Psychological Explanations Of Prejudice And Prejudice

Psychological Explanations Of Prejudice And Prejudice
Prejudice and discrimination are two of the biggest conflicts and problems that today's society and
humanity is facing. Prejudice is defined as holding an unfavourable opinion or attitude towards a
specific social group and its members. When one social group hates another group of people so
significantly that they can torture, murder and harass innocent members of society this is a serious
concern. In this essay I'm going to discuss psychology's explanations of prejudice and why these
attitudes are formed. Many crimes are committed because of prejudice opinions and attitudes these
are known as hate crimes. In "2016–17 there we 80,393 hate crime offences reported compared with
62,518 in 2015–16 that is a 29% increase". With the home secretary saying its been noted that hate
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This notion is the main foundation of Dollard's associates explanation of scapegoating, prejudice
and intergroup aggression. "The theory of frustration–aggression also identifies a huge obstacle
from research indicating that frustration is neither necessary nor sufficient for aggression.
Aggression can occur when frustration is absent, and frustration does not necessarily always result
in aggression." (Bandura 1973; Berkowitz 1962) Consequently this hypothesis can only explain a
limited subsection of intergroup aggression. Other explanations are needed to explain different
forms of intergroup aggression or prejudice and intergroup aggression. To try and save the theory
Berkowitz proposed three major changes to attempt the resurrection of this theory. The first change
being that the probability of frustration– induced aggression being expressed was increased and
motivated by the presence of certain situational cues to aggression, this would include past or
present associations with a group (scapegoat) with a conflict or dislike. The second change being the
explanation that it is not objective frustration that instigates
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Adolescence Is A Form Of Social Rejection
Adolescence is a period of clear gains in intelligence and cognitive skills and one of intense
emotions and impulsive behavior (Johnson & de Haan, 2015). We experience a higher sensitivity to
rejection during this time and place great importance of peer relationships (Masten et al., 2009).
Frequent experiences of social rejection have been linked with lasting somatic, psychosomatic, and
internalizing disorders (Wolke & Lereya, 2015), such as depression and anxiety (Rigby, 2000; as
cited in Masten et al., 2009). Educators and researchers alike have attempted to intervene in hopes
of reducing antisocial behaviors like bullying, a form of social rejection. In this paper, I will (1) go
over what adolescence is and broad developmental changes during this period; (2) affective causes
of social rejection; (3) some effects of social rejection during adolescence; and lastly (4) some
concluding statements and future directions.
Adolescence and broad changes during this period
According to Crone and Dahl (2011), adolescence is a transition phase between childhood and
adulthood. They, and many other researchers (e.g, Arnett, 2015), do not believe that the beginning
and end have clear cut boundaries. Somewhat helpfully, a general range of adolescence has been
agreed upon in the literature and is between the ages of 9 and 19; this uses the onset of pubertal
maturation as a marker. Johnson and de Haan (2015) and others have remarked that it is a time that
involves a "significant

Emotional Development Final : Olivia Conover
Emotional Development Final – Olivia Conover – 12/11/14 1. Support for the notion that babies
have an early sense of morality has been accumulating. According to Bloom (2013), morality might
be evolutionarily ingrained in humans, as it promotes cooperation, which our species would have
needed in order to survive and evolve in groups. Research by Bloom (2013) illustrates babies' moral
beginnings. Babies were shown animations of geometrics figures where, for example, a red ball was
trying to scale a hill. A yellow square helped the ball by pushing it up, while in another attempt a
green triangle hindered the ball by pushing it back down the hill it had started to climb. The red ball
would then be shown either approaching the yellow circle or ... Show more content on
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It may be that hinderers and immoral acts are disliked before helpers are particularly favored, which
suggests that sensitivity to threat develops earlier in babies' moral sense. Later, several kinds of
prosocial behaviors can be observed in toddlers, as summarized in Laible and Karahuta (2014).
Frequent sharing starts between 9–12 months of age, but by 24 months children become aware of
the costs of sharing, so it becomes limited until later childhood. Helping behaviors appear at 12
months, when babies will point to help adults find objects in the room that the adult's can't find
because someone else moved them or they somehow got displaced. At 18 months, babies will help
an experimenter who's hands are full open a book closet, pick up a clothespin that an experimenter
dropped accidentally, or assist in cooperative helping tasks with adults. It isn't until 36 months that
children succeed in cooperative tasks with peers. Also, before age 2, children can only comfort
others in distress by getting an adult or using egocentric techniques. A child might bring his or her
own teddy bear to a distressed person, instead of a comforting object belonging to that person.
However, by the time they are 2 or 2 and a half, children can appropriately comfort others. Thus,
prosocial behavior is emerging and continuously developing in toddlerhood. Prosocial

The Positive Effects Of Irrational Decisions All The Time
Irrational Counterproductive polices
People make irrational decisions all the time. Unconscious mind is responsible for irrational
decision–making. Irrational decisions have always thought to be negative and therefore have more
negative effects than positive effects. Irrational counterproductive polices is when a person has a
clear goal and wants to achieve it but eventually gains opposite result that is mostly negative. This
could be because of the following causes: rejection, decision fatigue, and self–regulation failure.
Rejections often cause sever psychological affects. The severity of psychological damage might be
based on the emotional health of a human being. Rejection can cause serious disturbances in
thinking ability, increases anger and frustration, and reduces self–esteem and confidence. Most of
the rejection that most of us face are mild and the damages to mind and will heal with the time.
However, if rejections are continues and not treated even mild rejections can cause serious
psychological impact on mental health(5). Researchers have also proved that rejection reduces IQ
level and effects work, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, sometimes social rejection can be use full for independent people rather than people
who wants to belong in a group all the time(). A study conducted by a business professor at Johns
Hopkins University, Maryland found that social rejection could increase imaginative thinking in
individuals with strong sense of their own independence (4). For example, Mark Zuckerberg
explained in his biography that he was not social and was rejected from many social groups. But he
converted this situation into opportunity to get to know more about computer programming and
eventually create Facebook later on. In another situation, Michael Jordan was kicked out of his
university basketball club during his sophomore year because he wasn't good enough, but he built
this situation into motivation and came back

Negative Effects Of Violent Video Games
At a young age, the brain is only developing by learning and applying it to their everyday life. Life
styles are reinforced by what is taught to a young child, therefore, the daily presence of violent
video games may harm their young minds. Many studies show multiple experiments from young
children, to older men on the topic of violent video games. Researches say that violent video games
do affect the brain, physically and changes a person emotionally as well.
In the article "Violence, Crime and Violent video games: Is there a correlation?" Gael Founis states
that "data showed an increase in aggressive moods or thoughts and hostility after playing violent
video games and suggested impairment of prosocial behavior." After many experiement ideas, the
statement shows true meaning when the results of 44 healthy adolescents who played violent video
games and demonstrated a lack of functioning brain directed in the frontal lobes. This part of the
brain included inhibition, concentration and self– control. There is a difference of brains between
teens who play violent video game and those who do not.
Dr. Mathews, a professor of radiology at the university stated that the group that played the
nonviolent game showed more activation in the frontal lobes. Those who choose to play violent
video games will imitate the characters and actions of the games. This is proven by the theory that
partcipants must make decisions for the character in the game, which shows that the person makes

Cartoons and Children
Aim– To understand the effect of cartoon viewing on children aged 6–11 years old–
Introduction –
When we are born we have the capacity for motivation, experience, and training and because of this
our minds are very impressionable. Therefore our brain's development is a dynamic mix of nature
and nurture, so it is important to choose a healthy environment for all children. Children ranging
from the age of six months to about twelve years of age go through various stages of emotional and
physical development. During this age go through various stages of emotional and physical
development. During this age however they have extremely impeccable minds due to which external
stimuli have a major in shaping their personalities.
Telivisions shows and animated films, for over 80 years , have been entertaining the kids. Felix the
cat the first ever cartoon icon, which started its journey in 1920s. In the next 10 years, Donald duck,
mickey mouse and Pluto was the cartoon character which are being introduced by Disney brother's.
now a days cartoon watching is the most favourite hobby of children in their leisure time, so they
like to watch cartoons on the television rather than to do any physical activities.
Cartoon watching affects the attittute and behavior of kids i.e. their liking and disliking, way of
talking and behaving with other children. Catoon viewing is the most favourite channel in the world.
Typically children begin watching cartoons on TV at an early age of six monts

The Effects Of Stress On Our Body
1.0 INTRODUCTION Stress is a feeling of Emotional or mental strain / tension & pressure that
may be caused by problems that one is facing or expectation of a situation. This may be manifested
by a reaction in a fight, anger, easy irritability etc. Stress is part of life. With Many events that are
happening within and around us , they are causes of stress on our body. Stresses are triggered by
environment, our bodies and our thoughts. THE NEED TO MANAGE STRESS The human bodies
reacts to stress, they can be positive or Negative. The positive stress keeps one alert and ready to
avoid danger. Negative stress occurs when a person faces continuous challenges without relief/
counselor's help or relaxation between challenges. As a result, the person becomes overworked, and
stress–related tension builds. Continues Stress without relief can lead to a condition called distress,
which is a negative stress reaction. Distress leads to physical problems including headaches, upset
stomach, elevated blood pressure, chest pain and trouble sleeping or worsen certain symptoms or
diseases. It's also very harmful when people turn to use of stimulus alcohol, tobacco, or drugs as a
way of relieve to stress. Instead these substances tend to keep the body in a stressed state and cause
more problems. E.g. Death, Depression, headaches, high blood pressure, heart problems, diabetes,
skin conditions, asthma and arthritis. HOW TO MANAGE STRESS THROUGH
INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS Interpersonal

Essay about anger in communication
Anger In Communication
Communicating is the means of transmitting or the exchange of information. These types of
exchanges usually occur in many different forms or means. Humans communicate both verbally and
nonverbally. The term also refers to sharing or to make common and is defined as a process of
understanding. (Pearson & Nelson, 2000 p.18). This process is an activity, an exchange, or a set
of behaviors.(Pearson & Nelson, 2000 p.170). These processes or exchanges can lead to anger,
which may in some cases, produce results of serious consequences.
Anger can be defined as a great feeling of displeasure, wrath, fury, or indignation. Misunderstanding
during the exchange of information will create conflicts. These conflicts must ... Show more content
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In all her replies she would become very loud and boisterous, never giving an inch. She would be so
close that her breath felt like a puff of strong wind. Whilst at the said time she would be hurling
insults, and daring me to collect the funds owed to me. Eventually, to avoid the constant barrage of
insults both verbally and nonverbally I would forfeit and inform her, that she was welcome to keep
same.
The outrageous behaviors that are displayed by my partner, most times are annoying to me. On one
occasion I had to take my car to the shop, and I asked her to pick me up and take me to work on a
particular day. Before leaving to drop my car off at the repair shop, I woke her, and informed her to
get ready, as she would have to do some extra driving. This will therefore require an early start to
avoid us being late for work. I stood at the repair shop and waited for a very lengthy amount of time
and had less than ten minutes to get to work, which was 15 miles away. She came and picked me up
and started out on the highway. I noticed that the speed she was driving had reached 105 mph. I
requested she slowed down in fear of us getting into a terrible accident and being killed.. At this
time she promptly pulled the car over and ordered me to get out of her #@$@% car. I

Friendship Problems With Children With ADHD
In class, we discussed many of the symptoms associated with ADHD and how these symptoms
contribute to academic problems, peer and family difficulties and aggression. Individuals with
ADHD struggle to sustain attention, focus and complete complex tasks, speech fluently, internalize
private speech and regulate their emotions. All of these issues likely contribute to the friendship
problems identified in the current study. For instance, the study found that children with ADHD
have shorter friendships than the comparison group of children and this could be related to their
difficulty sustaining attention and regulating their emotions. Other children might find it difficult to
maintain friendships with children with ADHD because that cannot focus as long on the activities
that they want to do. In other words, a child with ADHD might tire of a game after a few minutes
and want to do something else but their friend might want to finish the game first to see who wins.
This attention deficit might make the friend weary of staying in this relationship because they do not
understand. Additionally, a child with ADHD may not understand their friend's social cues and they
may get easily agitated or upset when things do not go their way. As a child, the friend is not looking
to maintain a difficult friendship which could account for decreased longevity of friendships in
children with ADHD, especially in the currently studied age range.
Additionally in class, we discussed some of the

Are Humans by Nature Aggressive? Essays
If sexuality was the main issue that has preoccupied psychologists in the early twentieth century,
aggression is the primary concern of the XXI century. Aggression has been studied a lot especially
in terms of social significance. Most contradictory discussions about human aggression were
focused on the innate–acquired main report. Some theories emphasize that aggression is fixed within
our genetic code, while others sustain that factors such as education, environment, life experiences
leave a mark on our behaviour, sometimes leading to aggression.
Anderson and Bushman describe human aggression as "any behaviour directed toward another
individual that is carried out with the proximate (immediate) intent to cause harm. In addition, the ...
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Therefore, aggressive behavior is rooted in the phylogenetic adaptation to environmental dangers.
Thus, aggression led to the survival of those specimens equipped with the necessary features to their
defeat or subdue their opponents, the powerful obtaining access to more resources and of better
quality at the expense of the weak . However, while other species have developed natural selection
mechanisms in order to contain the level of aggression in the struggle for survival, humans are
characterized by the absence of this blocking instinct of violence toward the others.
Although initially in their vision of the unconscious, psychoanalysts have not given very much
importance aggressiveness, being seen only as a means by which basic needs are met, was
transformed into one of the poles of dualism pulsating.Sigmund Freud (1933) introduced the
"Thanatos theory", which states that every human being is dominated by two basic instincts, Eros,
sexual instinct and self–preservation, and Thanatos, the impulse of self–destruction (also called
death instinct). While Eros is involved in the preservation of life, Thanatosul is involved in bringing
life to an anorganic state, the tendency of

The Nature of Aggression (or is it Nurture?) Essay
The Nature of Aggression (or is it Nurture?)
Every night on the news there are reports about murders, wars, and rapes. But the news isn't the only
place where people encounter violent or aggressive behavior. Driving home from work, people get
cut off and cussed at on a daily basis. At school, children fight over who will be the first in the lunch
line. On the street, people get pushed out of the way if they are not walking fast enough. The list
could go on and on and on. The point is that humans exhibit aggressive behavior on a regular basis.
However, does anyone know why people display these behaviors? Why do certain people seem
more aggressive? Is there just one thing that controls when and how aggressive someone becomes?
These are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The nature vs. nurture topic has been a continuing debate for many aspects of human behavior,
including aggression. There have been many studies indicating that chemical relationships between
serotonin, testosterone, and frontal lobe brain chemistry may play a key role in determining
aggressive behavior, while other studies have explored environmental and societal factors that have
been said to control patterns in human aggression.
The argument for nature surrounds the possible biological reasons for why human aggression is
exhibited. The reasons for why there is aggressive behavior in humans include a range of
hypotheses. Aggression may have a chemical, hormonal, or genetic basis. Research has shown that
stimulation of certain parts of animals' brains leads to aggression. Stimulation of other parts stops
aggression (1). Some researches believe that it stems from low levels of serotonin. Terrie Moffitt
and colleagues studied the blood serotonin levels of 781 21–year–old men and women. The
researchers report that "in this study, elevated whole blood serotonin was characteristic of violent
men." (Low brain levels of serotonin, but high levels of blood serotonin, are associated with
behavior disorders–apparently because of serotonin's different origin and function in blood and
brain.) The violent men's mean serotonin level was .48 standard deviations (SD) above the norm for
males as a group, and .56 SD above the mean for non–violent men. Among

4 Styles Of Humor Style
Humor is often considered as a powerful weapon, although it should be used with caution. There is
appropriate humor which dissipates tension; and inappropriate humor which provokes tension
(Meeus and Mahieu, 2009). A humor style is defined as the type of humor an individual typically
practices when interacting with others (Preeus and Sweeny, 2013). Martin et al. (2003) proposed a
model of humor styles comprising of four different styles of humor which are independent of each
other. These humor styles are based on whether humor is: used to enhance either the self or others,
and adaptive versus maladaptive for the self or others THE TWO ADAPTIVE STYLES OF
HUMOR ARE: 1. Affiliative humor The concept of Affiliative humor was first introduced ... Show
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The maladaptive humor which is directed towards one's self in order to gain the approval of others is
referred to as self–defeating humor. It involves attempts to amuse others at one's own expense by
using humor in a self–disparaging way i. e. excessively critical and ridiculing of one's self.
Individuals with this humor style often allow themselves to be the ''butt'' of jokes, and laugh along
when they are disparaged by others, in the hopes of gaining others' approval and acceptance. This
humor style is used to enhance relationships with others, but at the expense of positive feelings
about self. It also involves the use of humor as a form of defensive denial, to hide one's underlying
negative feelings or avoid dealing constructively with problems (Martin et. al., 2003, Martin, 2007).
According to Yerlikaya (2007), this humor style is used by an individual without considering the
humor and his/her own needs. An example which typifies this humor style is when an individual
behaves happy and defies his/her own feelings when

Aggressiveness in Girls Essay
Aggressiveness in Girls
When people think of a bully, they picture an oversize older boy picking on the younger nerdy boys
for their milk money, lunch, etc. It is a common stereotype because boys are more likely than girls
to engage in bullying activity, especially when it comes to physical violence (Sheras, 2002, p.25).
Bullies come in all shapes, sizes, ages, and even gender. It is less obvious in girls to be bullies
because our society today views females as being gentle and nature, and it isn't lady like to be
involved in aggressive behavior.
There is a hidden culture of girl's aggression in which bullying is epidemic, distinctive, and
destructive. Girls use backbiting, exclusion, rumors, name–calling, and manipulation to ... Show
Either she can try to benefit from the situation and grow stronger or fail and isolate herself from
everyone for fear of repeated rejection. Also a strong feeling of revenge is felt even long after the
event has subsided.
There are many reasons why girls are aggressive to other girls. Some of the reasons I know of
personally are jealousy, territory, and higher social status. The most important of these would be
higher social status meaning popularity. Being popular means that you get anything you want and
you have the most friends out of everyone in the whole school. Yet, popularity is not all it is made
out to be. As Rachel Simmons mentioned in her book, ODD girl OUT, popularity is a cutthroat
contest into which girls pour boundless energy and anxiety. It is an addiction, a siren call, and a
prize for which some would pay any price. Popularity changes girls, causes a great many of them to
lie and cheat and steal. They lie to be accepted, cheat their friends by using them, and steal people's
secrets to resell at a higher social price (p156). There is so much pressure into being popular but is it
really worth it? Losing trustworthy friends who honestly respect you, to gain fake friends who
respect you publicly but stab you in the back in private. In my view I would rather have few
dependable friends for a lifetime, than many bogus friends for a short time.
Jealousy is right behind popularity. Girls are usually jealous

Symptoms And Treatment Of Depression
Depression most people will go through a form of it at least once in their life. Most of the time,
though this will be a smaller case which is not very evident in their life. But in Shiloh you will see
not just a minor form of depression but also some more major forms of it pop up its ugly head. And
how is this? Well in Shiloh we are living inside of Leroy's head, and we see through his head many
types of depression, including; Atypical Depression, Bipolar Disorder, and Post Traumatic Stress
Disorder(PTSD). Atypical Depression is defined by "Mood Reactivity and two or more of the
following, increased appetite, increased sleep, leaden paralysis, and interpersonal rejection
sensitivity."(Singh/Kristi) and during Shiloh you will see that ... Show more content on
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But we see it the most when they are finally about to go to the memorial park, unlike Mebal who
more than anything wants them to go so that they will finally break up and end it where it all began.
He believes that on the grand battlefield, he will be the victor and win back his prized possession.
Okay, so what about interpersonal rejection sensitivity? Well we also see this in multiple parts, this
is the main reason why he always picks up hitchhikers and tell them his story. He tries to have
friends and an understanding with the people he meets but almost everything they just fade away.
And you see this while he is at the house, he tries to start conversations not just with his wife, but
also with Mabel and just gets knocked down every time. Normally this is with the log cabin which
he has an obsession with. But you will also see it when near the end he is talking with Mabel, and
trying to befriend her he start agreeing with her. Which leads to the end of the story of going to
Shiloh. So what about Bipolar Disorder well first lets describe it "Bipolar disorder, also known as
manic–depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity
levels, and the ability to carry out daily tasks."(Bipolar) So what does that have to do at all with
Shiloh? Well, it have to do more either Norma Jean than anyone else in the story. So let us start with
the

Loneliness And Isolation In Mary Shelley's Frankenstein
In this excerpt of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, the scene reveals the creature's desperation to
befriend the DeLaceys to escape his loneliness. After approaching the old DeLacey, he expresses his
yearning for companionship and protection from the family. However, Felix, Safie, and Agatha
suddenly enter the hovel and confront the creature. The "horror" (96) on the faces of his friends and
being struck "violently with a stick" (97) show the rejection that the creature experiences. His only
link to humanity is broken and he is isolated from society. This passage exhibits the central theme of
loneliness as experienced by the creature. The excerpt shows that loneliness is caused by rejection
from society, companionship is desired, and isolation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He is isolated from society, and it is proven when the DeLacey family rejects the creature for his
appearance. This passage parallels the creature's first rejection by his own creator, Victor
Frankenstein. Due to the his ugliness, Victor abandons his creation because of his "disgust" (35). As
a result, the creature is left to explore the world on his own without guidance. His appearance causes
him to be feared by nearly everyone he sees, and thus, he is isolated. Earlier, when the creature
encounters an old man, he "shrieked loudly" (73) and ran out of his hut. His physique is such a
cause of alarm for others, that even strangers leave their houses in fear. However, this passage shows
the "kindness" that the blind DeLacey showed. Since he could not see, the old DeLacey was the only
person who would listen to the creature, because he could not judge his appearance. He had
empathy. Still, the creature faced rejection. Subsequently, he believed that "solitude [was his] only
consolation" (61). The creature used isolation as a coping mechanism for his constant rejection.
However, this only contributed to his loneliness and suffering. The creature even compares himself
to the "devil" (93) to emphasise his seclusion. He uses this analogy to show his despair because even
the enemy of God "had his companions" (93). Frankenstein's creation is physically and emotionally
alone because he is the only one of his kind. He is not accepted because of his deformities.
Therefore, rejection from society, is the cause of his

Externalizing Behaviors Among Children, Play Therapy, And...
Externalizing Behaviors in Children, Play Therapy, and Parental Involvement
Externalizing behaviors are negative behaviors in which a person might act upon, such as
aggression, impulsivity, property or personal destruction, and verbal insults (Meany–Walen,
Kottman, Bullis, and Dillman Taylor, 2015). This type of behavior may typically lead to more
significant underlying problem(s) in the future. According to Meany–Walen et al., (2015) children
that display externalizing behaviors such as aggression, and who do not receive the proper
intervention have a higher risk of experiencing problems throughout their lives. Additionally, Olson,
Bates, Sandy, & Lanthier (2000) state that children experiencing such behaviors are at greater risk
for academic failure, rejection by peers, conflicts with family and with educators, delinquency, low
educational and occupational attainment, and adult criminality. Preschool children who particularly
display high levels of aggression along with social, and emotional issues are also at a higher risk for
continuing this form of conduct as well (Davenport & Bourgeois, 2008). It is important to consider
the familial contribution to the child's externalizing behaviors, such as aggression. Papalia, Feldman,
& Martorell (2014) consider the family atmosphere as a key influence on the development of
children, and the frequency of the externalizing behaviors occurring in children who derive from
families with higher levels of conflict. Without intervention

America 's Baby Sitter, An Accurate Name
America's Baby–Sitter
"America's Baby–sitter," an accurate name given to children's cartoons. Often times when parents
are busy tending to household chores, or even just looking for a little "me time," they place their
children in front of the television with their favorite humorously violent cartoon. Though it may
seem harmless, the increase in violence in cartoons has led to more aggressive behavior in young
children today. If parents really knew how much of an influence these cartoons had on their
children, they may start looking for a new baby–sitter.
Psychologists and researchers have conducted many studies to prove that the violence within
children's cartoons correlates with the level of aggressiveness within children. ... Show more content
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A study indicates that what the children see on television is something that becomes imbedded
within them, "...when a child sees violence used as a means to solve a problem (in cartoons), this
lesson becomes hard–wired in the central nervous system," (Drinka, 2013). Based on the
information provided we can conclude that with this much of an impact on children internally, it can
be very hard to change their way of thinking later on in life.
The information obtained from these cartoons causes children to not just become aggressive in their
childhood years but also the years that follow. It has been proven that "...violence in media can be a
contributing factor to criminal acts and aggression toward others." (NoBullying.com, 2014).
According to an older study published in 2002, children who watch violence on television are more
likely to commit serious crimes as adults. Columbia University Professor Jeffery Johnson reported
that children who watched harsh TV shows were 60% more likely to take part in assaults and fights
as they got older (Hermes, 2014). "Research on violent television and ﬁlms...reveals unequivocal
evidence that media violence increases the likelihood of aggressive and violent behavior in both
immediate and long–term contexts" (Anderson, Berkowits, & Donnerstein, 2003). Accompanying
the aggressive behavior, is the inability to interact in social environments. This

Houston, Houston, Do You Read? by James Tiptree
In James Tiptree Jr's short science fiction story "Houston, Houston, Do You Read?", three men
aboard their spaceship accidentally travel into a future solely inhabited by women. From their
various interactions with the women on board the Gloria spacecraft, the men quickly discover that
they have no place in this futuristic environment and are denied access back to Earth. While this
rejection appears tyrannical on the women's part, it is justifiable as the utopian nature of the female
society thrives on the lack of a male population. Specifically, the women's self–sustainability, along
with the dominant behaviour and inherent aggression of a man's masculinity justifies their denial of
the men's access to Earth.
Ever since the extinction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This submission manifests from Davis's captain status over his comrades. As the man who garnishes
a higher status than his counterparts, he is a type of masculine role–model for both Bud and
Lorimer. In terms of status, they are not as manly as Davis and therefore submit to his lead. As no
clear dominant figure is present on Earth, Davis will strive to establish himself as the leader of the
female population because he is accustomed to being a leader among those inferior to his manliness
– including women alike. His dominance would ravage the simple nature of the women's political
system, bringing an end to the collective nature of the population. To defend against this threat, the
women are justifiable in denying the men's access to Earth, as a man's masculinity pushes him to
dominate those with a lower status when provided the opportunity. This claim is further justified by
the tensions between the men's social relations. Among his colleagues, Lorimer is the least manly.
He is the "beta bile" of the bunch, and he despises his status shown by his inner thoughts: "You
shitheads, I'll show you. I am not a girl" (167). An analysis of Lorimer's thoughts entails that Bud
and Davis will try to dominate anyone who does not comply with their alpha male images. Despite
being a man in many ways, Lorimer ultimately occupies a feminine image because anything other
than a conventional man is unmanly.

The Effects Of Organized Games On Playground Aggression
The first article read that discusses the topic of structured recess for this literature review was
Behavioral School Psychology Goes Outdoors: The Effect of Organized Games on Playground
Aggression written by H. Murphy, J. Hutchison, and J. Bailey from Florida State University. While
conducting this research project, there was a focus placed on the inappropriate, largely aggressive
behavior of the students on the playground prior to the beginning of the school day. In this
quantitative research study, the researchers studied the behavior of 344 k–2 students while on the
playground before the beginning of the school day. It was observed that the students were very
aggressive with each other during the time they were on the playground before the start of the
school day. The purpose of this study was to see if "When dealing with large groups, antecedent
environmental manipulation may be more practical than providing consequences for the behavior
exhibited by identified individuals" (Murphy, Hutchison, & Bailey, n.d.).
At the beginning of this research project a baseline was taken in the first twelve days and the
inappropriate incidents were recorded and ratings taken without any intervention by the three aids
on the playground. Aggression, property abuse, and rule violations were the three problem behaviors
that were measured in this research project. The three teachers were placed around the playground
and were asked to observe a specific area for 15 seconds at a time

Argumentative Essay On Teen Violence
One morning a young college student wakes up and he wonders what it would be like to kill
someone. Just like any normal day he goes to class. After class, he invites his best friend to go home
with him. Once they are home, the college student brutally stabs and kills his best friend. No one
can understand why he did it. Over the past several years, acts of teen violence have made both local
and national news headlines. The headlines include teens that have performed mass shootings and
other violent acts. In some cases, something may have triggered these young people into performing
the violent acts, or perhaps, the violence was the result of longtime issues that ultimately exploded
into aggressive, violent behavior. Teens may become violent when they do not have family support
that they need, when they are faced with struggles at school, or when they are under the influence of
alcohol or drugs. For starters, family support plays an important role in a teen's ability to cope with
struggles. When the home lacks essential needs such as emotional support the teen will not be
equipped to handle life difficulties and he may resort to violence. An article written by Cecil
Hardaway, from the Social Science Research Institute of Duke University, examines how kinship
support and parental involvement can help teens when it comes to internalizing and externalizing
problems. In the article "Family Resources as Protective Factors for Low–Income Youth Exposed to
Community Violence,"

Causation Of School Shooting
The Causation of School Shooting through Psychotic Behaviour
The statistics regarding the causalities stemming from rampage school shootings have increased
greatly over the past few years. This probably results from each perpetrator being grotesquely
inspired by their predecessor, in which they will applaud and acknowledge in their manifesto. These
individuals usually possess abnormal behaviours and will manifest qualities of psychopathy which is
"a personality style epitomized by a blatant disregard for others, both behaviourally and
emotionally" (Roesch et al, 2014, pg. 74). People who are labelled as psychopaths have the ability to
act on their malicious thoughts without feeling any remorse or having any empathy. With more
people becoming ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That's why the system creates tests or trials for individuals to be tested on their knowledge of right
and wrong, such as the M'Nagthen Standard (Roech et al, 2014). Usually these people would not
comprehend being culpable for their actions, however they will justify their beliefs and reasoning.
Harris felt that everyone was inferior to him. One of his journal entries he wrote "I feel like God and
I wish I was, having everyone being OFFICIALLY lower than me" (Toppo, 2009). A characteristic
trait of psychopathy is being very pretentious, which is regarding oneself to be more impressive than
others. The study also showed the subjects with narcissistic qualities and who felt superior to others
had inflated violence rates as well (Nestor, 2002). This quality is was shown though the journal or
manifesto. Rodgers felt that it was an injustice because women rejected his sexual advances.
Therefore the "Day of Retribution", the term that he coined was the day that he was going to make
women pay for the suffering that was caused (Rodino–Colocino, 2014). The sense of entitlement or
having privilege over others was the reason for wreaking havoc against

Negative Effects Of Rejection
INTRODUCTION: According to Downey and Feldman (1996), the basic need to belong, the desire
to achieve acceptance and to avoid rejection is widely acknowledged to be a powerful motivational
drive. Social rejection occurs when an individual is deliberately excluded from a social relationship
or social interaction for social rather than practical reasons. A person can be rejected on an
individual basis or by an entire group of people. For example it can be missing an invitation to a
friend's party, a refusal of a job opportunity, the end of a romantic relationship, or the reluctance of a
stranger to talk to you etc. Further, rejection can be active, bullying, teasing or ridiculing, or passive,
ignoring a person or giving 'silent treatment'. The experience of being rejected is subjective for the
recipient, and it can be perceived when it is not actually present. However, one's perspective on
experiencing rejection and the interpretation of the experience rejection vary to a great degree. Since
humans are social beings, some level of rejection is an inevitable part of life. Rejection becomes a
problem when it is prolonged or consistent, when the relationship is important, or when the
individual is highly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When environmental or interpersonal cues are interpreted as rejection, the high rejection sensitivity
individual actually experiences feelings of rejection, which are likely to provoke an affective or
behavioural overreaction such as aggressive behaviour, depression, or socially inappropriate efforts
to prevent, or in some way obviate the rejection (Ayduk & Mendoza–Denton, 2000). These efforts,
in turn, often provoke rejection from the target of the behaviour, and so, the anxiety becomes a
reality for the rejection sensitive person. Additional experiences of rejection serve to prolong the
expectations of rejection, thus maintaining the rejection sensitive dynamic (Mitchell, Downey,
Peake, & Rodriguez,

Holden Caulfield Rejection
As most teenagers and young adults would agree, growing up is a difficult task to which no
alternative is present. Every person must grow up and lose much of the innocence they had as youth,
no matter how badly one may want to hold on to it. Holden Caulfield, an expert "catcher in the rye",
seems to think he can thwart time and the natural progression to adulthood by keeping as boyish and
innocent as he possibly can. He tries to find acceptance among his peers and his teachers, only to be
met with rejection after rejection of his refusal to adulthood. He is, every so often, met with
acceptance of his insistence on staying in high school. In the novel, The Catcher in the Rye, Holden
Caulfield is met with rejections from his peers, such as Robert Ackley, and his teachers, such as Mr.
Spencer; despite this, he succeeds in receiving acceptance from ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Antolini. When Holden appears at his door late at night, sad and nowhere else to go, Mr. Antolini
and his wife give Holden a place to sleep and some coffee. Mr. Antolini talks over Holden's life and
decisions, but he does so in a way that suggests to Holden that he needs to grow up, but not in an
outright humiliating fashion like Mr. Spencer. Holden feels, because of this, that Mr. Antolini
accepts him where he is, even if he does not approve of all that Holden is doing. Holden is content
to have finally found some place to stay where he can be safe and welcomed. A short while later,
Holden finds that his approval from Mr. Antolini reaches a little farther than Holden had thought
when he wakes up to find Mr. Antolini petting his hair. Finally, Holden rejects someone else and
leaves Mr. Antolini, unnerved by the encounter. He had finally found another who accepted and
cared for him without dwelling on his actions, but he did not find comfort in this for very

What Is Moonrise Kingdom Essay
Description of the storyline
The story takes place in the Summer of 1965 on a new England Island called New Penzance.
« Moonrise Kingdom » is the story of two pre–teenagers who fall in love: Sam & Suzi. Sam is a
little Scout, spending his Summer at Camp of the Khaki Scouts and he is clearly the most unpopular
scout of Camp. Suzi lives with her parents and her three little brothers but she doesn't seem close to
her family.
Sam & Suzi had been pen pals for months and they had planned to run away together in the
Summer.
Scoutmaster Randy Ward, the Scouts and Police Captain Sharp track the two young lovers. During
the investigation, it is revealed that Sam is an orphan and that his adoptive parents don't want to take
him back. At the same time, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Family is now secondary. A lack of communication between parents and child can lead to a
frustrated child. This situation can create distance, trust issues, emotional problems, lack of
respect,... It can also negatively affect the self–esteem of the child. Some children don't know how
to communicate with the others so they use force or aggression to communicate. Communication is
essential for the development of the child. A good communication helps the child to feel safe and
secure. The child can openly talk about his/her problems, express his/her feelings, explain this to
his/her parents,... When the communication is absent, the child cannot express his/her opinions,
discuss things that bother him/her,... The consequence of this situation may be severe: frustration,
running away, violence, self–mutilation, suicide,...
In the movie « Moonrise Kingdom », when Suzi meets Sam she decides to run away with him and
goes away from her parents. It is also common for Suzi to use violence as a way to communicate.
An effective communication between parents and child is vital: it helps the child to feel safe et
secure, it helps the child in his/her social and affective

Hispanic Culture Rejection Essay
Why does Hispanic Culture reject people like Oscar and how does this affect them? It is very hard to
be criticized instead of being supported and Junto Diaz was rejected and censured by his family and
at school by some of his classmates for not being the typical "Dominican alpha male". In addition, it
is common thing today to witness the cases of rejection by the society you are living in. A fine
example of a safe target of rejection and its affect is Oscar, the main character of the Junto Diaz's
"The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao". However, do we know the main causes of which a person
is rejected by society and the consequences that this rejection brings with it? Many of you will agree
with me that racial or cultural bias, being introvert, appearance, and level of education, economy,
and different social classes are the most common reason why people reject others. Also, rejection
brings with it many negative consequences such as damaging impact on mental and physical health,
produces surges of anger and aggression, destroys our self–esteem and temporarily lowers our IQ.
According to Rosemary Sword in the article "Shunning – The Ultimate Rejection", the main reasons
why people are rejected are racial or cultural bias, being introvert, appearance, level of education
and economy and different social classes (Sord, Rosemary, and Philip Zimbardo). First, many times
we get carried away by a generalized idea of a certain culture. For example, how many videos we
have seen in the social media where Muslim people are rejected. It is an example of Islamophobia
the reason of which is that people are victims of fear for all recent terrorist attacks. We judge equally
all those belonging to that culture without realizing that many of them have been victims of a regime
of oppression, poverty and death, and they only want freedom and peace. In addition to that Oscar,
the main character of "The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao", also suffers from the rejected
caused by these factors. Being a Dominican he does not fit into any cultural or racial group. Because
of his skin color he was not accepted by the white kids and "the kids of color, upon hearing him
speak and seeing him move his body, shook their heads. You're not

Causes Of Villain In Frankenstein
On the face of this gothic novel is a tale about a terrible creature that committed hideous acts against
the society. Most readers believe that the monster is the story's villain Contrary to this, the hidden
but true villain is Victor Frankenstein because the fateful events are the repercussions of his reckless
and irresponsible behavior. Victor Frankenstein did not directly kill his lovely family. However, he
is the only one to blame and only cause of the deathly catastrophe through the monster's creation,
his lack of responsibility for the monster, his isolation from the world resulting in the creature's
freedom to roam about at its pleasure neglected and unattended. Therefore Victor Frankenstein was
the root cause of the ruin of his family, his creation and eventually his very own life.
At first, even before the monster's creation, Frankenstein's physical and mental health is already in a
poor state because of his infatuation with the experiment. "Every night I was oppressed by a slow
fever, and I became nervous to a most painful degree...sometimes I grew alarmed at the wreck I
perceived that I had become (Shelly 42.)" This points to Victor as the sole perpetrator in his pain as
he seeks knowledge. His physical and mental condition continue to deteriorate as the story ... Show
The agreement is that if Victor creates the mate then the monster will disappear and stop bothering
Frankenstein as well as killing people. Victor begins the process but decides to shun the monster's
desires and refuses to finish the project and instead destroys it. The monster witnesses the
destruction of its mate which was meant to be its sole source of happiness and retreats with a howl
of devilish revenge and despair. The monster feels that this selfish act is another form of betrayal.
He thus goes on to murder Frankenstein's wife Elizabeth and close ally as a way to punish his
creator who has sentenced him to a life of solitude and

It's Only Natural Essay
It is only natural that human beings have always been fascinated in what makes them who they are
and what characteristics of themselves set them apart from other people. Behaviorists on the other
hand believe there is nothing more in where they grew up because their theory is human nature can
be completely understood by the laws intrinsic in the innate environment. Psychologists influence
one another and trigger theories for additional experimentation. Some psychologists do not care
about other's theories while some battle other's theories. Not many scientists believe the behaviorist
theory is as encompassing as it once was thought to be. One cannot completely dismiss the outcome
the environment has on behavior neither the function it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some debate that one's environment is responsible for mental capabilities; therefore, alcoholism
could be from one's environment or biologically passed. For instance, John Doe's parent is an
alcoholic and noticed the heavy drinking consumed at parties. This could steer John Doe to an
altered mental, emotional, and physical condition (biological factors). As teenagers develop they are
subjected to mixed messages and peer pressure. Teenagers will experiment to see what they like and
do not like. For the teenagers that opt out, they are likely to be harassed, tormented, and even
bullied, thus causing them to withdraw from social interaction and form introversion.
In this section, three main points will be discussed on how evolutionary, biological–genetic, and
environmental factors have an effect on the development of an aggressive personality. First, peer
relationships especially during middle school can influence in the development of aggression. The
failure or success rate of developing peer friendships during adolescence is a direct indication of the
learning that is identified with early parent and child interaction. Consequently, the individual stages
from birth through adolescence are like building blocks. It is essential that each block is just as
strong as the last one because it has to support the next "block" (stage). This means if a child has a
positive sense of worth then the child's mood is expected to be friendly, thus interactions

The Importance Of Receiving An Education
In terms of an education, the words claiming and receiving have two entirely different meanings.
Although both active verbs, the act of receiving in a classroom setting entails little to no action at
all. Claiming an education requires an individual to actively seek new knowledge and take it as the
rightful owner. Students must engage in a higher–order thinking that "bases itself on creativity and
stimulates true reflection and action upon reality" through tasks such as synthesis, analysis,
evaluation, and problem solving (Freire 329). Receiving an education, on the contrary, simply relies
on memorization or the direct transfer of a common definition into the brain rather than an intuitive
understanding– a "banking education," as Paulo Freire would describe it. With the intent to further
explore ideas about "community," I abandoned the "natural, basic self–centeredness" within me as
well as my default setting, and went to an art exhibit.
Southern Methodist University's Pollock Gallery Exhibit: "Acts of Aggression: An Exhibition About
Community," consists of objects, images, texts, and social projects from Guatemalan contemporary
artists. Working twenty years after the official end of the Guatemalan civil war, they all attempt to
describe the fissures and discomforts of a community built in the face of large–scale aggressions: the
kinds of systemic failures, ecological disasters, post–war insecurities, and violent encounters of
daily life that happen in Guatemala, as they

How People Respond to Interpersonal Rejections Essay
The desire for positive social relationships is one of the most fundamental and universal human
needs. This need has a deep root in evolutionary history in relation to mating and natural selection
and this can exert a powerful impact on contemporary human psychological processes (Baumeister
& Leary 1995). Failure to satisfy these needs can bear devastating consequences on the
psychological well being of an individual. These needs might not be satisfied as rejection, isolation,
and ostracism occurs on a daily basis to people. Although being ignored and excluded is a pervasive
circumstance present throughout history across species, and humans of all ages and cultures i.e the
use of Ostracism (the feeling of isolation and exclusion) has been ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
With the evaluation of the hierarchy of needs it represents that positive interpersonal relationships
are at the core of existence just as much as physiological needs. Since the basis of human existence
is supported by the hierarchy of needs its important to discuss what happens when aspects of this is
non–existent i.e interpersonal relationships. Research that has developed is extensive as to how
ostracism has and is being used to marginalize individuals and groups and the consequences this can
have on the individual and society. The primary research of Ostracism began with studies that
provided a foundation by studying how individuals react to being ostracised by a few others which
provided sources for understanding how minorities would feel if they were to be marginalized by a
dominant society (Carter–Sowell 2008). The primary research within ostracism was central to
psychological and emotional responses. One of the first paradigms developed was the ball toss
paradigm by Williams and Sommer in 1997. This experiment stimulated the victim to feel ostracized
because the participants would toss the ball to each other and then after a period of time the
participant would be left out causing them to feel rejected. More modern approaches to stimulating
ostracism include the "O train" by Zadro et al in 2005, 2006 and the Scarlet letter study by Ambady
et al 2000. Although all of these studies took different approaches the outcomes were consistent with
the

Children From Five Different Countries Essay
557 children from five different countries (ages 6–10). Researchers gathered information pertaining
to childhood TV– violence viewing, identification with aggressive TV characters, aggressive
behavior, parents' socioeconomic status (measured by educational level), parenting practices, and
what parents watched on TV (Huesmann, Moise– Titus, Podolski & Eron, 2003). The results showed
that children who watched violence on television for many hours while in elementary frequently
were displayed higher aggression when they became teenagers. Huesmann, Moise– Titus, Podolski
& Eron (2003) also found that participants that viewed a lot of violent television shows at the age of
8 were more likely to engage in criminal acts that break the law.
Researchers have found that children who express defiant, aggressive and explosive behavior by the
time they're in kindergarten is the result of the type of relationship they have with their parents
(Stormshak, 2000). Parenting practices seem to have an influence on children's behavior. There are
four styles of parenting but only three appear to affect and damage a child. The first style is an
authoritarian parent. This type of parent uses forceful measures to try to enforce proper behavior
upon their child which results in the child being angry and resenting them. This form of parenting
leads children to be angry, defiant, and lack motivation. The permissive parent is loving and often
allows their child to do whatever it is they please, however,

A Study Showing How Individuals in a Team Witnessed or...
This study showed how individuals in a team, witnessed or experienced interpersonal aggression.
The main areas that this study was based on was interpersonal aggression and team diversity.
Interpersonal aggression is described to be humiliating, denigrating or ignoring a colleague which
can take a significant toll on or at the workplace. Studies have shown that employees that go through
interpersonal aggression show signs at their workplace, such as health problems, job dissatisfaction
and maybe even distress. The purpose of this study was to understand when this aggression occurs,
how and why interpersonal aggression occurs. The place that this study was observed by is the
workplace of the participants along with its diversity team. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Team diversity is used in this study to see each of the individuals in how they operate together in a
team or in the same workplace and to see what the individuals can contribute to the group or team.
There are three social trends that govern the team diversity in the nursing workplace such as females
being prominent in the nursing field, having a slow increase in males in the nursing field and
shortage of nurses in the local clinics, opening the opportunities for other minorities and immigrants
to have a job. The study's methods were to take the 30 nurses and assess them with questionnaires
daily. At least five Registered Nurses had to be assigned to the morning shift three times a week.
The nurses in the morning had a choice to control what will happen for the rest of the shifts to make
a change in the routine, like a paradigm shift, to see a result if an interpersonal aggression will
occur.When it came to the race, sex, and age those factors did not have any change in the study. Like
many other studies, a demographic information was taken along with the distribution of
questionnaires. The interpersonal aggression was measured by the questionnaire that touched upon
the aggressive behavior that happened during their shift either to them or to another person. When
they had separated the information for the team diversity there was no significance and their
hypothesis only proved partial part of

Ethics Competency Essay
Ethics Competency Nasser Mardini Virginia International University Organizational Behavior and
HR management – MBA 513 Fall 2011 – Med–Term October 20, 2011 Dr. Shawn Richmond
Question 1: Is the "Fight–or–Flight" response evident in this case? Explain Yes. The fight–or–flight
response refers to the biochemical and bodily changes that represent a natural reaction to an
environmental stressor. When Colombo e–mailed the regional vice president for operations to report
the wholesaler who tried to bribe her, he brushed off her complaints in a meeting and she left the
office in tears. Question 2: What influences on the stress experience appear to be present? More than
one factor influence how the individual experience ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When she refused to pay them, Sylvia says, her loan files started to go missing and the size of her
commission checks plummeted. Her bosses "said they would make an example of me to others: 'If
you complain, this is what will happen'" she says. * Role conflict: Colombo excelled at her job she
received a top rating that exceeded expectations, however, she was thwarted by her bosses to accept
bribes and also to accept questionable and fraudulent information loans * Interpersonal relations:
Colombo claims that after she returned from a short leave of absence, the branch manager told her a
coworker "wanted her terminated for making the complaints". * Aggressive behavior: Meanwhile,
the wholesaler who tried to bribe Colombo started sexually harassing her, according to the suit. The
male colleague made her feel "uncomfortable and fearful" by "intentionally rubbing his body against
hers." Sylvia had the role of an employee but also had the role of a mother, these two roles are
conflicting and they caused her stress, because she needs the income to support her four children but
would have had to pay the spiffs and when she refused to pay them he commission checks
plummeted. Question 4: Do you think the lawsuit was warranted? Explain Yes the lawsuit was
warranted, Colombo was bribed and did not accept it, she reported to the vice president and yet he
brushed off her complaints in a meeting. Colombo was

The Detrimental Effects Of Rejection Of A Child
Rejection can be described as the feeling of crushing weight on your chest. It is an emotion that can
be very difficult to recover from, and one may experience rejection from one's family of origin, a
friend, or a romantic partner. Rejection might be experienced on a large scale or in small ways in
everyday life. While rejection is typically a part of life, some types of rejection may be more
difficult to cope with than others. (Rejection, 2015) The rejection of a child has the most detrimental
effects, simply because they grow up their whole life with the feeling of being unwanted. We can
relive and re–experience social pain more vividly than we can physical pain, hence why it's so much
worse for a child. A memory of an accident or fall alone ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition to causing mental health problems, bullying and social isolation can increase the
likelihood a child will get poor grades, drop out of school, or develop substance abuse problems, the
researchers say. (Nixon, 2010) The impact acceptance by peers during the adolescent years tends to
relate to common negative behaviors. (Wells, n.d.) Rejection creates surges of anger and aggression.
In 2001, the Surgeon General of the U.S. issued a report stating that rejection was a greater risk for
adolescent violence than drugs, poverty, or gang membership. Countless studies have demonstrated
that even mild rejections lead people to take out their aggression on innocent bystanders. School
shootings, violence against women, and fired workers going "postal" are other examples of the
strong link between rejection and aggression. (Winch, 2013) Children in the rejected–aggressive
group display high levels of hostile and threatening behavior, physical aggression such as pushing
and fighting, and disruptive behavior such as breaking rules. (Newcomb, 1993) Michael Thompson,
Ph.D. states, "These kids are not necessarily violent kids, but they are the kids who frequently lose
control in school, act up excessively, and wind up in the principal's office." (Social Groups and
Cliques, n.d.) The need to be "one of the gang" is stronger as children approach the teen years than
at any other age. Children of all ages need to feel that they fit in–that they belong. (Wells, n.d.) They
also may display a hostile attribution bias or a tendency to assume that other children have hostile
intentions in ambiguous situations. Over longer periods, stability ratings for rejected children are
higher than for the other groups. In other words, children who are popular, neglected, or
controversial when they are young may or may not

Comparing Social Learning Theory and Cognitive Thinking Essay
Social learning theory is about imitating behaviour. Bandura was one of many psychologists who
did some depth work into the subject.
Bandura concocted an experiment that was based on classic study on observational learning or
modelling. Young children were shown a film of an adult being aggressive towards a Bobo doll –
hitting it with a hammer. The children that were shown praise were made to walk up and down a
corridor before entering a room – this made them frustrated. When they were in the room, they were
watched through a one–way mirror and rated for their aggression. The children who had seen the
adult acting aggressively were more violent and imitated exactly some of the behaviours they had
observed, as compared with children who ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Social learning theory focuses on human social behaviour. All behaviours are learned according to
the same learning values.
According to social learning theory, one reason why the girls are different from the boys is because
they are treated differently from the boys. They are treated differently by their
parents/family/friends/society. When the parents are informed of the child's sex, they will react
according to their gender – role expectations. Girls and boys are given different things, such as:
Toys
Clothes
Colour of objects given
Rooms done differently
Spoken about differently
After extensive research, it has been said that fathers treat their daughters differently in a more
gendered way than mothers. Typically fathers spend more time with their sons while mothers attend
equally to sons and daughters.
Social learning theory too focuses on the roles of observational learning and reinforcement. Children
often spend more time observing other people behaving in a particular way, and then they imitate
the behaviour they have just seen, especially if they saw the people getting rewarded.

According to Bandura, children obtain reinforcement from others for behaviour that is considered to
be `sex–appropriate'. Boys tend to be confidently reinforced for behaviours reflecting independence,
self–dependence,

Classroom Reflection
Dr. Karen Lea (2016) stated that aggressive behavior has been shown to grow from overly severe
and punitive parenting, association with highly aggressive peers, and heavy viewing of television
and film violence. Several of my students have clearly experienced such environmental influences
which have led to the development of attention seeking behaviors, violent behaviors, poor attitudes
towards school and learning, truancy, and below average academic progress. My students have also
faced poverty, close family ties to gang activity, death or incarceration of a parent, lack of parental
supervision, abuse, hunger, online bullying, inconsistent friendships, and rape.
After initially interacting with these students, parents, school, and community, I knew I had to make
some important changes to my role as a teacher. I learned right away that I had to make a connection
with each one of my students. I made a rule that each morning we greeted each other at the door,
looked each other in the eye, and had to either shake hands, high five or fist pump as recognition to
each other. Afterward, we were ready to start our day together. I also made and will continue to
make it a point to learn at least one thing about each student I work with. They love it when on
Monday morning I ask them, "Did you win your soccer game on Saturday?" or "Did your family
have another party this weekend?" Students light up when you show genuine interest in them or
something that is important to them.
I also know it is vital to connect with the parents or guardians. I will be moving up to sixth grade
next year, but I still plan on reaching out to and being open to communicating with all parents.
Therefore, I will have a class website with a calendar keeping students and parents up to date on
assignments, test, due dates, etc. I will also upload homework, so parents or students will have
access to anything they forgot at school. Additionally, I will continue to write a weekly newsletter
and post it on the website as well as send home copies for families that need them. I will set up a
class Remind system which is a convenient and quick form of communication through a safe
messaging system parents can use on their phones or computers.

Aggressio Agression
Music can be a powerful emotional tool. The sweet, sober sounds of Adele's "Someone Like You"
can bring chills or even tears to listeners. In the 18th century, the emotional allure of music was no
different: The quiet, reverberating notes in Mozart's Piano Concerto No. 23 can still evoke
loneliness and despair. There are few things more satisfying than yell–singing along to Nirvana
when you're angry, or skipping around the house to a Taylor Swift song after a particularly good day.
It turns out that, the emotions evoked by music don't just feel good, they're healthy for the individual
too. A meta–analysis conducted of 400 music studies found out that, listening to music does have the
ability to reduce anxiety, fight depression and boost the immune system. In today's world, the
clinical music therapists have even started introducing, prescribing music for everything, from
Alzheimer's to autism spectrum disorder. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Aggressive behaviour is seen as an individual or collective social interaction, with the intention of
inflicting damage or harm to oneself or others. Two main types of aggression are usually
distinguished. One being affective (emotional) and reactive, hostile, or retaliatory aggression that is
a response to provocation, and the other includes goal–oriented, instrumental or predatory, in which
aggression is widely used as a mean to achieve a particular goal. An example of hostile aggression
would be a person who punches someone who insulted him or her. An instrumental form of
aggression would be armed robbery. Research on violence from a range of disciplines grant some
support to a distinction between affective and predatory aggression. However, some researchers
question the usefulness of a hostile versus instrumental distinction in humans, despite its
pervasiveness in research, because most real–life cases involve interacting causes and mixed

Taking a Look at Social Cognition
Social cognition is a fascinating topic which stands at the threshold of much important sociological
research. Researchers have spent considerable amounts of time exploring the encoding and
processing of social cues in "aggressive children's" interactions with other people. They hypothesize
– and studies tend to support the idea – that these children feature disproportionately aggressive
responses to certain social cues. Two studies conducted in the 1980's explain the existence of poor
social cognition skills – or at least poor social reactions – in aggressive children. Both of these
studies did, in fact, find that the more aggressive male children respond more aggressively in two
specific situations. An aggressive child is one who frequently answers certain social cues with
aggressive verbal, physical or emotional reactions. The aggressive boys reacted aggressively when
1) prompted with an aggressive cue, and 2) prompted with an ambiguous cue. Nonaggressive boys
did not feature this skewed reaction to ambiguous prompts. These trends suggest that aggressive
boys do not only react aggressively in situations which are less clearly threatening, but also that
aggressive boys are significantly more likely to attribute aggressive intentions to the actions of other
peers. This second observation is also specifically in cases which feature ambiguous cues. Based on
this last finding, it was also determined that environmental conditions – specifically threatening ones
– have a

The Perspectives Of Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory
Albert Bandura leans towards the behaviourist learning theories when discussing the Social
Learning Theory, he adds that learning occurs through observation and the observing of 'models',
these can be parents, teachers, mentors or even characters on a TV show (McLeod, 2016). J L (2015)
however, disagrees and views this learning theory as a bridge between behaviourist and cognitive
learning due to its inclusion of motivation, memory and attention. This style of learning was
depicted clearly through the 1961 Bobo doll experiment, here Bandura has models show violence to
a portion of the 72 children selected, this aggression was replicated by the children, confirming the
process of observational learning (Nolan, 2009). Ultimately this can be ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Although, McLeod (2016) argues we all have differing needs and therefore all the steps won't apply
to us in the same way, what one person needs another wont.
To enhance development and learning in students Benjamin Bloom developed the three learning
domains or taxonomies, these being cognitive, affective and psychomotor (Quinonez, 2014).
Cognitive lends itself to knowledge which will be attained by the student. Affective is associated
with the handling of the student's emotions, whereas Psychomotor relates to the co–ordination and
development of physical movement and motor related skills (Clark, 2015). This can clearly be seen
with our paramedic students, learning the theory of why we do something in university, the students
emotional engagement in practice when observing and then the physical practicalities of performing
skills on the road.
The best way to create a clinical learning environment is by involving the student (Emanuel &
Pryce, 2013). Papp et el (2003) advocates the importance of making them engage as part of the
team, but as the NHS is faced with staff shortages and an increased work load, students are often left
isolated and feeling

Examples Of Sibling Rivalry
Cherith Brooks
ENGL 990
When there is more than one child in a family, there can be sibling rivalry whether through fighting,
jealousy or comparison. It is common when this issue arises that it can develop even more through
adulthood. Sibling rivalry happens day and night and is very hard to deal with. Sibling rivalry is
when one child or more try to compete with one another or try their best to be like each other.
Rivalry is very different than fighting. It is rooted in the heart of a child who is trying to win love
and affection from one or both parents. Rivalry occurs commonly among adults, teenagers and
children. The extent and seriousness can become more profound as we get older. The aggressive
behavior can even become very spiteful and violent if left unchecked.
Sibling rivalry is not new; the story of Joseph is an example of it. Joseph was the baby of the family
which made his father show favoritism. Joseph's brothers saw clearly that their father loved Joseph
more because at 17years old he received a coat specially woven for him. This brought discord
between Joseph and his brothers which led them to reject Joseph and plan to murder him. As a result
of disowning Joseph, they sold him into slavery.
Consequently, near the end of the story and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An intense relationship includes love and hate, play and fight, and the teasing and mocking of each
other. In addition, aggressive relationships where the oldest child can be the one who is always
coming down on the younger ones because of their age can lead to many problems amongst the
family. It has been reported that aggression is very frequent in sibling relationships. In one study,
29% of behavior observed between siblings was hostile. There are many siblings that take their
aggression to the extremes and others who go through phases and then end in a close, loving
relationship. All rivalry is

Psychological Explanations Of Prejudice And Prejudice

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