Amur Leopard Extinction

Amur Leopard Extinction
The Panthera pardus orientalis or the amur leopard is often called "The Rarest Cat in the World". Do
you know why this is so? Well, let's just say this is not for a very content reason. Amur leopards go
by this title because they are endangered. You might think, though, that there probably about maybe
2,000 or more left, but if you think that then you are way off. Do you know how many there are?
Take a wild guess. Don't know? Well, I'll tell you. According to WWF, there are only an estimated
60–70 left in the wild. There are approx. 220 in zoos across North America, Europe, and Japan. As
you can see this species is on the verge of extinction, but there is still hope for this species.The only
way this species will be able to survive is if we help. First here is some information about my
species. First, you should probably know some basic facts about The Amur leopard. Males generally
weigh about 71–106 lbs but can weigh up to about 165 lbs. Females are smaller than the males at
55–94 lbs. Their height is usually about 2–3 feet at the shoulder. They ... Show more content on
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This area is unforgiving with Short summers and 6 month winters. Brutal snowstorms happen every
winter. These forests do not have many coniferous trees growing. All though not many of these trees
are able to survive here is an example of one that does, the larch. These trees have needle–like
leaves and they shed them during winter. The needle–like leaves have a waxy outer coat which
prevents water loss in freezing weather. The branches are soft and flexible and usually point
downwards so that snow slides off them. An interesting fact about the temperate forests is even
evergreens eventually shed their pines. The soil in this place is poor, it does not have many nutrients
in it. The trees in the Russian Temperate Forests have leaves and pines that take a long time to break
down into the soil. As you can see you'll need unique adaptations to survive
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Eukaryo: Tropical And Temperate Coniferous...
The air here is always carrying a thick blanket of moisture. Some of the towns people hate it, but I
cannot think of anything more comforting. Its best when you venture deep in the forest; there it is so
tangible, like it is its own person. My mom used to tell me that is what God feels like, always
embracing. After she said that I made more trips into the wilderness; both sides. My town, the only
place i grew up in, is called willowdale. It's on the coast and runs right along the 2 climates of
Eukaryo: tropical and Temperate Coniferous Forests. They both are pretty enchanting, but i have to
say the amount of enchantment is favored by certain parts of the day. I have figured out the best
times to be on the sides. When the sun is right over ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I call it the place because anything else i tried to name it didn't seem grand enough, or it it was too
grand diminishing the simplistic beauty, so i stopped trying and just left it as "the place". Before i go
to "the place" l have some duties to fulfill. First and foremost school which starts early and then i
come home to care for our lavendar. In eukaryo community is important. The amount of work done
by people and systems differs from town to town but no matter where in the country you are, you
can be sure to find hospitality. You can also be sure to find a sparse supply of factories. By sparse i
mean none because factories do not exist here, everything is handmade by our people. My family is
lavender farmers. We supply our town sometimes others with all types of lavender filled goodies.
Mostly for medicinal properties. Each family specializes in a different fruit or herb or plant that we
all trade or purchase. Every 3 weeks we have a big market place where we all come together and get
the things we will need until next time, but that doesn't stop people from stopping by to pick up their
lavender oil or bundles before 3 weeks, like i said we're all pretty

Biomes In North America Essay
North America is home to a wide variety of different biomes, ranging from blistering desert to
frozen tundra. This range in climate provides inhabitants of North America with not only options of
where to live, but also pride in where they come from and how they were raised. Different states or
provinces are known for their weather patterns and their ensuing biomes. Although there has been a
lot of talk recently about how humans are shaping their environment, today we hope to show you
how the environment we live in has played a pivotal role in shaping who we are and how we live.
Biomes in North America are contained within the land of the United States, Canada, Mexico, and
countries in Central America. This large area has a broad range of temperature and precipitation
which results in nine separate biomes ranging from tropical rainforest, deciduous forest, boreal
forest, tundra, temperate forest, grasslands, deserts, and chaparral woodlands. A biome is a specific
area of the world that can be classified into a group according to the plants and animals that live in
it. What ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The bottom half of the United States is mostly filled with desert, while the top half is filled with
both coniferous and deciduous forests and prairie biomes, and the upper portion of North America
(enveloping most of Canada) is filled with largely arctic tundra. Such a large continent means that
North America is home to many different biomes, and although I try to describe North American
biomes based on their significance, the truth is that within each state and/or province, you will find
many different biomes. For example in the state of Washington, you have both kinds of forests, the
alpine and subalpine biomes, wetlands, sand dunes, grasslands, and even desert. This variety is
consistent across most provinces and states, and is partially responsible for the proud nature of
North American inhabitants, in relation to their

Biome are Constellations of Adaptations
Biomes are appropriate conditions for organizing the natural world because the organisms that live
in them common constellations of adaptations, particularly the climate of each of the areas and the
characteristic vegetation types that develops in these divisions. It should be understood that the
climate is perhaps the most important in determining classes of individuals who may live in an area
and the ways they should be amended to live under different conditions of temperature and
precipitation and seasonal distribution of these factors element. Every place on Earth has its own
climate, influenced by both macroclimate regions as the particular microclimate. The soils are very
important because they are essential to determine the types of plants that will grow into a
bioclimatic zone in partical, in addition, also as substrates for animals serve. In turn, the soils are
heavily influenced by regional climate, as well as the geology of the bedrock. At the same time we
have to keep in mind the diversity of plants like the flora just like the diversity of the fauna as well
as the adaptation of both. The tundra Plant life tends to be of low growth and, during the short
summer, the birds arrive in large numbers to feed on the insects that are born in this period. The
climate is cold summers and very cold winters characterize the tundra area in the northern most limit
plant growth. Areas

D. Ruxton's Non-Visual Hypothesis
One of the essential elements of life for living organisms is survival, which in most cases, requires
the consumption of other organisms, and therefore is where separating living organisms into two
categories: predator and prey. But with survival there comes a time where the organism must avoid
death by factors of life. The influence of camouflage on the predation rate has given the organism
that is preyed apound a chance to experience a longer life span. According to G.D. Ruxton in "Non–
visual crypsis: a review of the empirical evidence for camouflage to senses other than vision,"
organisms use the ability to camouflage to make themselves seem invisible or difficult to see to their
prey. Camouflage varies from changes in the color of the body, ... Show more content on
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The study occurred at Morrell Creek in the United States Northern Rockies, a temperate boreal
coniferous forest, and the animal of interest was wild snowshoe hares. Approximately 148 radio
collared hares were observed over the course of two years beginning in 2010 and ending in 2012.
Due to the low annual survival rate of the hares, only seven hares survived, therefore, limiting the
collection of data needed to support their hypothesis. Also, because of "incomplete detection and
temporary emigration of radiocolllared animals," Mill and his companions were not able to
determine spring or fall moth for the seven surviving hares. However,it was discovered that
alterations in the spring color change rate from white to brown molt occurred compared to the color
change in the fall where it was absent in both the beginning date and rate from brown to white molt.
Futhmore, the annual average duration of snowpack will decrease between the ranges of 29–35 in
the midcentury and 40–69 close to the end of the century. Also, if no changes occur in the phenotype
of coat color, then by the end of the century, the decreased snow duration will cause an increase in
the mismatching of hares when snow is absence (Mills et al

Biological And Environmental Influence Of Biomes On Earth
Biomes is an area on earth that can be classified according to plants and animals that live there.
Each biome consists of many ecosystems whose communities have adapted to the small differences
in climate and the environment inside the biome. There are many different types of biomes on
earth's surface. The divisions are based on climate patterns, soil types, animals, and plants that
inhabit the area. There are five basic types of biomes which includes; desert, aquatic, grasslands,
forest, and tundra. The tundra is a biome typified by permafrost, permanently frozen ground, that is
found in polar regions and isolated patches at the tops of mountains. The tundra is located all over
the world. Places such as Alaska, Northern Canada, edges of ... Show more content on
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Continents such as South America, South Africa, and the Western tip of Australia. The animals are
all mainly grassland and desert types adapted to hot, dry weather. Animals that are in the biome are
coyotes, jack rabbits, mule deer, alligator lizards, and horned lizards. The climate is 30–40 °F.
Dependent on latitude, yearly range can be between –20°C to

Biomes In The Tundra
Biomes are a large community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat. There are nine major
biomes in the world which include; tundra, taiga, temperate forest, tropical forest, desert, savanna,
chaparral, freshwater, and marine/salt water. "All of the biomes need to be protected over the past
several years, human activity has destroyed, exploited, or polluted many of the biomes." They are
spilt in three regions, temperate, tropical, and polar. And have two broad habitat types, terrestrial and
aquatic.
The tundra is a frosty biome, which makes it difficult for plants and animals similar to survive. This
biome is classified as terrestrial (living mainly on land, such as continental land masses or islands).
The Tundra is positioned throughout ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The difference is that the temperate forest is located in Canada, in the eastern part of the United
States, Europe, and some in Japan and China. Terrestrial biome is distinguished by common to
enormous seasonal changes in temperature; rainfall, however, is usually more evenly dispersed.
Leaves of deciduous trees drop during autumn and winter. This biome receives 30 to 60 inches of
rain each year. Temperate deciduous forests have a substantial range of plant species. There are three
levels of plants. Lichen, and other small plants can be found on the forest floor. Shrubs fill in the
middle level and hardwood trees like maple, oak, and beech make up the third level. The taiga and
the temperate deciduous forest overlap. There is a large diversity of animals in this biome. Insects,
spiders, turtles and salamanders are common. Birds like broad–winged hawks, cardinals, and
pileated woodpeckers are found in this biome. Mammals include white–tailed deer, raccoons,
porcupines and red

The Southwest As A Bioregion
The Northeast as a Bioregion
Deep History Report–Week 4
Keith McNeal
SFS 5020 01 Bioregional Theory and the Foodshed
Lisa Trocchia–Balkits
Due Date December, 2016
The Northeast as a Bioregion Currently residing in the state of Vermont the bioregion to which I've
been informally assigned to is commonly known as the Laurentia bioregion. This assignment of
bioregion is widely accepted, but when looked at more deeply assigning Vermont to the Laurentia
bioregion becomes problematic. There are seemingly an endless number of variables that contribute
to the characteristics and attributes that one can choose from to define their bioregion, yet those
characteristics can widely vary even within a singular bioregion. Geologic makeup, weather
patterns, soil type, biologic diversity, political influence, human activity, and the natural processes
that occur within any given bioregion must be considered when analyzing and attempting to assign
themselves to a bioregion. Laurentia as a bioregion is one of the largest bioregions that exist and has
a very large degree of characteristics and variance within its biologic, geologic, and cultural
attributes (Figure 1. Bioregions and Biotones). "Laurentia is a bioregion sits atop the Laurentian
craton in the northeastern United States and eastern Canada, and centering on the Great Lakes. The
bioregion spans the Eastern Woodlands of North America from the easternmost part of the Great
Plains to the Atlantic Coast of the Northeastern

Santa Cruz Biomes
Earth is always constantly changing and developing, especially the organisms that habitat on Earth.
As a result, Earth is very biodiverse and has many different types of ecosystem. For instance, Earth
has eight ecosystems (Tropical forest, Savanna, Desert, Chaparral, Temperate Grassland, Temperate
Deciduous forest, Coniferous forest, and Tundra) and seven biomes (Wetland, Lakes, River and
Streams, Intertidal zones, Oceanic pelagic biome, Coral reefs, Benthos). In these many different
areas on Earth, there are many organisms, life, and valued nature. For example, Santa Cruz's ocean
are immensely important and valuable to the Cruz community because of its beautiful cinematic
views and sea animals. Therefore, there are environmental justice

Research Report On Terrestrial And Aquatic Biomes
Dillan Bavis
November 28, 2016
Environmental Science
Research Report on Terrestrial and Aquatic Biomes
Mr. Washington
4th Period When you hear the term biome, you think of plants and animals in the same biodiversity.
A biome is a group of similar ecosystems that cover a broad area, and maintained under the climate
conditions of the region, especially such a community that has developed to climax. Biomes are
often defined by abiotic factors such as climate, relief, geology, soils, and vegetation. There are five
major categories of biomes on earth. In these five, there are many sub–biomes, under which are
many more well defined ecosystems. Do you know the most important biomes? The Desert biome is
one of the important biomes in the world, it covers about one fifth of the world's surface, averages
less than 50cm/year
, and is one of the driest places in the world. Although most deserts, such as the Sahara of the North
Africa and the deserts of the southwestern U.S., Mexico, and Australia, has low latitudes. Most
deserts have a considerable amount of specialized vegetation, as well as specialized vertebrate and
invertebrate animals. There are relatively few large mammals in the desert because most are not
capable of surviving without water and withstanding the heat. The dominant animals of the desert
are the reptiles. Soils often have abundant nutrients because they need only water to become very
productive and have little or no organic matter. Disturbances are

Ancient Japan
The first documents of japan where discovered in china from the 1st century AD but was inhabited
as early as the upper Paleolithic period. From the 12th century until 1868 Japan was ruled by
Emperors who put japan in war with its self. Japan got rid of the emperors 17th century and isolated
themselves. The isolation ended in 1853 when the USA forced Japan to reveal them self. After 2
decades of internal wars the imperial Court took political power in 1868 with the help of clans from
Chōshū and Satsuma and the Empire of Japan was established. Japan would go through many wars
having loses and victories and gaining a decent military. A war containing the Japanese and the Sino
expanded in to WWII but ended with an atomic bombing of Hiroshima and ... Show more content
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About 73 % of Japan is forested mountainous with 108 active volcanoes. They have subtropical
moist broadleaf forests temperate broadleaf and mixed forests and temperate coniferous forests.
There are 153 mammal species in Japan 3 are extremely endangered 22 are endangered 13 are
vulnerable and 2 are near extinction. Japanese deer snakes snow monkeys' squirrels' pigs bears
lizards wild cats and foxes are just some of many examples.
Just like japans animals they also have a good amount of different types of food. Most of their food
starts off with a rice or noodle base. After having to core down they add soups sauces meats and
vegetation. Delectable meals in japan include freshly kill octopus mochi red bean paste ramen and
many more. The Japanese believe in fresh produce so they tend to eat what is in season.
Japan is in the top 5 for having the most diverse population having over 127 million that is expected.
Over 9.1 million live in Tokyo alone many of them are small children. Japan and china have
population issues they are making too many babies and there is not enough land. These problems
lead to mass deforestation in japan. The cities are so crowded and polluted Canada offered to send
bottled air. Japan continues to grow rapidly with 30,000 babies born each

Conservation In Canada
Forest Conservation in Canada
Forests are an integral part in the daily operations because they attract ran and provide a home for
wildlife. Trees are also water catchment areas, which underlines the importance of their
conservation. The scenery is also enhanced when forests are conserved. In Canada, protection and
conservation are taken seriously. The country has more sustainable practices in the management of
forests than any other country in the world. Canada's government believes that forests improve
culture, heritage, economy, and the environment. Canada's boreal and temperate forests cover 417
million hectares, which is approximately 42% the country's landmass, with 15 forested ecozone. The
forests provide a home for nearly two–thirds ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other nations with boreal forests, alternatively termed taiga, incorporate Scandinavia, Russia –
which has most of it, and Nordic nations like Finland, Sweden, and Norway. The boreal region in
Canada crosses the landscape starting at the most easterly section of the provinces of Labrador and
Newfoundland to the border amidst Alaska and Yukon in the far north. The location is overwhelmed
by coniferous vegetation, specifically spruce, interlarded with massive wetlands, mainly fens, and
bogs. The Canadian boreal region incorporates eight eco–zones. While dissimilar regions have
dissimilar biodiversity, each Eco–zone has a feature native fauna and flora. The boreal region
incorporates closed–crown conifer vegetation with a distinctive deciduous aspect. The size of the
conspicuous conifers is dissimilar considerably in reaction to interactions among topography,
climate, fire, soil, pests, and maybe other elements. The Canadian boreal forest is essential to the
nation's inherent environment, culture, economy, and history. Canada looks after and respects its
boreal forest in many fashions, incorporating distinguished legally secured zones, supervising the
conditions of the forests and performing scientific

Biomes: Climatic Savanna Grasslands
Grasslands are characterized as lands dominated by grasses rather than large shrubs or trees. There
are two main types of grasslands: temperate grasslands and savannah grasslands ("Types of
Biomes", 2017). One major savanna grassland is located in Africa and takes up more than a third of
the continent's land area. Others can be found in India, South America and Australia. If the grassland
is prevented from developing into a forest by climatic conditions such as rainfall, it is termed as
'climatic savannas'. If their characteristics are kept by soils, they are termed as 'edaphic savannas'.
These can occur on hills or ridges where the soil is shallow, or in valleys where clay soils become
waterlogged in wet weather. Human activities such as farming ... Show more content on
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There are very few large trees and shrubs. Grasslands dominate the veldts of South Africa, the
puszta of Hungary, the pampas of Argentina and Uruguay, the steppes of the former Soviet Union,
and the plains and prairies of central North America ("World Biomes", 2005). Temperatures vary
more from summer to winter, and the amount of rainfall is less in temperate grasslands than in
savanna grasslands. As in the savanna, seasonal drought and occasional fires are very important to
biodiversity ("What is biome?", 2017). Their effects aren't as dramatic in temperate grasslands as
they are in savanna grasslands though. The soil of the temperate grasslands is deep and dark, with
fertile upper layers. It is rich in nutrients from the growth and decay grass roots. The rotted roots
hold the soil together and provide a food source for living plants. There are environmental concerns
regarding the temperate grasslands. Few natural prairie regions remain because most have been
turned into farms or grazing land Animals here include hawks, owls, deer, mice, foxes, rabbits and
spiders. Temperate grasslands can be further subdivided. Temperate grasslands with short grasses
are called 'steppes' and those with tall grasses are called 'prairies' (Pullen,

Forests Research Task : Cool Rainforests
Forests Research Task
Cool Rainforests
– By Julia Nguyen Global Distribution
Across the world, forests are a major feature on almost all continents, giving it the term, widespread.
Forests around the world has dropped by at least 20% since pre–agricultural times. Although the
area of forests have slightly increased in the past thirty years in industrial countries, it has declined
by approximately 10% in developing countries.
The continents in the Southern Hemisphere are mainly home to the tropical dry and moist forests,
with the exception of Australia. The tropical moist forests are mainly in areas near the equator such
as Indonesia, Central Africa and approximately 40% of South America. In Africa, the tropical dry
forests are the most prominent feature, with some regions of tropical moist forests. They are located
across central Africa and parts of Asia, which appear to be in a radial pattern, where the climate is
quite humid and dry. The Northern Hemisphere, however, consists of many temperate broadleaf and
needleleaf forests. The temperate broadleaf forests are mainly located in the Northern Hemisphere in
Asia, Europe and parts of North America. The distribution seems to be clustered, many of which are
relatively close to the coastlines. A large majority of Europe and Asia, between 60–70%, consists of
these forests. However, the temperate broadleaf forests are declining dramatically with the exception
of North America. In areas such as Russia, Europe and North

Summary Of The Episode 1 : Ordering The Land
After I watched the episode 1: Ordering the Land (16,000 BP – 1870s), I could tell the melting
glaciers has changed Minnesota a lot. It left many rivers and lakes on the Minnesota landscape and
carved out a network of deep valleys. Besides, the main climate change has supported a wide range
of vegetarian, such as pine forest, deciduous forest, and prairies. As can be seen, these biomes drew
the attention of American Indians, and European, which they arrived and occupied the territory.
From the 1680s to the 1840s, Europeans and American Indians began to trade the fur bear. The
impact of the fur trade on animal populations is relatively small at the beginning. However, after
that, the overhunting significantly reduced the number of bison, ... Show more content on
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Obviously, this action could be considered unwise, because they used the land in the wrong way,
which caused several unintended consequences. From the video that we have seen, their actions in
exploiting the forest had negative impacts on the environment, but if we look at its positive aspects,
such as converted the forest into a farm, we will produce more food, and when they build a mill
company, it helped them easy to cut the wood without rot and decay. Hence, their work is
considered legitimate and wise. Overall, these people at the beginning did not know what the
purpose of the land use was. Therefore, they did not do anything with this until American Indians
settlers came, who inhabit and sculpt the land. They gradually knew how to observe and understand
about these uses of the land.
.
Part 2: "Why Plastic Straws Could Disappear from A Pub Near You" Article Nowadays, consumers'
demand for drinking stuff is developing rapidly. As a result, drink industries are growing faster and
faster. Well, there is nothing to discuss if "drink products" do not relate to a plastic straw. Besides
the plastic bags, plastic straw is also a primary factor that affects our environment. The straws' size
is small, but their amount is not small at all. According to the information from an article in
www.bbc.com, it stated, "Wetherspoon, which hands out 70 million straws a year, says bar staff had
complained about chucking vast quantities of used straws away

Basidiomycota Research Paper
Located in parts of Canada, a huge section of Europe ,and the MIddle East this area is full of green
trees and thriving life when it is not during their long cold winters ,but they do have short mild
summers. On the outside it is big and beautiful ,but on the inside it has moderate precipitation and
high humidity. Also, don't try plant crops there anytime soon the soil is acidic and poor but luckily
the plants have adapted to that. Where is this place? You may be thinking, well it's no other than the
Boreal Forest.
The Boreal forest has a ton of animals actually it has millions of species. Knowing that viruses
spread fairly easy. A common virus in the White tailed deer and many others is Herpesviridae or
Herpes. The Herpes infection type ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How many trees are cut down a year? Every year nearly 900,000,000 trees are cut down to provide
raw materials for American paper and pulp mills.Have you ever wondered what a world without
trees would look like? Close your eyes, and try to imagine a desolate Earth. There'd be no more
paper, and everyone would have to resort to technological use that is, if anyone was left.Trees are a
crucial factor to our existence not only because they produce paper, lumber and chewing gum, but
because they serve an important role in the carbon cycle. And because of our ever–increasing
population of 6.7 billion, that seemingly distant future is nearing each and every day. People have
proposed many solutions to this environmental issue called deforestation, including either shipping
everyone to the Moon or...to just stop cutting trees! Even if our species survived the devastation of
deforestation, life as we know it would be very different from now in 2016, where only half of the
world's forests are gone. Scientists speculate our great–grandchildren might not even have the
chance to visit the great Amazon rainforest in 50

White Mountain Forest Research Paper
The White Mountains National Forest in New Hampshire is located within the Northeast
Mountains region of the major Land Resource Areas as defined by the Natural Resource
Conservation Service. This area is defined by its rounded mountains and foothills as well as its
mixed forest of northern hardwoods, fir and spruce. High gradient streams flow into swamps and
lakes in the steep valleys. These characteristics create a unique ecosystem that provides many
services for people and wildlife. Land features in this area are generally fairly steep to very steep
with a range in elevation from
1,000 to 4,000 feet above sea level. The rivers in this area are almost all classified as National Wild
and Scenic Rivers and eventually flow into the Hudson River or Lake Champaign. The water
surface waters in this area are considered of excellent quality and the large undeveloped area
protects the headwaters of many rivers. Sandy glacial outwash has been ... Show more content on
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The soils in this area are primarily Inceptisols and Spotosols. These soils formed under the colder
temperatures you would expect in higher elevation mountain areas. The White Mountain National
Forest climate ranges from a bitter 4°F in the winter months to a steamy 80° in the summer months.
The annual average temperature ranges from about 35–46°F. The NRCS characterizes the area as
"cool and humid."
The lower areas average 32–45 inches of precipitation annually while the higher elevations 45–60
inches annually. The highest peaks can average 60–105 inches. The area is not currently subject to
any water crises, there are many streams and lakes, in addition to the precipitation that are able to
keep a full water supply.The White Mountain National Forest is home to many species of wildlife
including white–tailed deer, moose, fox, and bear. Over

Comparison Of The Salish And The Cherokee
Salish vs. Cherokee The Salish tribe and the Cherokee tribe are two of many Native American
tribes, though their cultures are incredibly diverse. Placed on opposite sides of the United States–the
Salish on the Pacific Coast, and the Cherokee on the Coastal Plains– the geographic features of the
tribes greatly impacted their cultures. Many factors play into this difference of culture. Whether it be
an access to water, agriculture abilities, or natural plants and animals, these factors are seen through
the comparisons of the tribes. An obvious difference is language, the Salish speak "Salishan", while
the Cherokee speak "Tsalagi". Although both the Salish and Cherokee fit under the category of
"Native American tribes", the uniqueness of each group is clear to show, that the tribes are culturally
diverse. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cultural region is the Northwest Coast. This tribe's region has temperate forest, known as a
marine west coast forest, which is home to coniferous trees. The Salish used these trees to build their
shelters, which were rectangular planked wood longhouses. This Geographic Region is right on the
Pacific Ocean, which provides natural resources for the tribe. The main mode of transportation was
the dugout canoe, which allowed travel by sea, as well as access to sea life. The Salish were able to
harvest salmon and seafood, so not only was this the main source of nutrition, fishing became the
dominant economic activity for the tribe. Native America tribes were avid traders, and because of
the natural resources, the Salish often traded salmon, canoes, blankets, whale oil, and

The Tundra Biome
A biome is a major biological community that occurs over a large area of land. Each biome is
characterized by particular environmental and geographic conditions such as precipitation,
temperature, wind, soil conditions, proximity to water, amount of sunlight. Did you know that there
are five major biomes on the whole Earth? Even though we live on a big world different regions in
the same biome tend to support similar types of plant and animal life. There is some overlap
between biomes, but scientist usually identify these major biomes on earth: Tundra, Taiga,
Temperate forest, Tropical forest, Desert, Savanna, Chaparral, Freshwater, and Marine.
Tundra
The tundra biome is portrayed by to a great degree icy temperatures and treeless, solidified ... Show
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In summer, the sun stays in the sky amid the day and night. Summer temperatures normal between
35–55 degrees Fahrenheit. The snow capped tundra biome is likewise a chilly atmosphere area with
temperatures averaging underneath solidifying around evening time. This range gets more
precipitation during the time than the cold tundra. The normal yearly precipitation is around 20
inches. A large portion of this precipitation is as snow. The snow capped tundra is likewise an
exceptionally blustery territory. Solid winds blow at paces surpassing 100 miles for each hour.
Taiga
The taiga is the biome of the needleleaf timberland. Living in the taiga is cool and forlorn. Coldness
and nourishment deficiencies make things exceptionally troublesome, for the most part in the winter.
A portion of the creatures in the taiga sleep in the winter, some fly south on the off chance that they
can, while some simply coordinate with the earth, which is extremely troublesome. Taiga is the
Russian word for woodland and is the biggest biome on the planet. It extends over Eurasia and
North America. The taiga is situated close to the highest point of the world, just

A Report On Dehradun : Dehradun
Dehradun : Dehradun is located in the Doon Valley in the foothills of the Himalayas nestled between
two of India 's mightiest rivers – the Ganges on the east and the Yamuna on the west. The Dehradun
district has various types of physical geography from Himalayan Mountains to Plains. Raiwala is the
lowest point at 315 meters above sea level, and the highest points are within the Tiuni hills, rising to
3700 m above sea level. The Doon valley has the Terai and Bhabar forests within it as well as the
Shiwalik hills and Lesser Himalayan Range containing hill stations such as Mussoorie and Chakrata.
The Pteridophytes are known as botanical snakes of plant kingdom. They are the oldest land plants
on earth, flourished so well in past and dominated the earth vegetation about 280–230 million years
ago. Although they are now replaced by seed bearing vascular plants of the present day vegetation
still they are considered as a connecting link between non–vascular and vascular plants. Presently,
Pteridophytes do not form dominant vegetation anywhere in the world flora. They further grouped in
to two broad groups Fern–allies and Ferns. Among these the ferns constitute a major element of the
Pteridophytic flora. They are most dominating and diverse group of pteridophytes throughout the
world and includes ca 300 genera and ca 12000 known species (Chandra 2000). Most of the fern
species are distributed in tropical and subtropical areas with limited distribution in temperate
regions. They

Taiga Biome: Tropical Rainforest
Taiga Biome
The world is made up of many different biomes. They all differ in climate, animals, plants and
terrains. The two main biomes are terrestrial and aquatic. The main terrestrial biomes are:
Tropical Rainforest
This biome is the wettest of all the other terrestrial biomes with an average rainfall of 200 – 1000
cm of rain! The average temperature ranges from 27 to 32 degrees celsius. The trees can grow up to
30 metres tall, creating a canopy blocking out the sunlight. Most of the animals live in the canopy.
The plants have shallow roots. The rainforest is home to insects, reptiles, arachnids, birds and
mammals.
Desert
Deserts are characterised by their harsh climates, little rainfall and the small amount of life it
supports. There ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It extends across Canada, Alaska, Sweden, Finland, Norway, Russia, northern Kazakhstan, northern
Mongolia and northern Japan. The taiga biome is also known as coniferous forest or the boreal
forest, and is located underneath the tundra biome or at cold, high elevations such as areas
surrounding mountains.
The taiga is mainly conifers trees, which are trees like pine, white spruce, hemlock and douglas fir.
Conifers trees are evergreen, meaning they don't lose their leaves during winter making it easier for
them to soak in sunlight. The taiga biome has less species of plants and animals than other biomes
due to extreme weather conditions and short growing season. Winters last for up to six months and
temperatures are usually below freezing. Fires are common in the taiga, burning away old trees and
making room for new ones to grow. The annual precipitation for the taiga biome is around 25–75cm.
It falls as snow in the winter and rain in the summer. The soil in the taiga is thin, lacking

Taiga Research Paper
This scientific expedition in the Siberia is very interesting. The taiga has seasons, animals, plants,
and climate that are very different compared to other biomes in the area. The winters are long, cold,
and very dark. While the summers, are short and cool. In the taiga, fall is the shortest season, and the
spring brings flowers to the trees, the frozen water melts, and the animals come out from
hibernation. The length of the summer in the taiga is about 122 days, and the length of the winter is
about 243 days. This is very interesting because the length of an average season in the temperate
deciduous forest is about 183 days. This is a very big difference and this shows that the summers are
short and the winters are very long. The animals ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is about –54 degrees celsius to 21 degrees celsius. This is very different from many of the other
biomes, so this makes it unique. The average yearly rainfall is about 30–84 centimeters. Most of it is
rain, and it falls typically in the summer. The type of soil that is found in the taiga is said to be
spodosol. It is a type of soil that is high in organic matter and is typically for a climate that is cold or
low fertility. Life in this biome is rough. There are wide ranges of temperatures between the winter
and summer seasons, and the precipitation is somewhat high throughout the year. Snow is usually
during the winters and rain is usually during the summer. There is a lot of shade because of the tall
trees, so there is not much vegetation on the ground besides fungi. It is the largest terrestrial biome
to date. Some interesting facts about the taiga is that there are millions of insects in the summer and
many insect–eating birds come to breed in the taiga. When they breed they migrate to a warmer
location. How do trees get sunlight? Well, the darker the needles are on the branches of trees, the
more sunlight they take in. This is an adaptation for many trees in the taiga. Did you know that
Taiga, in Russian, means forest? This is also why they call it boreal forests. This biome also contain
patches of permafrost which is what makes this biome what it is. Now that I know most about the
taiga maybe I can go up north into the tundra to examine a different

Jhhhlh
Week 8
212–241
FORESTS
–economically valued
–timber from coniferous–>softwood (important to Canadian economy)
–timber from deciduous–>hardwood
–timber harvested in many ways
–clear–cutting
–new forestry, sloppy way of clear–cutting to leave trees, mimick natural disturbances –selection
systems, some left behind
–ecologically valued
–NA timber industry focus on fast growing tree species in plantations
–plantations more as crop agriculture than ecologically functional forests
–maximum sustainable yield, argues for cutting trees shortly after they have gone through their
fastest stage of growth
–trees may be cut long before grown as large as they would in absence of harvesting –some
harvesting seek uneven–aged stands, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
–REFORESTATION – natural or intentional restocking of existing forests and woodlands that have
been depleted
–DEFORESTATION – natural forests that are cleared through logging or fire, for timber or use of
area, growing pop with expanding demand major cause of deforestation –AFFORESTATION –
establishment of a forest or trees where there was no forest
–Over the years, harvesting of trees has exceeded the planting of trees and there has been a net loss
of approximately 15 million km2. Most of the loss has occurred in the last 30 years. forests are a
multifunctional resource:
Economic functions (e.g. sources of lumber and other products such as latex and palm oil,
fuelwood)
Ecosystem functions (e.g. biodiversity, watershed protection, the regulation of climate, storage of
nutrients)
Social functions (recreation, aesthetics) to be renewable, forest need to be managed sustainably
–plant 1 tree for every tree cut, but not necessarily the case
–each cutting, forest ecosystems simplified (less biodiversity)
–most adopt ecosystem–based management and adaptive management
–ecosystem–based management – attempts

Marsh Honey Fungus Essay
We chose this species because Marsh Honey Fungus also known as Armillaria Ectypa is an
interesting topic to do a project and essay about. Some problems that Armillaria face is a root
disease that is found throughout temperate and tropical regions of the world. In the continental
United States, the disease has been reported in nearly every State. Hosts include hundreds of species
of trees, shrubs, vines, and forbs growing in forests, along roadsides, and in cultivated areas. To
solve this problem I would probably have people get people to take better care of trees or plants.
This root disease is caused by fungi, which live as parasites on living host tissue or as saprophytes
on dead woody material. The fungi are natural components of forests, ... Show more content on
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You see if I was a couple years older, I would have gotten some scientists to do research and seeing
what could possibly cure the root disease, or I could get people that are already older than me to
help me out with this. They can contact someone who is very familiar with these types of situations
and have them do something about it, instead of having a 13 year old get to it. I'm pretty sure at this
age, I won't be able to do very much but it's still alright. Marsh Honey Fungus is a characteristic and
rare Eurasian fungal species. It is confined to the specific types of wetlands with low nitrogen
availability and at least localized base–rich microhabitats usually having high plant diversity.
Despite the occurrence of a large number of wetlands there are only small number suitable for the
successful existence of Armillaria ectypa. Even insignificant changes of hydrological regime in and
around fens can lead to extinction of this species. It is recorded from 16 countries. This fungus
appears to be extremely rare across Europe and Asia even within its habitat. It is certainly
overlooked as observations of fungi rely on the presence of the irregular appearance of sporocarps.
It is not a very distinctive species, but its specific habitat requirements facilitating the identification
and in combination with it being pointed out as a nationally red–listed species in several countries
has spurred an interest among mycologist to search for it. Marsh Honey Fungus

Taiga Forest
The taiga forest is a cold , subarctic region that lies between the tundra towards the north and the
temperate forests towards the south. The largest taiga stretches about 5,800 kilometers in Russia
from the Ural Mountains. This taiga region were filled with glaciers , during the last ice age . The
soil underneath the taiga is often contains permafrost , in other areas layers of bedrock lies
underneath the soil ,but they both prevent water from draining from the top layer of soil . The taiga
are mainly known for their thick forest , called the Coniferous trees , such as pine and fir.
Coniferous trees have needles instead of broad leaves , furthermore their seeds grow inside
protective , woody cones. While other trees such as the Deciduous

Plant Femme Research Paper
Plants have different leaf sizes, colors, and shapes to adapt to the conditions of different
environments, such as the arid zone, the tropical zone, and the arid zone. The arid zone has hot, dry
summers and cool, wet winters, with low, scattered rainfall patterns that occur both seasonally and
annually, and also long periods of time without water. Rainfall varies from year to year, and the
distribution of rainfall varies between the summers and winters. During the cool, dry season, the
temperature ranges from 35–45°C during the day and 10–15°C during the night; during the hot, dry
season, the temperature can be up to 45°C during the day and 15° during the night. Soils can be
shallow or deep, composed of sands or clays, and varies in acidity ... Show more content on
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In southern temperate areas, the temperature ranges from –30°C to 30°C, with a yearly average of
10°C; summers average at 21°C while winters are often below freezing. In northern temperate areas,
the soil is nutrient–poor, thin, and acidic, while the soil in southern temperate areas is rich in organic
and inorganic nutrients as decomposition rates are lower in the temperate zone than the tropical
zone, and a thick layer of leaf litter accumulates. Sufficient moisture in the temperate zone supports
the growth of large trees, but the trees in the temperate zone are not as tall and diverse as the trees in
the tropical zone. Northern temperate areas contain coniferous trees that are evergreen, with an
average height of 70 meters; southern temperate areas contain deciduous trees, with an average
height of 18 meters. Coniferous trees have needle–shaped leaves to help retain water and to survive
the ice and now; deciduous trees have medium–shaped leaves which vary from green, red, orange,
and yellow according to the seasons. Deciduous trees also drop their leaves in the winter to prevent
evaporation of water from the leaves at the time when freezing reduces the available

A Brief Note On Climate And Mixed And Coniferous Forests
Competency 13 – C: Climate and Mixed and Coniferous Forests
Climate and latitude play an important part in how vegetation develops in a given area. Plants,
especially trees and shrubs which make up the majority of many forests, adapt over time to a given
environment and location. In the more southern latitudes you will often find that tropical vegetation
such as palm trees and succulent shrubs will dominate the local ecosystem. Within the more
northern latitudes, vegetation will often vary between broadleaf or coniferous type plants depending
on the overall climate of the area.
The overall climate of a region is typically dependent on several key factors. First and foremost are
the factors of the geography of a location. Mountain ranges, lakes, rivers and oceans have major
impacts on the overall climate of a location. For example mountain ranges tend to block wind flow
causing intense rain showers along the windward side of the mountain range and dry near dessert
like conditions on the eastern side of the range. The North America has a rather unique geography in
that on either side of the continent there are major mountain ranges with a large ocean gulf. This
results in wind flow being disrupted along the western coast causing heavy rain falls along the
coastal areas fairly arid plains to the west of the rocky mountains. However due to the gulf of
Mexico and wind flow from this body of water, moisture is able to travel northward and interact
with the drier air in

Marine Biome
A biome, also known as life zones, consists of all plants, animals, and other organisms, as well the
physical environment in a particular area. A biome is characterized by its' plant life, climate, and
location. The climate and physical features determine the boundaries of a biome. A biome is made
up of many different ecosystems. The ecosystems tend to have the same pants and animals as
neighboring biomes around the boundaries. The major biomes are the tundra, taiga, tropical rain
forest, temperate forests, desert, grassland, savanna, chaparral, and marine. Each biome has it's own
characteristics such as the tundra. The tundra is a biome that is located in the Northern Hemisphere
of the world. It circles the North Pole and reaches down to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Some of the animals consist of squirrels, rabbits, coyotes, mule deer, opossums, raccoons, skunks,
foxes, bobcats, rattlesnakes, lizards, frogs, vultures, hawks, golden eagles, peregrine falcons, and
condors. Each of these has made unique adaptations to live in this biome. An additional main biome
is the tropical rainforest. The tropical rain forest is one of the earth's most distinctive biomes. There
are 3 types are subtropical, monsoon, and equatorial. The climate has mostly warm, humid
temperatures. The annual rainfall is approximately 20–30 inches. Depending on the time of year the
temperatures vary. Summer temperatures are about 95–100° F and winter temperatures are about
70–80° F. Most tropical rain forests are located between 10 degree N and 10 degrees S latitude. This
makes the climates for that vegetation found there suitable. If you were to explore the entire
rainforests you'd find approximately 1500 species of flowering plants and 750 species of trees. The
rain forest contains over 50% of worlds population in plants and animals. It covers roughly 5 billion
acres of land. There are 3 layers of trees that can be found there. The first and most top layer is the
emergent, which are widely spaced trees 100–120 ft tall with canopies above the general canopy of
the forest. The second, middle layer is a closed canopy of 80–foot trees. Here light is available to
this layer, but blocks out the light of lower lays. The third layer is a closed

Biomes of the World Essay
A biome, also known as life zones, consists of all plants, animals, and other organisms, as well the
physical environment in a particular area. A biome is characterized by its' plant life, climate, and
location. The climate and physical features determine the boundaries of a biome. A biome is made
up of many different ecosystems. The ecosystems tend to have the same pants and animals as
neighboring biomes around the boundaries. The major biomes are the tundra, taiga, tropical rain
forest, temperate forests, desert, grassland, savanna, chaparral, and marine. Each biome has it's own
characteristics such as the tundra.
The tundra is a biome that is located in the Northern Hemisphere of the world. It circles the North
Pole and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tundra plants over the years adapted to sweeping winds and disturbances of the soil. Another
adaptation is that they are short and cluster together to help endure the cold. Also they can carry out
photosynthesis at low temperatures and low light intensities. Plants aren't the only things that have
had to adapt to the conditions, animals have had to as well.
Animals of the tundra have had to adapt to the long cold winters and to having to raise their young
quickly in the summer. Some other adaptations of animals include thick insulating cover of feathers
or fur; large, compact bodies; pelage and plumage that turns white in the winter and brown in the
summer; the ability to accumulate thick deposits of fat during the short growing season; hibernation;
and migration. Some of the animals that are found living in the tundra are lemmings, voles, caribou,
artic hares, squirrels, artic foxes, wolves, polar bear, ravens, snow buntings, falcons, loons, ravens,
sandpipers, terns, snow birds, mosquitoes, flies, moths, grasshoppers, black flies, artic bumble bees,
cod, flatfish, salmon, and trout. Some of these animals are shared with other neighboring biomes but
some are only home to the tundra. The tundra is the simplest biome in terms of species composition
and food chain. The neighboring biome of the tundra is the boreal forest (taiga).
The taiga is a biome that reaches completely across

Informative Essay: Grassland Biomes In West Virginia
West Virginia is known as the "mountain state." It consists of many beautiful lakes, rivers, streams,
and quite a few tourist attractions, such as Babcock. Not only that, but West Virginia is made up of
several different biomes. West Virginia is also made up of forests, as well. The first biome I would
like to talk about is the grassland biome. There are two kinds of grassland biomes; tropic and
temperate grasslands. West Virginia is part of the temperate grassland. Sometimes, the temperature
can reach up to 100 degrees. In the winter, the temperatures are very cold. Grassland biomes receive
between 10 to 30 inches of rain. There are quite a few interesting facts I learned about grassland
biomes. One would be that they are located

Characteristics Of Tropical Forest
Tropical Forest: Tropical forest's major features are equatorial and subequatorial regions. The
climate revolves around typically high temperatures. Tropical rain forests tend to receive large
amounts of rainfall ranging between 200–400cm. On the other hand, tropical dry forests receive
150–200cm of precipitation and has 6 to 7 months of no precipitation, also known as the dry season.
(Urry, Pearson, 2017) Tropical forests are covered by large amounts of plant life that overlap each
other, which tends to cause competition for light. For example, broadleaf evergreen trees are
dominant in the forest. When the dry season occurs their leaves drop to the ground floor and become
homes to many species. Some of these species include insects, spiders, and arthropods. The animal
diversity ranks the highest in tropical forest than the other terrestrial biome. Humans have impacted
the tropical forest by creating communities and expanding population growth within the forest. Now
the agriculture and development the humans are creating are destroying the tropical forests.
Savanna:
Similar to the tropical forests, the savanna also has equatorial and subequatorial regions. The
average rainfall it receives ranges between 30–50cm. Also, it has a dry season that occurs that can
last up to almost nine months. (Urry, Pearson, 2017) Unlike tropical forests, the temperatures in a
savanna biome stays in low ranges and they can vary by seasons. It is populated with trees that have
thorns and small leaves, this helps them survive in the environment. Most of the plants are adapted
to droughts and fire, which is very common factor in the dry seasons. Forb plants and grasses cover
the ground. Most of the animals the savanna inhibits are wildebeests, zebras, hyenas, and lions.
Overall, there are more insects, including termites. Humans have impacted the savanna by starting
fires that have minimized the tree population by destroying seedlings and saplings. Lastly, hunters
have reduced the large animal population.
Desert:
Deserts are mainly found at latitudes near the interior of continents. They hardly receive any rainfall
each year. Temperatures can vary by seasons and daily, depending on whether its considered a hot or
cold dessert.

Differences in the Woodland Ecosystem as the Result of...
Differences in the Woodland Ecosystem as the Result of Different Management Strategies
Introduction:
In this piece of work, I am studying the hypothesis, "Differences in woodland ecosystems are the
result of different management strategies." This means the way woodlands are managed affect the
ecosystems.
Places like Bishops wood, need to be looked after and carefully managed, if they are to remain
attractive. Bishops wood is very large park and attracts over 90 million visitors a year. People who
work for the park are experts in planning, conservation and land management. They help to care for
the landscape and look after the needs of visitors. They are also concerned about the people who ...
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Educational and community: Educating the community about woodlands and wildlife.
There are only two types of management used in the coniferous woodland. They are habitat and
estate management.
Habitat:
Walking through the coniferous woodland, I noticed the method Brushing/felling was used, to let
more sunlight reach the ground, through spaced out branches. Brushing/felling causes a lot of pine
needles to fall; this is why leaf litter found in the coniferous wood was 95% more than the leaf litter
found in the deciduous woodland. Spaced out branches lets more rain reach the ground, leaving the
soil damp, enabling 32% moss to grow on the ground.
Estate:
In the coniferous woodland there were warning signs, to prevent visitors from entering unsafe areas.
There were also fences surrounding the park to prevent people littering, and to stop animals from
escaping onto dangerous roads.
Recreational:
No signs of recreational management were found. This is because the park doesn't want to attract

visitors to the coniferous woodland, as they may cause damage. If the trees get damaged then less
trees will be manufactured, this means the park will earn less money.
All four management strategies are used in the deciduous woodland.
Habitat:
Deciduous trees are planted randomly to attract wildlife and people. Deciduous trees

Taiga Biome Research Paper
Moving to the Taiga Biome I have decided to go to the taiga biome. The taiga's gorgeous mountains,
fascinating wildlife, and flourishing scenery have convinced me this is the place to go. To make the
move there, I will have to make many new changes to adapt to this environment. While the taiga can
be very isolated, I will live near or in a city for food, survival, and the technologies of everyday life.
The taiga biome is very different then the temperate deciduous forest where Oxford is. It is full of
mountains, evergreens, and rivers. Winters in this biome are cold and snowy, while the summer is
warm, rainy, and humid. The high in the summer can get up to 70ºF, the low can go to 20ºF. The
high in the winter is 30ºF, with the low being

Deciduous Forest Biomes
A biome is a large community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat. Every biome has a
certain group of animals and plants and they are able to live because they can adapt to the
environment in that biome. There are biomes on land (terrestrial) and underwater (aquatic). All
plants and animals that live in a biome are interdependent, meaning they depend on each other in
one way or another. The two biomes being compared are the taiga biome and the deciduous forest
biome. These two have similarities and differences and are both a big part of human life. However,
uninformed people are negatively affecting these biomes even though they are very important to life
on Earth.
According to the New York Living Environment Biology textbook, the ... Show more content on
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Taigas have less diversity in plants compared to other biomes. The most common tree is the conifer.
Conifers include Pines, Spruces and Firs. However, there might be some deciduous species in a
taiga, too. As I mentioned earlier, the soil is very acidic and poor in nutrients so plants have to adapt
to the environment. Although it precipitates enough to water the trees, the precipitation is often
frozen. Conifers have adapted to their frozen environment by having thin needles with a waxy
coating. This reduces the amount of water lost through transpiration. Conifers have a cone structure
so the heavy snow can easily slide off. If they did not have this adaption, the branches would break
off. Instead of flowers, fungi and mosses cover the ground. Deciduous forests have five different
zones. The first zone is the Stratum zone. In this zone, there are Oaks, Beeches, Maples, Chestnut
Hickories, Elms, Basswoods and Sweet Gum trees. The second zone has young, short trees. The
third zone is called the shrub zone. Some of the shrubs that live here are Rhododendrons, Azaleas
and Huckleberries. The fourth zone is the herb zone and it contains herbal plants. The last zone is
the ground zone. Mainly mosses and lichens grow here. The trees have adapted to the forest by
having thick bark. This keeps pesky animals out and it prevents the tree form dying. Also, the leaves
fall off during the winter and the trees go into a state of dormancy to

Sun And Appropriate Hypothesis
Abstract
This experiment is useful since it indicates how sunlight, one of the environmental factors affect
plants. The effects of sun and shade on stomata density of Tsuga heterophylla plant were
investigated. The dependent variable was stomata density, and the independent variable was sunlight
(sun and shade). The stomata impressions were made by using the nail polish to inscribe the stomata
on the leaves bottom. The imprint was applied in the calculation of leaf stomata density. A t–test was
used to compare the results between two variables (sun and shade). A significant difference of
stomata density was observed between the leaves in the sun and shade. The leaves in the sun had the
highest stomata density than the leaves in the shade.
Introduction
Sunlight provides energy for all organisms. This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How sun and shade affect the stomata density. The following questions were asked;( 1) can sun
increase the stomata density? (2) Can shade increase stomata density? (3) Is it true that both shade
and the sun increase stomata density? It was hypothesized that the stomata density was greater in the
sun than in the shade. In this experiment, one plant species (Tsuga heterophylla) was assessed. Tsuga
heterophylla is an evergreen coniferous plant.
Methods
Site description
Tsuga heterophylla was collected from Tongass National Forest. Tongass National Forest is located
in Southwest Alaska in the United States of America. It is the largest national forest in the USA. The
forest is part of temperate and Pacific rain forest. The experiment was performed at this site between
9.00am to 4.00pm.
Field sampling
Twelve of Tsuga heterophylla plants from sun and shade were collected. Compass was used to
determine west and east; this was conducted to find the sunlight path to determine whether there
were objects blocking sunlight from reaching the plant leaves. Two light meters were used to
measure shade and sun leaves.
Lab

Terrestrial Ecology Lab
Terrestrial Ecology
Introduction
We know that light is an important part of both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. In a forest system
both the canopy and the understory absorb light. The type of forest and leaf cover present
determines the amount of light that reaches the understory. This can be measured using the LAI
(Leaf Area Index), which is the amount of leaves per unit ground area. Light quantity in forests is
affected by several factors such as tree species, age, and density.
Looking at the amount of light that can penetrate to the understory also shows how much moisture
can reach that level. The amount of light and moisture that reaches the forest floor determines how
much biomass will be present in this layer. The goal of

Wood Thrush
The data from the harvested stand and unharvested stand shows that wood thrush would likely be
able to find a suitable breeding, nesting, and foraging habitat in this section of the Vermont National
Forest (Table 1), particularly in the unharvested stand, though improved management practices
could make the harvested stand more suitable. Wood thrush commonly hide their nests under leaves
in a shady area in the midstory level, so it is important to have vertically and horizontally diverse
stands (Hagenbauch et al. 2011 a). The unharvested stand provides higher quality nesting and
breeding areas due to the higher density of stems in the midstory and canopy and greater canopy
closer (Table 1). Maintaining growth and density in the understory will ... Show more content on
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Results are expected to vary due to site characteristics and management histories (Hoover et al.
2012), and in this case, invasive species and harvesting in the past century could have contributed to
our estimate being lower than the regional estimate of 116 Mg C/ha. Invasive species can affect
forest health, regeneration, and forest structure, so invasive species could have crowded out live
trees, decreasing the above–ground live tree carbon pool. The unharvested stand has not been cut in
the past three decades so this factor should not affect the above–ground carbon pool significantly,
though it has likely been harvested more than the old growth forest stands sampled in Hoover et al.
(2012) because there was no evidence of harvesting in those stands. Species composition of the
unharvested stand could have contributed to our estimate for the above–ground live tree carbon pool
being slightly higher than the estimate from Smith et al. (2004). Our unharvested stand was mainly
made up of sugar maple and beech trees (Figure 2.), and these two species contain more carbon than
birch (Jenkins et al. 2003). For the harvested stand with 61.18 Mg C/ha, our estimate of the above–
ground live tree carbon pool was respectively

Morality In Queensland, Australia
"There ain't no sins and there ain't no virtue. There's just stuff people do." I believe this sentence is
correct, moderately. People have a method of telling the difference between right and wrong called
'morality'. Morality is terribly one–sided when too quickly drawn to a conclusion. In order for one
do draw the conclusion that another is right or wrong, they themselves must be a completely neutral
party, or else they would be venturing into the aspect of supreme control and totalitarianism. When
Queensland, Australia was struck by flooding in an area roughly the size of New Jersey and a
Super–Cyclone soon after in the same location, the people of that area had to accept what had
happened. Natural Disasters, although abysmal to humans and

Laurentia Bioregion
Introduction Currently residing in the state of Vermont the bioregion to which I've been informally
assigned to is commonly known as the Laurentia bioregion. This assignment of bioregion is widely
accepted, but when looked at more deeply assigning Vermont to the Laurentia bioregion becomes
problematic. There are seemingly, an endless number of variables that contribute to the
characteristics and difference that vary from bioregion to bioregion. Geologic makeup, weather
variance, soil type, biologic diversity, and the natural processes that occur within a given territory
are a few of the variables one must consider when trying to assign themselves to a specific
bioregion. Laurentia as it stands as serving as an outline as a bioregion is ... Show more content on
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The ancient forests of the Northeast aren't the only aspect of the bioregion that's fate have been at
perpetual risk since the early settlement of Europeans. There is no question that forests still
dominate the landscape of Northeastern region accounting for "60% of the total land area, and in
New England alone, the coverage is 80%". Still the species that exist within the understory of the
forests have undergone an equally dramatic transformation because of human interaction with the
land and the harvest of its resources. Some species in the understory of the mixed forests of the
Northeast have been driven out of the region, are under intense ecological pressure, are on the brink
of extinction, or have already gone extinct in the region. Perhaps one of the most harmful and
impactful effects colonization of the Northeast has had on the resources of the land is the
introduction of non–native species and diseases into the region. Over time the overall makeup of the
forests have changed drastically as an example, "...the American chestnut once made up as much as
25% of the trees in some areas and was economically the most important hardwood in the Eastern
forests". The introduction of chestnut blight at the turn of the century accounts for

Amur Leopard Extinction

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Amur Leopard Extinction