causes of coral reef bleaching and how Co2 emissions affect coral populations
The effects of Co2 emissions over the years have greatly impacted the way coral reefs thrive in
certain parts of the ocean. To understand why coral reefs are dying throughout the oceans it is
imperative to first see what a coral is and what it is composed of. Corals are oceanic invertebrates
which fall into the phylum Cnidaria. Corals reefs mostly consist of shells made of aragonite, which
is the crystallized form of CaCo3. Small algae called zooxanthellae helps the corals with the vibrant
colors they are known for. Coals are one of the most inhabitable species found because of what they
can be composed of. For example, one species that make up the coral reefs are sea anemone. Sea
Anemones are chemically composed of a poison in their tentacles that fire viciously into their
victims penetrating them with a paralyzing neurotoxin. Clownfish, however, had a mucus–like layer
that protects them from the poison and is able to make a home out of the anemone. There is so much
life that is brought by coral reefs. There can be a plethora of symbiotic relationships found in coral
reefs. As years start to progress and humans are started to manipulate the natural environment of
these biological inhibitors. Coral reefs annually benefit human both directly and indirectly by $375
and about 500 million people need the reefs in

Essay about Chemistry: Properties of Copper
The name copper and the symbol Cu derive from the Latin word "Cuprum", which by definition
means the island of Cyprus. Copper is the 29th element and is located amongst the transition metals
in the periodic table. Copper is one of the first elements both known and to be utilized by humans. It
is believed that the reason for its early discovery was due to the element being able to naturally
occur in its relatively pure form. Archaeological evidence has suggested that it was in fact the
Mesopotamians somewhere between 5000 and 6000 years ago, which were able to fully utilize both
extracting and making use of the element itself. A copper pendant was found in the Middle East and
is dated 8700BC. There are many ways that copper can be used, as ... Show more content on
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The metals were placed into a clay crucible and then heated at a very high temperature inside a kiln
containing a charcoal fire. Following the implementation of copper extraction, it was discovered that
the process of combing metals gave them superiorities like strength, in bronze.
Copper is used in various industries including: Building Industry – 47%, Transportation – 10%,
Consumer Products – 11%, Electronic Products – 23% and Industrial Machines – 9%. Copper is an
extremely good conductor, which is why it is produced and used in forms of copper wire, cabling,
generators, motors and various other appliances. Copper's resistance to corrosion means it can be
used in areas containing moisture such as water piping and tanks, plumbing, and also in hot water
systems which is effective due to its suitable heat conduction. It is easy to form shapes such as pipes
with copper due to its malleability. Copper also has the ability to lose heat very quickly, which
makes it an effective element to be used in air conditioning and heat exchangers.
Extraction: The extraction process of elements is continuously evolving. While new technology is
released and more of copper's properties are discovered and applied, the extraction processes are
only becoming quicker, simpler, more efficient and more beneficial to both humanity and the
environment. Copper is sometimes found in uncombined elemental

Chemistry : The Chemical And Physical Properties Of Chemistry
By definition, chemistry is the scientific branch concerned with atoms, molecules, chemical
elements and how they form compounds and undergo reactions.
This science gave humanity the chance to understand not only the chemical and physical properties
of chemical elements and compounds, it unlocked endless opportunities for humans to prepare, find,
and use these elements in every field and aspect in their daily life. This includes engineering,
medicine, nutrition, scientific research, experiments and industries.
A chemical element is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei
(that is, the same atomic number or Z). 118 elements are found, of which the first 94 occur naturally
on Earth with the remaining 24 being synthetic elements.
An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical
element.
Every solid, liquid, and gas is made up of neutral or ionized (gaining or losing electrons) atoms.
Chemical elements constitute all the ordinary matter in the universe excluding dark matter in space
which is yet to be discovered and studied.
The most common elements on earth are hydrogen, and helium that mostly formed after the big
bang.
All chemical elements known to mankind are present in the "Periodic Table" that arranges them and
summarizes their chemical properties.
One of the mostly used chemical elements in life is Copper "Cu"
The word copper derives from the Latin "cuprum," which translates into

Electroplating
ELECTROPLATING
Electroplating is the application of electrolytic cells in which a thin layer of metal is deposited onto
an electrically conductive surface.
Electroplating is a plating process that uses electrical current to reduce cat ions of a desired material
from a solution and coat a conductive object with a thin layer of the material, such as a metal.
Electroplating is primarily used for depositing a layer of material to bestow a desired property (e.g.,
abrasion and wear resistance, corrosion protection, lubricity, aesthetic qualities, etc.) to a surface
that otherwise lacks that property. Another application uses electroplating to build up thickness on
undersized parts.
The process used in electroplating is called ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The anode is connected to the positive terminal of the supply, and the cathode (article to be plated)
is connected to the negative terminal. When the external power supply is switched on, the metal at
the anode is oxidized from the zero valence state to form cations with a positive charge. These
cations associate with the anions in the solution. The cations are reduced at the cathode to deposit in
the metallic, zero valence state. For example, in an acid solution, copper is oxidized at the anode to
Cu2+ by losing two electrons. The Cu2+ associates with the anion SO42– in the solution to form
copper sulfate. At the cathode, the Cu2+ is reduced to metallic copper by gaining two electrons. The
result is the effective transfer of copper from the anode source to a plate covering the cathode.
The plating is most commonly a single metallic element, not an alloy. However, some alloys can be
electrodeposited, notably brass and solder.
Many plating baths include cyanides of other metals (e.g., potassium cyanide) in addition to
cyanides of the metal to be deposited. These free

Essay On Titration Of Carbonate And Bicarbonate
Determine the total alkalinity of (=[HCO–3 +2[CO2–3]) by preforming a titration with the use of
HCl.
Determine the Bicarbonate content (HCO–3 + OH– → CO2–3 + H2O) by preforming a titration
with the use of NaOH to convert HCO3– to CO2–3.
Calculate the composition of carbonate and bicarbonate in the solution.
Introduction
Acid–base titrations are common laboratory practices that are used to determine the concentration of
either an acid or a base, by neutralizing the substance with a known concentration of an acid or base.
Crude sodium carbonate, also called soda ash, is commonly used as a commercial neutralizing
agent. In this experiment, we will determine the composition of an unknown solid, knowing only
that it contains sodium ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Using this, the concentration of carbonate can be determined from the total alkalinity (see Results).
Experimental Information
Procedure
At the start of the experiment all the following glassware was cleaned with DI water, and soap; then
dried to remove traces of DI water that remained. The glassware used was a 50mL buret, (3) 150 mL
volumetric flask, a 25mL glass pipet, and a 250mL volumetric flask. 2.5 grams of solid unknown
was added to the 250mL volumetric flask with the use of a funnel, and DI water was filled to the
mark on the 250mL volumetric flask, making sure to rinse the funnel, so the unknown residue
presented on the funnel can rinse down into the flask. After removing the funnel, we diluted to the
mark with DI water, and swirled the flask, until all of the powder was dissolved. This experiment
involved two different titrations. The first titration we observed was for total alkalinity (=[HCO–3
+2[CO2–3]) which was measured by titrating the mixture with 0.1 M HCl to a bromocresol green
end point. After 2L of 0.1M HCl were prepared, and divided among all groups. 25.00–mL aliquot of
unknown solution was pipetted into a 150mL volumetric flask, using bromocresol green as the
indicator, to observe the color change from a tinted light blue to a tinted light green, being the

Genetic Disorder Project
I remember when I was a little girl that I would go to the doctor a lot. I had quite a few medical
issues and recall being sick or not feeling well quite often. My parents would get worried because
they didn't quite know what was wrong or how to deal with what I was going through. They could
tell that something wasn't right, but they hadn't encountered a situation like this before so we went to
many different doctors in an attempt to figure out what I had. Finally, after many doctors and many
tests, they told my parents that I had Wilson's disease. Being that I was only eight years old at the
time, I didn't know what this meant but my mom suddenly remembered that there was an instance of
this disease in the family, with her grandmother struggling from it her whole life. Through the years,
I have learned a lot about the condition that I am dealing with. Now, at 34 years old, I have a better
understand of exactly what it is. According to research, it is classified as a single gene defect that
occurs as a result of a mutated protein. What happens specifically is that there is an abundance of
copper, which spreads to different parts of the body such as the liver and the brain. As we know, the
liver and the brain are two incredibly important organs in our body, which play a crucial role in how
we operate. Therefore the copper has a significant detrimental impact on my overall health and well
being. Before I was given the official diagnosis by the doctor, what really

Keg River Essay
The term Keg River has been historically used within Alberta to indentify early to middle Devonian
carbonate reef type structures within the Alberta Basin. Nomenclature problems were identified by
Schneider (2011) with commonly interchangeable terminology that began in the 1930s, including
Upper Elk Point formations such as the Winnipegosis, Keg River and Methy.
Sproule (in Ells, 1932) described the Keg River from outcrops along the Clearwater River, near Fort
McMurray in the 1930s. Sproule described the carbonate sequence as a "thin–bedded, alternating
limestone and shale, progressing to an argillaceous limestone under a massive dolostone."
The "Methy Formation" was first published in research from Nauss (1950), currently used as the ...
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Corrigan (1975) divided the Keg River into two units; the lower unit "The Platform" consisting of
uniform thickness over a large regionally area; and the second unit as an aerially restricted
"Buildup" consisting of reef mounds deposited on the top of the lower platform unit. He described
the Keg River Formation to contain halite, anhydrite and carbonate.
Campbell (1987) defined the Keg River Formation as an open marine carbonate with an upward
shoaling character marking the beginning of the Lower Elk Point Group (Lower Keg River
Member).
This Lower Keg River member was initiated by a rapid increase in sea level elevation flooding the
salt plains of the Contact Rapids. Campbell (1987) described the Lower member of a dark micritic
limestone, in a somewhat "euxinic" environment, containing bitumen and fauna such as
brachiopods, crinoids, corals, stromatoporoids and gastropods. The unit can be locally dolomitized
with a maximum thickness of approximately 50m. The Upper Keg River member was deposited
during the restriction of marine waters by the Presqu'ile Barrier reef into the Elk Point Basin
(Campbell, 1987). The interior of the basin contains Upper Keg River pinnacle reefs, banks and
platforms. Campbell (1987) noted the spatial differences in the type of carbonate deposition within
sub–basins; areas from the Peace River Arch to southern Alberta show a fringing carbonate
platform, while the Rainbow, Zama and Shekelie basins contained the majority of the

Essay about Ionic Reactions
Ionic Reactions
Abstract
This experiment is designed to study the nature of ionic reactions, and write net ionic equations for
precipitation reactions, as well as to identify spectator ions, perception reactions and solubility of
different compounds.
Experiment and Observations
In this experiment I was using a 96–well plate to add two drops of the following solutions into seven
wells in rows A through E: cobalt (II) nitrate, copper (II) nitrate, iron (III) nitrate, barium nitrate, and
nickel (II) nitrate. Afterward, two drops of each of sodium phosphate, sodium iodide, sodium
sulfate, sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide were added
to the five vertical wells under columns ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was expected because the solubility rules stated that these were all insoluble substances. I was
careful to add exactly two drops of each into each well, as to keep my experimental error to a
minimum.
Questions:
A. Compare your results with the solubility rules and/or solubility table in your chemistry text.
B. Do your results agree with your expectations from the solubility rules/table? Yes, my results did
agree with my expectations from the basic solubility rules.
C. Which anions generally form precipitates? What are exceptions? Most hydroxides, sulfides,
carbonates and phosphates form precipitates. Alkali metals, barium, silver nitrate, silver nitrite and
silver perchlorate are some exceptions.
D. Which anions generally do not form precipitates? What are the exceptions? All nitrate salts, alkali
metals, ammonium salts, sulfates, acetates, and halides do not form precipitates. Calcium sulfate,
strontium sulfate, barium sulfate, lead (II) ions, silver halide, lead (II) halide and mercury (I) ions
are some exceptions.
E. Which cations generally do not form precipitates? All cations in groups 1 and 2 of the periodic
table generally do not form precipitates.
http://chemistry.about.com/od/lectureclassnotes/a/Qualitative–Analysis.htm F. Select 10 reactions

that produce a precipitate, color change, or gas and write balanced chemical equation and a net ionic
equation for

Principal Component Analysis ( Pca )
Principal component analysis (PCA) was attained on a dataset of 20 sites and 14 physico–chemical
parameters to explore the relationships between major ions and trace metals. In this study, the PCA
of analyzed data was applied to differentiate the contribution of natural sources to the chemical
composition of groundwater in Jaypurhat district. This analysis also helps to find out information
from datasets about sources of ion and factor controlling in groundwater quality. Factors with
eigenvalues exceeding one were only considered for the study. Based on eigenvalues more than 1,
seven PCs were extracted from groundwater quality parameters, which represented 90.69 % of total
variance in the study area. A scree plot was used to demonstrate a ... Show more content on
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The high positive score of F– might be originated from dissolution of fluro–pyrites, fluorite, various
silicate bearing minerals. However, the agricultural fertilizer is also the source of F– in the
groundwater (Hem, 1991). Furthermore, F– indicated moderate positive correlation with HCO3–.
This correlation demonstrated that both F– and HCO3– are believed to be geogenic source rather
than anthropogenic activities. The PC4 denoted 13.57 % of total variance in groundwater quality
with strong positive loading on pH, I– and HCO3–, showing the alkalinity controlled process in
groundwater. The high value of pH may have led to be dissolution of carbonate and hydroxide
mineral in groundwater. The elevated value of HCO3– in the groundwater indicates intense mineral
weathering, which favors a mineral dissolution (Stumm and Morgan, 1996). In addition to this, high
HCO3– value may be caused by long–term irrigation practices in the study area that circulate the
water in the soil/weathered zone. The PC5 accounted for 12.16 % of variance in groundwater
quality. A high positive loading was depicted on Na+ and SO42– in S–14, S–16 and S19–20 sample
locations. The high values of Na+, SO42– ions are mainly anthropogenic sources like as the
domestic wastes, leakage of septic tanks and agro–chemicals (Todd, 1980;

Correlation Between Zinc And Copper Solutions
Read the Voltmeter to see what the electrical cell potential is. Repeat steps 13–18 for all variations
of Copper Chloride. Record the raw quantitative data in the table below:
Electrical Potential Difference Between Zinc and Copper Solutions Electrical Potential Difference
Variation in Copper Chloride Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Record qualitative data as well in the Observations section. When all quantitative data has been
collected and recorded, use the equation below to calculate the average electrical potential
difference, or Average E_Cell of each variation of Copper Chloride.
Ave.E_(Cell ) for Variation in Copper Chloride=(Trial 1+Trial 2+Trial 3)/(Number of Trials)
Create a scatter plot graph with a trend line to showcase the data. Calculate the slope/increase in
average cell potential with the equation below:
Slope=Rise/Step
=(y_2–y_1)/(x_2–x_1 ) Observations:
Qualitative Observations: Zinc chloride was easier to manipulate than Copper chloride because the
solid was less condensed than Copper When Zinc Chloride was mixed with water, the solution was
first green and when stirred turned light blue When the Potassium Nitrate became fully dissolved in
water, the bottom of the beaker became cold The more Copper Chloride that was added to the
Copper solution, the more opaque the solution became When the salt bridge connected the two
electrodes, the Voltmeter reacted immediately
Raw Quantitative

Copper And Sulfur Lab Report
Procedure:
A. Reaction between the elements copper and sulfur To begin the lab, a 5 cm copper wire was
obtained and observed. Properties such as luster, malleability, and color were noted. Then, a pencil
was used to make a small coil by wrapping the copper wire against it. The coil was placed in a
crucible afterwards. Sufficient powder sulfur was added in. The crucible was then covered and
conscientiously placed upon a clay triangle on an iron ring. Next, the crucible was heated with the
hottest part of flame at the bottom of it. This was to get a red color to appear at the bottom of the
crucible. The heating was continued until there was no sign of smoke occurring. Using tongs, the
crucible was removed from the clay triangle without extracting ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Several drops of 6 moles of HCl were mixed in and observations were made of the changes. Then,
the process was repeated and recorded with Sodium sulfite and Zinc Sulfide. Afterwards, 1 mL of
0.1 mole of lead nitrate had been placed in a test tube. A few drops of 6 moles of HCl was then
added into 1 mL of 0.1 mole of Barium chloride solution, 2 drops of 1 mole of K2CrO4 were added.
Information was noted down. To 1 mL of Barium chloride of another test tube, several drops of 3
moles of ammonium carbonate was added. Information was recorded when changes occurred. After
precipitate has settled, the excess liquid was carefully poured out. 1 mL of water was then added to a
test tube. it was shaken and allowed to let precipitate to settle down. The final steps included the
liquid was poured out and several drops of 6 moles of HCl had been added to the remaining solid.
Observations were

The Iceman At The Bolzano Museum
With accordance to the ppt and doc: Neolithic–Chalcolithic Europe; Tyrolean Alps; Austria/Italy;
September 1991, discovery of the Iceman í–tzi among the í–tztal Mountains, dating back to 3000
BC with range starting circa 6000 BC.
1996, Alasdair Whittle wrote Europe in the Neolithic: The Creation of New Worlds which is an
general overview of the Iceman and Neolithic according to the ppt.
1994, Barry Cunliffe (ed.) authored Prehistoric Europe: An Illustrated History which is also has
coverage of the Neolithic according to the ppt.
1984, Timothy Champion, Clive Gamble, Stephen Shennan, and Alasdair Whittle collectively wrote
Prehistoric Europe which, again, has coverage of the Neolithic period according to the ppt.
According to the documentary:
Patrick Hunt (Alpine Archaeologist) and Annaluisa Pedrotti (Trento University) both joined to
examine artifacts of the Iceman at the Bolzano museum.
Dr. Eduard Egarter Vigl (Pathologist) worked as the head of Conservation for the Iceman.
Dr. Paul Gostner is a Bolzano radiologist who found the arrowhead in the Iceman.
Albert Zink (Biological Anthropologist) worked as the lead examiner of the Iceman and as the head
of the Institute for Mummies and the Iceman.
According to the documentary:
When Dr. Gostner found the arrowhead, it implied the Iceman had died by murder. The copper axe
found on the Iceman implied that the Stone Age was much earlier than what was believed. Blood
found in the Iceman's brain implied a head blow before dying

With The Fast Advancement Of Enterprises, Water Asset...
With the fast advancement of enterprises, water asset shortage, populace development,
contamination of surface and groundwater by releasing poisonous wastewater and ensuing maladies
may raise the need of reusing and treatment of wastewater. The expelling of poisonous
overwhelming metal particles from sewage, particularly in modern and mining waste effluents, has
been generally examined as of late. Substantial metals wastewaters are specifically or in a
roundabout way released into the earth progressively, particularly in creating nations. Dissimilar to
natural contaminants, substantial metals are not biodegradable and have a tendency to aggregate in
living life forms and numerous overwhelming metal particles are known to be poisonous or ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The unreasonable measures of Cu (II) particles in new water assets and sea–going biological
community harm the osmose–administrative component of the freshwater creatures. Joined State
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has set its cooper particles allowable points of
confinement as 1.3 mg/L in modern effluents. Copper were released from the diverse enterprises, for
example, metal cleaning and plating showers, paints and colors, mining, purifying, oil refining,
flushes as metal, compost, paper board, wood mash and printed circuit board creation. Moreover,
copper is phytotoxic and to be sure, has been utilized as an algaecide to control algal blossoms. An
assortment of treatment innovations have been connected for the expulsion of cooper particles
including compound precipitation, particle trade, adsorption, film filtration, coagulation–
flocculation, buoyancy and electrochemical advances. These techniques for Cu2+ expulsion from
wastewater are descripting quickly as takes after:
Compound precipitation is one of the regularly utilized and traditional procedures for overwhelming
metals expulsion from wastewater including copper. Precipitation is generally utilized because of its
straightforward and modest nature. The customary compound precipitation forms incorporate
hydroxide and sulphide precipitation, Chelation/complexation. It is hard to consent to stringent
natural controls utilizing ordinary compound precipitation prepare. Chelating precipitants, for

Experiment : The Copper Cycle
CH 204 – Introduction to Chemical Practice
Experiment 6 – The Copper Cycle
Samuel Stewart*
TA: Brad Hu
October 27, 2017
This laboratory experiment is appropriately entitled "The Copper Cycle" because the sequence of
reactions begins and ends with elemental copper metal. According to the Law of Conservation of
Mass, since no copper is added or removed between the initial and final reactions; and assuming the
reactions go to completion, the copper yield should match the amount originally used in the first
reaction. The cycle of copper reactions is thus:
Cu(s) + 4HNO3(aq) ––> Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) ––> Cu(OH)2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
Cu(OH)2(s) ––> CuO(s) + H2O(l)
CuO(s) + H2SO4(aq) ––> CuSO4(aq) + ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Precipitation occurs when pairs of oppositely charged ions attract each other so strongly that water
molecules cannot separate them, and they form an insoluble ionic solid.²
When copper hydroxide is heated (in reaction 3), water is released as copper hydroxide decomposes
into a second insoluble compound, copper(II) oxide. Copper(II) oxide, a base, then undergoes an
acid–base reaction in reaction 4 with the addition of aqueous sulfuric acid, H2SO4 . The water–
soluble salt, copper(II) sulfate, CuSO4 forms.
These five reactions will be performed in the laboratory and will demonstrate the many forms and
colors that appear in the copper cycle. The Law of Conservation of Mass will be demonstrated as
elemental copper is returned to elemental copper.
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Elemental copper underwent five chemical reactions before cycling back to elemental copper.
Reaction 1 was an oxidation–reduction reaction. Elemental copper was mixed with concentrated
nitric acid and the solution went through several color changes as the copper reacted with the nitrate
ions. The nitrate ion oxidized the copper metal to a copper(II) ion and transformed to nitrogen
dioxide in the process. This reaction was

Quantitative Analysis of Soda Ash by Double Indicator Method
Quantitative Analysis of Soda Ash by Double–Indicator Method
Mark Steven R. Santiago and Kristiene B. Sadiwa Institute of Chemistry, University of the
Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines Date/s Performed: July 13, 2012; Date
Submitted: July 19, 2012 Results and Discussions A mixture of carbonate (CO32–), bicarbonate,
(HCO32–) and hydroxide (OH–) ions can be analysed and determined by titration with strong
standard acid solution. Volumetric titrimetry can be employed to compute percent compositions of
sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in a
soda ash sample through the application of neutralization concepts and titrimetric analyses.
Volumetric titrimetry has been utilized in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, NaOH cannot replace Na2CO3 for it generally do not satisfy above requirements and
very hygroscopic in nature. On the other hand, 0.05 M HCl is called the standard solution. An ideal
standard solution[3] is (1) sufficiently stable to determine concentration, (2) reactive with the
analyte so that the time required between additions of titrant is minimized, (3) completely reactive
with the analyte so that satisfactorily end points are realized, and (4) selectively reactive with the
analyte that can be described by a simple balanced equation. The standardization of the titrant aims
to know the exact concentration of the titrant (its deviation from the measurement done). Two basic
methods are used to establish the concentration of standard solutions: (1) direct method, in which a
carefully weighed quantity of a primary standard is dissolved and diluted to an exactly known
volume in a volumetric flask, and (2) standardization by titrating (a) weighed quantity of a primary
standard, or (b) a measured volume of another standard solution. In the
experiment, the standard solution has been standardized using method 2b[3]. The standard solutions

What Chemistry Means to Me
What chemistry means to me and how it impacts upon my life
From the foods we eat and the medicines we take to the products we regularly use, our lives are
inextricably linked to chemicals and their operating principles.
Chemistry is everywhere. The air we breathe, the ground we stand on, the seas we sail, and the
variety of living things including our own bodies; all these are made of substances that we call
chemicals. These chemicals interact with one another, and, in many cases, these interactions produce
new substances through processes known as chemical reactions. Over time, in high school I have
learned much about chemicals and have mastered numerous chemical reactions, giving me the
ability to modify existing substances and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even the gas and tires in cars we drive, the makeup we put on our faces, the soaps and cleaners used
every day, burning wood or other fossil fuels, chemistry is all around you each and every day.
Chemistry is really an amazing subject and works hand in hand with all the other sciences to make
things work. According to Don Showalter he stated that "each of these reactions between substances
illustrates a concept of the way matter behaves." According to Roald Hoffmann "matter is neither
created nor destroyed."
Research and deduce from your findings which use of metals came first– was it for weaponry or
jewelry
From my research that I have done there is no historical documentation, but the most likely metals
are copper and gold because they are both comparatively easy to find as natural ores, and are both
soft enough to use without forging equipment. Both metals were used by many ancient cultures for
jewelry and decorative uses; copper was also used for simple tools. Copper is perhaps one of the
most important elements for mankind, both due to its multiple uses and to its capacity to replace iron
in many cases. Starting with making objects out of copper and continuing, as mankind progressed,
with its use as a good electricity conductor and building material, copper was part of everyday life
ever since the copper age. Even today's world, despite new discoveries that brought about artificially
made

The Nature Of The Iceman
Scientific investigation has been a powerful tool in discovering the truth about the Iceman,
especially with the advancements of technology, which have proved to be significant in developing
our understanding of theories, both old and new, and allowing a reinterpretation of different aspects
of the Otzi's life. In particular, the extensive studies that have been conducted on the Iceman's health
have considerably shed light on the state of his well–being. This has led to the discussion of the
nature of the Iceman's occupation, which is an aspect that has been driven by the research conducted
on his lifestyle. The mystery surrounding Otzi's death has been explored, transforming theories over
time, allowing us an insight on his demise. As society has been renovated by the improvements of
technology, the tools used through scientific investigations applied to Otzi have provided more
accuracy, allowing us to uncover the truths about the ins and outs of his health, lifestyle and death.
The use of scientific research has assisted in discovering more about the various aspects of the
Iceman's lifestyle. The Iceman's origins have been traced back to the Neolithic Age, and based on
the analysis of the isotopic composition of his tooth enamel and bones; they have provided an
insight on where he lived. It has been established that when humans consume food, there are
variants of the same chemical element (isotopes) absorbed in the body, which are then stored there.
Different isotopic

Essay about Copper
Copper
Copper is a mineral. it is not a plant or a animal. Copper is a metallic metal. It can never be broken
down into differnet substances by normal chemical means. Copper was one of the first metals
known to humans.
People liked it because in it's native condition, it could easily be beaten into weapons or tools.
Copper has been one of the most useful metals for over
5000 years. Copper was probably used around 8000 B.C by people living along the
Tigris and Euphrates rivers. In 6000 B.C, Egyptians learned how to hammer copper into things they
wanted. Around 3500 B.C, People first learned how to melt copper with tin to make bronze. So the
period between 3000 B.C ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lamps are also attached to these helmets in case some of the lighting in the mine goes out leaving a
miner stranded in the dark. One of the biggest problems with mining is that in some places
dangerous gas's may exist, like Carbon Monoxide. In the past we had very cruel and inhuman ways
to detect harmful gases. One of these ways was the use of canaries. Miners would let them fly into a
part of the mine where a poison gas was suspected. If there was a harmful gas, the bird would fall
over dead at the first scent of the gas. Today, we have better ways to detect gases without having
animals die. We now have detection machines in all parts of mines. Mines also have top of the line
fire alarms and water systems. If a flammable gas ignites, like sulfur, the fire may not die for years,
which results in closing the mine. Another problem miners complain about are the rats. Mines will
often have mine cats that hunt out the rats. These cats are well fed and petted by most of the miners.
Most copper is found in seven ores. That means it's mixed in with other metals like lead, zinc, gold,
cobalt, bismuth, platinum, and nickel. These ores will usually have only about 4% pure copper in
them though.
Sometimes miners may only find 2%. The things that make copper such a popular metal are
malleability which is how easily it bends. Copper is highly

Why The Chemical Elements Are Given A Unique Atomic Number
All the chemical elements are given a unique atomic number; copper is the 29 atomic numbers.
Atoms are made of three kinds of smaller particles, called protons, neutrons and electrons the atomic
number is the number of protons in the atom. Each element is first identified at room temperature
and pressure as being solid, liquid or gas therefore copper is a solid. Elements, like copper, have
other properties and characteristics physical properties can be observed and measured whereas
chemical properties is how an element reacts with other substances. Copper is capable of being bent
and shaped also it can be easily pulled or stretched into thin wire. Copper has a shine to it; it is an
excellent transmission of heat and electricity since it is a good conductor. The maximum density of
Copper is 8.96 g/cm3.
Copper is a ductile metal with high thermal and electrical conductivity. Ductility is a measure of
how much pressure a metal can take before breaking apart. A metal with high malleability will be
able to be drawn into long, thin wires without rupturing whereas a metal with low malleability will
be brittle, although it may be strong, once it deforms enough, it will rupture. Most metals like
Copper, gold, silver and aluminum are malleable because atoms can roll over each other and retain
the structure of crystal, a function of metallic bonding. Copper is a pinkish color when it is new, but
soon turns a reddish orange color after it is exposed to air, it is soft and bendy.

Lab Report For Chemistry Lab
Kennedi Wilson CHE 1121–010 TA Grace Samenuk 28 August 2015 Purpose of the Lab: Gathering
a viable understanding of the basic practices that substantial in conducting experiments in a
chemistry lab is critical. In such, the purpose of this lab is to exhibit such foundations through
evaluation various ways of measurement as well learning to distinguish between properties and
doing so via equipment provided in the lab. The types of measurement that will be highlighted
include mass, volume and density; mass as being referred to as a definite amount of matter typically
revealed in the form of grams (g), volume being defined as a specific amount of space taken up by a
form shown in the form of milliliters (mL), liters (L), centimeters cubed (cm3) or many others, and
density being defined as a ratio of mass over volume. Observing how these measurements change
depending on the substance or object is extremely beneficial. Such ways of measurement further aid
in differentiating chemical and physical properties. Chemical and physical properties are what
define and categorize substances. Chemical properties depict the manner in which substances
behave in reactions and include the formation of a new substance, or a change in the identity of a
substance. For example, oxidation or explosions are chemical changes, but in real life so is
something as simple as yogurt spoiling. Physical properties do not demonstrate compositional
changes or identity changes of a

Separation of a Mixture Containing Calcium Carbonate and...
Thursday 9/29/11 3:00pm Michaela Howard Partner: Craig Delancy
Separation of a Mixture Containing Calcium Carbonate and Naphthalene
Objective:
Finding a method to successfully separate a mixture of calcium carbonate and naphthalene.
Properties to be considered: Calcium Carbonate Naphthalene Solubility in water slightly insoluble
Solubility in ethanol insoluble partially Melting point 825 degrees C 80.2 degrees C Boiling point
decomposes 218 degrees C
Procedure:
Subliming the mixture seemed to be the most practical solution due to the information given in lab
by the instructor of the calcium carbonate and the naphthalene. Their properties of solubility with
water or ethanol was either ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once subliming took place, the naphthalene crystals started to form directly on the bottom of the
watch glass instead of the sides of the beaker, which was the indication that the beaker was the
correct size. Once the mixture was completely separated and the beaker cooled off to room
temperature; the beaker and watch glass was scraped for the remaining residue, and after which they
were weighed.
Data and

Alka Seltzer Tablets Lab Report
Joy Morounfolu
Lab Partner: Ruth Bochung
Chem–C 103 Section 1455
10 October 2017
What Is the Percent by Mass of NaHCO3 in Alka–Seltzer® Tablets?
Introduction
Ever wonder about the chemical makeup of tablets that people take for pain relief? Before a tablet
can be successfully made, the limiting and excess reactants must be considered. The limiting
reactant will affect the amount of the product that can be made. Another reason why the starting
reactants must be determined carefully is to make reduce the amount of the reactant in excess so that
reactants are not wasted. This experiment uses an Alka–Seltzer tablet. Alka–Seltzer dissolves in
water and is an antacid and a pain reliever1. The Alka–Seltzer tablet has many uses such as relief of
headaches, ingestion, heart burns, or even upset stomachs2. The active ingredients in an Alka–
Seltzer tablet is aspirin, also known as acetyl–salicylic acid (C8H12O4), citric acid (C6H8O7), and
sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)2. The aspirin in the Alka–Seltzer tablet helps with pain relief.
Because of the acid–base chemistry (Brønsted–Lowry), citric acid and sodium bicarbonate produce
O2, which makes the tablet fizz when it is dropped in liquid. The Brønsted–Lowry theory shows
how the Brønsted–Lowry acid donates a hydrogen ion while the Brønsted–Lowry base accepts the
hydrogen ions3. The remaining NaHCO3 that is in excess post reaction with the citric acid is what is
used to neutralize stomach acid which helps relief heart burn2. The problem in

Calorimetry Lab Report
In class, we did some lab work using a sample of sodium bicarbonate undergoing a chemical change
through heat temperature. By looking at the baking soda, we did not see any visual changes
occurring because the substance by no means was harmed or altered by the fire. It was the same
solid white powdery substance as it was before. Nevertheless, what happened was that the weight of
the baking soda decreased from 3.2 grams from when it start to 2 grams at the end of the lab.
However, when we checked one more time as we let it stay overnight, the mass was 2.42 grams.
Therefore, there was not much of a difference except that the mass increased by a bit. This got me
thinking that, it wasn't going to be a good idea to use it for the actual mass as

The Elemental Exploration Of A Salt And Salt Solution, And...
Project A: The elemental exploration of the behavior of iron in physiological conditions, the
acquisition of solid copper from a salt and salt solution, and the synthesis and crystallization of
aluminum.
Introduction: Iron is an essential element in the human body. It can be found in the hemoglobin and
transferrin of the bloodstream, and in myoglobin in muscle tissue. The main purpose of iron is to
transfer oxygen within the body. To gain iron, humans must consume a diet that consist abundantly
of iron such as leaf vegetables, fish, beans, etc. Absorption of iron is especially important because
less than 15% of iron in daily diets are absorbed and used (Jacobs 1971). The formation of iron (II)
occurs in the stomach because of its low ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because synthesis requires multiple steps to make a desired reaction, the yield is lower than other
synthesis. On the first day, if the substances have a significant amount of precipitate, then the
substance will require a greater number of drops of sodium hydroxide than substances with an
insignificant amount of substrate. On the second day, if the starting reactants affect the yield of the
product then obtaining solid copper from a salt will result in a greater yield. If aluminum foil is the
limiting reactant of the experiment, then the percent yield will increase as the amount of foil
increases.
Materials/Methods:
Project A, Day 1
In Part 1, 50 milliliters of 5% sodium hydroxide solution was obtained and observed in a 100 mL
beaker and 30 milliliters of pH 2 dissolved iron solution was also obtained and observed in a 50 mL
beaker. To observe the behavior of dissolved iron with sodium hydroxide, 5 milliliters of pH 2
dissolved iron was transferred to a large test tube. Drops of 5% solution of sodium hydroxide were
slowly added and monitored for physical changes. A glass stir rod was used to transfer a small
amount of solution onto pH paper in between drops of 5% solution of sodium hydroxide until the
solution had a pH of 8.
In Part II, 5 milliliters of dissolved iron was placed in a large test tube. To test the effect of different
additive substances on dissolved iron, .2 grams of methionine was added to

Chemistry AQA GCSE past paper
Centre Number For Examiner's Use Candidate Number Surname Other Names Examiner's Initials
Candidate Signature Question General Certificate of Secondary Education Higher Tier June 2013
Science A CH1HP H Unit Chemistry C1 Chemistry Unit Chemistry C1 Monday 10 June 2013 1.30
pm to 2.30 pm Mark 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TOTAL For this paper you must have:  a ruler  the Chemistry
Data Sheet (enclosed). You may use a calculator. Time allowed  1 hour Instructions  Use black
ink or black ball–point pen.  Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.  Answer all questions. 
You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write outside the box around each
page or on blank pages.  Do all rough work in this book. Cross through ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................ (1 mark) 2
(b) (ii) The reaction in the furnace could cause environmental pollution. Explain how.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................ (2 marks) 2
(b) (iii) The extraction of pure copper is expensive. Give one reason why.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................ (1 mark) 2

Essay on Minearls Found around the World
Minerals are found in many areas of the world and some are more easily available than others. The
Earth provides natural resources as necessary minerals that can be used for construction, decoration,
gemstones, and many other important physical uses that improve the quality of life. There are
minerals that can be found and mined in natural solid form in small or large quantities and some that
are found in a mixed environment and must be refined. Much time and research has shown that
some minerals may be hazardous and many minerals are crucial to a greater life on earth.
Chalcopyrite, copper, and malachite are the three main minerals used to make copper. Copper is one
of the most important natural resources and an important ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Copper, Cu, is the natural solid form of copper with an Isometric crystal system. It is found as
copper red on a fresh surface, dull brown or green on a tarnished surface with metallic luster and
metallic copper red streak. The natural copper is soft and malleable at 2.3–3 on moh's mineral scale.
Copper nuggets in pure state have been found in Arizona, abundant in Keweenaw Peninsula in
northern Michigan, and also found in Canada, Australia, China, Namibia, Bolivia, and Russia.
Copper is mined or extracted as copper sulfide in an open pit mine. Taken in large equipment to be
cleaned in steam and melted dried and cooled in molds to solidify and then sent off to be used as
copper products. (Understanding Minerals and Mining through Education). Malachite, (Cu2(CO3)
(OH)2, is a carbonate (minor ore of copper) with a monoclinic crystal system that can be found in
Democratic Republic of Congo, Australia, France, Russia, and Arizona. It is found in different
shades of green color with green streak and vitreous to adamantine in luster. Larger specimens are
found to be dull and earthy and smaller specimens are silky. The hardness mineral moh's level is 3.5
to 4. Malachite is mined by digging for veins in either open pit or underground mining. Malachite is
a minor ore of copper and can be reduced and refined for the use of copper but malachite is a
beautiful gem that is used as a decorative stone. The stone is cut and polished and used as a semi–
precious gem

Experiment : The Copper Cycle
Experiment 8: The Copper Cycle
Purpose
The main goal of this experiment was to observe series of reactions that convert a piece of copper
metal, via several different copper–containing compounds, back into its original elemental form.
The data collected was the striking color changes along with their relevant chemical equations. The
data was collected while keeping a close eye on the experiment the whole time. The data recorded
was used to see the different changes involved with a piece of copper metal. The copper was
weighed and heated multiple times throughout the experiment
Procedure
CHE 131 Experiment 8, General Chemistry 1 Lab, 1 Quarter 2015–2016, DePaul University.
[Online] https://www.d2l.depaul.edu (November 09, 2015).
Data and Results
Table 1: Summary of Raw Data
Starting with the mass of the copper wire, this table recorded the weight (g) along with observations
that occurred throughout the procedure. At the beginning of the procedure, 4.0 mL of concentrated
nitric acid, HNO3 (16 M), was added to a 50 mL beaker containing a pre–cut, pre–cleaned piece of
Copper (Cu) wire. A lively reaction occurred as the Cu was disolved, forming a brown, harmful gas
inside the beaker. The gas was nitric oxide. To better describe the observation is the chemical
equation,
Cu(s) + 4 HNO3(aq) –＞ Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2 NO2(g) + 2 H2O(l), where nitric acid dissolved copper
and left the products, copper (II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2, water, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). After a
while the gas

Geochemical Proxy Based Reconstruction : The Trace...
Geochemical proxy–based reconstruction widely utilizes the trace elemental and isotopic
compositions of marine biogenic carbonates to interpret the past climatic and oceanographic
conditions. However, such proxy–based reconstructions are often challenged by marine diagenesis
as carbonates are highly susceptible to diagenesis, especially partial dissolution and secondary
calcite recrystallization. Thus quantifying diagenetic effect is a prerequisite for development of any
carbonate–based geochemical proxy. Among the metal isotopes, Mg isotopic composition (δ26Mg)
of foraminiferal carbonates is a promising proxy to reconstruct the secular seawater δ26Mg
variability, which is useful in understanding long–term changes in Mg geochemical cycle. However,
as the trace metals like Mg in marine carbonates show greater susceptibility to diagenetic alterations
due to its low abundance as compared to that in the co–existing pore fluids, development δ26Mg of
marine carbonates as a geochemical proxy critically requires a thorough understanding of the
fractionation behaviors of Mg isotopes during diagenesis. Therefore, the primary goal of this
dissertation is to quantify the effect of diagenesis on metal isotopes, in particularly, δ26Mg of
marine carbonates from various depositional settings to evaluate the effect of advection, diffusion
and lithological variation within the sedimentary column on the extent of calcite diagenesis. For this
purpose, trace elemental (e.g., Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca) and

Lab 3a
Introduction: The purpose of this lab was to learn the proper techniques of roasting, smelting, and
volumetric analysis to determine an unknown sample of copper mineral.
Results: For part one of Lab 3a, Day one, the beginning unknown mineral was a blue–green color.
The mineral was charcoal colored after the roasting process. Roasting caused the mineral to lose
mass. The lost mass was due to release of gas.
Roasting
Start Mass End Mass Percent Cu
0.390g 0.284g 58.2%
Table 1. Mass of CuO mineral before and after Roasting
Roasting is the most precise method, of the three conducted in the lab. The data found by each lab
group was averaged with three other groups to find the unknown mineral.
Percent Cu in each group
58.2% 58.8% 56.6% 57.0%
Average ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Percent error (www.gmasononline.com)
References:
"Lab 3a: Production of Copper and Identification of a Copper Mineral (Roasting & Smelting)."
Chemistry Sharepoint. USAFA, n.d. PDF. 28 Aug. 2015.
"Lab 3b: Identification of a Copper Mineral (Spectroscopy & Smelting)." Chemistry Sharepoint.
USAFA, n.d. PDF. 01 Sept. 2015.
"Lab Report Guidance." (n.d.): n. pag. Chem 100. PDF. 12 Sept. 2015.
Lt Col Herbelin. "Chem 100." Department of Chemistry. USAFA, n.d. Web. 10 Sept. 2015.
Tro, Nivaldo J. Chemistry: A Molecular Approach. NJ: Pearson Education, 2014. Print.
Documentation: 28 August & 1 September 2015 C4C Lauren Truax was my lab partner and we
worked together to discover the results of the unknown mineral and calculations.
1 September 2015 Captain Leppert's T1/2 Lab 3 Group 1. I used data from their results to find a
mean and standard deviation of roasting the copper mineral
13 September 2015 I looked up the percentage error formula to be sure that I did the calculation
correctly.
13 September 2015 C4C Jacee French She sent me the email that had the grading rubric in it that we
received in class. She also gave me guidance on whether or not I should write about the mineral my
percent composition matched up with or the mineral near that with the correct physical

Acid Base Titration
29
EXPERIMENT 3. ACID–BASE TITRATIONS: DETERMINATION OF CARBONATE BY
TITRATION WITH HYDROCHLORIC ACID BACKGROUND Carbonate Equilibria In this
experiment a solution of hydrochloric acid is prepared, standardized against pure sodium carbonate,
and used to determine the percentage of carbonate in a sample. An aqueous solution of hydrochloric
acid is almost completely dissociated into hydrated protons and chloride ions. Therefore, in a
titration with hydrochloric acid the active titrant species is the hydrated proton. This species is often
written H3O+, although the actual form in solution is more correctly (H2O)nH+. For convenience
we designate it simply H+. Carbonate in aqueous solution acts as a base; that is, it is able to accept a
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Calculation shows that [H2CO3] at Point A is negligibly small, so our assumption 2is valid. The
additional assumption that [CO3 ] is essentially 0.1 M also is confirmed because Equations (9) and
(11) show that [HCO3 ] is less than 5% of 2[CO3 ] . Kw Note from this discussion that K = Kb, or
Kw = K2Kb. Thus, if Ka for an 2 acid HA is known, Kb for the corresponding base A– can be
calculated in aqueous
33
solutions. An acid HA and base A– are called a conjugate acid–base pair; HA is the conjugate acid
of A– and A– the conjugate base of HA. pH at Point B. At Point B in Figure 1, 0.5 mole of
hydrochloric acid has been added for each mole of carbonate. The solution now contains an
equimolar mixture of carbonate and bicarbonate. We can calculate the pH at this point by
rearranging Equation (3) to [HCO3] K2 2[CO3 ]
[H+] =
(14)
Since the bicarbonate and carbonate concentrations are equal, the hydrogen ion concentration is
equal to K2, and the pH is 10.3. Accurate calculations of concentrations of species during titrations
must include the effect of dilution by the titrant, but thus far those caused by the addition of
hydrochloric acid have not been considered. To correct calculations of concentrations of the major
components for dilution, multiply each calculated concentration by the factor V/(V + v), where V is

the volume of the original solution and v is the volume of hydrochloric acid added at any point.
Although

Alka Seltzer Tablets
Percent by Mass of NaHCO3 in Alka–Seltzer Tablets Introduction Determining the percent by mass
of sodium bicarbonate in baking soda is important because it demonstrates the relationship between
reactants and products. In this specific experiment, it demonstrates the reaction between a base and
an acid. It also reveals the effect that a limiting reactant can have on the product that is produced in a
reaction. Alka–Seltzer tablets aim to neutralize stomach acid and thereby reduce stomach pain, as
well as other painful symptoms. Alka–Seltzer Original tablets contain three active ingredients: citric
acid, aspirin, and sodium bicarbonate. When added to stomach acid, the citric acid and the sodium
bicarbonate react to form carbonic acid, water and carbon dioxide in the form of a gas. The gaseous
carbon dioxide produces the fizz that is characteristic of Alka–Seltzer.1 However, not all of the
sodium bicarbonate reacts with the citric acid, as there is excess NaHCO3. The excess NaHCO3 is
what works to neutralize stomach acid. When Alka–Seltzer reacts with acetic acid (vinegar) and
water as opposed to stomach acid, carbon dioxide, water, and sodium acetate are produced. The
excess NaHCO3 reacts with the acetic acid just as it does with hydrochloric acid. Experimental
First, a 100 mL graduated cylinder was obtained and filled with 35 mL of water. A pipet was used to
attain a more accurate amount of liquid. The water was then poured into a beaker, which was
weighed on an analytical balance. Next, an Alka–Seltzer tablet was obtained and the weight
measured using the same balance the weight of the beaker was measured on. When both masses
were recorded, the tablet was dropped into the water. The liquid was swirled to allow for the tablet
to dissolve completely. After the fizzing had stopped, the beaker was once again weighed and the
mass was recorded. Each step was repeated seven more times for a total of eight trials. However,
with each trial the liquids added to the beaker changed. In each new trial, an additional 5 mL of
vinegar was added and 5 mL of water was taken away. Thus, beaker one had 0 mL of vinegar and 35
mL of water; beaker 2 had 5 mL of vinegar and 30 mL of water; beaker 3 had 10 mL of vinegar and
25 mL

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