Paleo-Indians Evolution

Paleo-Indians Evolution
. Those who lived in America long before us were genetically the same as us, however in terms of
communication and thought processing they were not. They did not use a system of writing, but they
did have many spoken languages. Today everything that is unknown about them is because it
happened before the writing system was created. Archaeologists are able to come up with
conclusions on what was not written by studying the masses of artifacts the ancient Americans
created. The first humans that arrived in the western hemisphere were from Asia. Along with them
they brought several concepts they were already familiar with including hunting, and weapons/tools.
Before settling in the western hemisphere, humans lived somewhere else in the world. They didn't
have a way ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second development was the change in the Earths climate that rejoined North America to Asia.
Around 25,000 BP, Homo sapiens had moved from Africa to Europe and Asia. When the snow
started piling upon glaciers, the sea level began to drop. This exposed a land bridge connecting
Siberia (in Asia) and Alaska (North America). The land bridge was named Beringia. Hunters from
Siberia began scouting Beringia for game. Eventually the hunters ventured farther and became the
developers of human life in the west hemisphere. The first migrations and their descendants were
named Paleo–Indians by archaeologists. Some estimate that the first bands of Siberian hunters
arrived after 15,000 BP. Many archaeologists believe that Paleo–Indians passed through a path free
of ice in search of game. At the southern edge of the glaciers they reached hunters jackpot, and the
abundance of food allowed population growth. A million years later the paleo–indians had migrated
to the tip of South America and pretty much all of the Western hemisphere. This was proven by the
numerous amounts of spear points
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Theories Of Bering Strait Theory
The bering strait theory is named after Vitus Bering. It is also known as the land bridge theory as
well, the theory takes places during the ice age it is said that the waters of the Bering straits were
frozen over and match up, making sea levels lower which allowed the natives of North America to
cross over from Asia via Siberia. They did not walk over ice they made a route. This is the origin of
our fellow native people. Many believe that the first people to populate the Americas migrated
across the Bering Land Bridge while tracking large game animal herds. Becoming the roots of the
bering strait theory. It s model of how migration started. Even today this shows us how many have
crossed america looking for something more alongside a greater quality of life. The foundation of
the bering strait theory, The roots of bering strait theory goes back to 1587 started with the writings
of Fr.Jose de picacasta, his writings were about the indigenous natives of mexico he was working
along side ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to all of this Jose de Acosta reasoned they had to come from somewhere else. He was closed
minded and thought they were too backwards to figure out how to make something to get here so
they all had to walk to the americas they didn't know of the bering bridge during the time so they
didn't know how people were getting across In 1587 American ancestors walked across america. In
1781 Thomas Jefferson wrote about this topic and recorded it as data into "Notes on Virginia".
Thomas Jefferson took Acosta's ideas and bering beidge discovery he put it together to explain why
the natives were here. This is how word got out and brought the people to know about the bering
strait theory. This was widely accepted to looked to for answers up until

Caral Supe Essay
In the early 3,000 b.c americas about 3,000 people came to the mesoamerica from asia on a land
bridge called beringia. Many of their origins come from present day peru near the coast. Their entire
civilization was around 650,000 square meters, or about 110 football fields combined. Unlike almost
every other civilization the caral supe was a peaceful civilization and traded with others. There is
practically no sign of warfare besides the defense tactics such as weapons. The caral supe only
lasted around 500 years from 3,000 a.d–2,500 a.d. The entire civilization seemed that it was just
abandoned with no real explanation of why. Some scientists think that there was a drought with their
near by rivers so they were forced to move somewhere else.

The And Of The Americas Essay
The Peopling of the Americas is one of the most highly debated topics for anthropologists due to its
significance culturally and scientifically, however many questions about these origin theories remain
unsolved and further fuel the debate. In this paper I will hope to accurately summarize the main
theories of this concept, and provide in–depth analysis regarding its importance. Although thousands
of years have shrouded the Peopling of the Americas in mystery, many archaeologists can agree on
several basic factors. For example, All archaeologists agree that the Americas were initially
migrated to during the late Pleistocene period, which ended 11,700 years ago and marked the last
glacial period, but the specific dates and origins are still contested (Dixon 2003). The environment
during this time was marked by distinctly low sea levels and both the emergence and melting of
alpine glaciers, which blocked many migration routes (Other Migration Theories). Additionally,
only three main origin hypotheses are generally identified as the most credible possibilities among
the scientific community. The hypotheses are as follows: (1) the Ice–free Corridor Hypothesis, (2)
the Solutrean Hypothesis, and (3) the Pacific Coastal Group Hypothesis. The scientific community,
however, is not the be–all and end–all; many Native American groups propose another more
culturally–inclined hypothesis. Hence, much of the conflict does not only stem from the differences
of those three hypotheses, but

The Importance Of The Beringia Theory In America
Who first arrived in the Americas? It is a question that scientists have been debating for years using
various artifacts and pieces of evidence to create theories. Some theories include the Beringia
Theory, the Coastal Migration Theory, the Open Ocean Theory, and the Solutrean Hypothesis.The
most plausible theory is the Solutrean Hypothesis. This theory explains the travel route of the first
Americans with factual support. The Beringia Theory is the oldest theory of the four. This theory
begins during the last ice age when global cooling occurred. Global cooling happens when water
freezes into glaciers and sea levels decline, exposing some areas of land. An area of land that was
exposed includes the Bering Land Bridge, which would have connected Siberia to modern day
Alaska.. According to a video called "Ice Age Discoveries, New Evidence", the land bridge was
approximately 1,000 miles wide, treeless, and grassy. Many animals were attracted to this new land,
some of which the humans were believed to have followed. On the other side of this land bridge,
however, a large glacier called the Laurentide Ice Sheet covered Canada and the United States. At
about the same time the humans finished crossing the land bridge, the Laurentide Ice Sheet split,
causing paths that led deeper into the US. A source named Transparency from the textbook
American History: Beginnings to 1865 by Holt McDougall shows the paths the people would've
taken in the Northern, Northeastern, Western, and

The Pangea
Historians have to rely on the work of archaeologists to write the history of ancient North America
because there has not been any solid evidence of written materials. In 1492 they did not use the form
of writing to show possessions, they instead used many forms of symbolic representations.
Historians relied on archaeologists and ethnohistorians to gather ancient artifacts such as bones,
baskets, jewelry, and so forth to tell their story.
In the beginning, human beings lacked access into the Western Hemisphere because North and
South America became detached, known as the Pangea. The Pangea was fractured due to the
powerful forces deep down in earth and it eventually pushed continents apart until the present day.
But after two major developments, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The people in the empire wanted to stay powerful and wealthy, so they believed that doing tribute
was very important. They often did human sacrifices to suffice the sun's cravings for blood, they
believed that it would keep the sun burning and prevent permanent darkness upon the earth. They
also conquered tribes and made them pay in goods, rather than money. They included textiles,
human offerings, basic food, and exotic luxury items. In order for the empire to stay powerful and
wealthy, they would "redistribute wealth from the conquered to the conquerors, from the commoners
to the nobility, from the poor to the rich" (Roark et al. 23). This would later make the Spaniards
vulnerable to them and be

Mammoth Evolution
By using a combination of advanced sequencing techniques to decode over 140 mammoth
mitochondrial genomes and fossil samples recovered from across the Mammoths Holarctic range,
the authors of this article have unlocked new information relating to Mammoth Evolution. The
outcome of their experiment confirms the mammoth population called Pleistocene, the most recent
species, features 3 unique mitochondrial family lines which began diversion ~1.0–2.0 million years
ago.
Previous research, which is almost entirely fossil–based, concludes mammoth mitochondrial DNA
can be sorted into 5 haplogroups or 3 major clades. This hypothesis is correct however up until this
study was published the timing of the clade evolution of the order in which they evolved was not
known.
By combing the extensive paleological records with the 143 mitochondrial genomes, researchers
have sequenced 54 complete mitochondrial mammoth genomes. Researchers can now confirm, with
strong statistical evidence, that there are three major lineages involved in mammoth evolution. ...
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Notably, this experiment found strong evidence that Clade 3 has an Alaska/Yukon component,
therefore, divides this clade into haplogroup B1 and B2. Suspected to have likely originated in Asia,
clade 2, also referred to as haplogroup A, was geographically contained until its extinction in
northern Siberia, and western Beringia. This Clade shares a most recent common ancestor ~810–360
thousand years ago. With a most recent common ancestor of ~640–330 thousand years ago, Clade 1
include haplogroups

Early American Ice Age
The early Americans came to America in search of food Ice Ages have extremely cold temperatures
they make massive ice sheets or glaciers over the planet and for that extremely cold temperature the
sea levels were much lower. Since, the sea levels were so low there was massive areas of land. That
land is called Beringia. It's a land bridge that is connecting Siberia which is in Asia to Alaska that is
in North America. Not long ago when the Europeans arrived in America they had found that Native
Americans were living there. The Europeans had thought that the Native Americans had came from
a mythical island called Atlantis. To illustrate Nomads gathered wild grains and mostly relied on
hunting for animals. When the Nomads were in search of food they had crossed the Beringia. The
recent Ice Age was 100,000 years ago and had ended 12,000 years ago. When the Ice Age ended the
Ice sheets had melted so the sea level had leveled out and Beringia had disappeared. Now the
Beringia lies under the Bering Strait. After the Nomads entered North America they heard of huge
mammals. They hunted for them. The huge mammals were the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They hunted other small game such as Deer,Rodents,Birds and some Fished. The early peoples
continued to gather wild berries and grains. 9,000 years ago the early peoples learned how to plant
Maize. The Maize gave them enough food sources to survive. The Early people did not have to
move from place to place anymore. The peoples gave up there hunting lifes and started
communities. The early peoples made their houses with clay,brick,stone and wood. Scientist people
today still use carbon dating. The early peoples measured the amount of radioactive. Farming lets
the early people do more activities in their life. Agriculture made new culture for the early peoples.
Peoples who framed were able to settle down with

Pros And Cons Of Columbus
Columbus was a greedy man with a lust for gold and a genocidal streak. A Venetian man, he knew
that Europe hungered for the luxuries in Asia such as silk, and spices. This was because during the
Crusades to take back the Holy Land (Jerusalem), European crusaders were exposed to fine luxuries
that were only found in Asia. Therefore, European merchants had to travel many leagues along the
"Silk Road" to meet demands for the profitable luxuries. However, when crossing through the
Middle East (where the people were still angry about the Crusades) the merchants were required by
law to pay a large export tax on all their goods. The export tax was so large that the goods from Asia
weren't profitable anymore, and thus weren't worth the effort of transporting such a long way.
Merchants then very rarely traveled the Silk Road for goods, but Europeans still wanted silk and
spices. Columbus, then, decided he might profit greatly if he could find another way to Asia. It was
fairly widely known that the Earth was round since his time was just after the Renaissance.
Columbus thought that he could go across "the pond," and find Asia. He went to the Crown of
Portugal and asked for money and ships so he could make the voyage. After being denied this, he
went to the Spanish Crown and begged for the cash, which he received. With his ships, crew, and
supplies, he sailed over the Atlantic Ocean and came upon the Americas, which he thought was the
Indies. This was how the Native Americans got

The Controversy Of Textbook And Chameleon By William Penn
4b. There are several "lies" that are traditionally taught to American students about this subject.
Textbooks include a portrait of full–dressed Europeans with half–naked Native Americans in the
1771 treaty by William Penn. This is a lie because textbook authors are trying to get away with
saying that the Europeans were "civilized" and that the Indians were "primitive." This is because of
their eurocentrism that does not fool those who think a little deeper because Penn would have either
died from heat exhaustion in August if that is when he made this treaty, but if he made it after
Thanksgiving, the Indians would be suffering from frostbite. Either way, it is clear that this portrait
included in textbooks is misleading and inaccurate. Textbook

Peopling North America
Anthropological theories concerning the peopling of North America is a topic that is widely debated.
By far, Western scientists seem to agree that: "As a result of the vast amount of water that was
locked up in glacial ice toward the end of the Pleistocene era, there was a worldwide drop in sea
level of as much as 400 feet" (Sutton 19), creating a land link, known as the Beringia, between Asia
and Alaska. Starting from this point about the land link, we find that Elias's article "First Americans
Lived on Bering Land Bridge for Thousands of Years," is the most agreeable theory about the
peopling of North America. First, sediment samples and animal remains from the Bering Sea prove
that the Beringia was habitable at the height of the ice age or 21,000 years ago. According to Elias:
"humans did not survive the last ice age's peak in northeastern Siberia, and yet there is no evidence
they had reached Alaska or the rest of the New World either" (Elias). At this point, Elias's theorizes
that people lived on the Beringia, a 600 mile wide area between Siberia, Russia, and Alaska.
Furthermore, "sediment cores" (Elias), from the Bering sea indicate that the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
"Native Americans were isolated genetically from other populations for a least a few thousand years
before the dispersal, probably in Beringia," according to the article "Out of Beringia?" Here,
Hoffecker, O'Rourke and Elias support a "Beringian standstill hypothesis" (Hoffecker), with
sediment samples from the Bering Sea, mitochondrial DNA samples from current Native Americans,
and nuclear DNA samples from Mal'ta human remains. Basically, Hoffecker, O'Rourke and Elias
archeological evidence from after the ice age reveals human movement from Siberia into the
Beringia, a long standstill, and then a new migration into the

The Open Ocean Theory In Australia And Sub-Saharan Africa
For years we have wondered who were the first people in America. There are multiple different
theories on how the first people arrived based upon different pieces of evidence found by
archaeologists. These theories include the Beringia theory, the Coastal Migration theory, the
Solutrean theory and the Open Ocean theory. The most plausible of the four is the Open Ocean
theory. This is so due to the fact that in 2005 Anthropologists Walter Neves and Mark Hubbe found
eighty–one skulls in South America that did not match the genetic stock of modern or ancient Native
American people instead they conformed more to the genetics of Australians, Melanesians and sub–
Saharan Africans. Although Australia and sub–Saharan Africa are both an ocean away so the only
way for them to get there is to travel by boat. Boat travel would not be impossible since evidence of
boats traced back to at least 25,000 years ago. Ocean routes would provide much easier movement
and abundant supplies and food. The route from the east coast of Australia to the west coast of South
America is possible because South America is directly east of Australia. The first of the theories is
the Beringia theory which states that there was a land bridge that the first people crossed in the last
ice age near the modern–day Bering Strait. The sea level was drastically lower because all the water
was locked up in glaciers. As a result, the land between Alaska and Russia was slightly exposed and
animals crossed the land

Bering Land Bridge Theory
For centuries we have pondered over how our early human ancestors had initially arrived and settled
in the Americas thousands of years ago. As far as the Bering Land Bridge theory goes, we have yet
to discover and firmly understand how humans were first able to reach and populate the Americas.
Yet, within the article, "DNA of Ancient Children Offers Clues on How People Settled the
Americas", Carl Zimmer discusses the extraordinary findings of what possibly be the oldest human
genetic material ever found within the Americas. Despite the unfortunate and chilling fact that
researchers discovered the material from within the ancient remains of a child and a fetus, the
findings truly offers some though–provoking insights into what may be the first humans to populate
the Americas and possible theories pertaining their migration. By ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In this day in age, technology and a wide variety of innovations have given us a vivid peek at
history, propelled us farther into our understanding of our evolutionary past, and enabled us fill in
the gaps and blanks with approximate dates and explanation that are missing within history, such as,
in this case, how humans managed to settle in America. By initially analyzing the DNA of the
findings, the researchers have obtained and provided us with a better understanding of early human
civilizations. Whether or not humans were stuck within the Beringia due the environmental
blockade of glaciers, these findings could ultimately lead up to a thorough and concrete conclusion
regarding early humans' migration and expansion in the Americas. It would definitely not be a
surprise if researchers discovered more ancient remains that hint the early settlement of humans in
the Americas within the Beringia region that is currently below sea–level and uncovered more
interesting possibilities regarding our evolutionary history in the near

Who Was Here First
In 1996, artifacts that hold clues to early Americans have been found in Suffolk, Virginia, that date
to about 18,000 years old! This had sparked the thought, "Who Was Here First, and how did they get
here?" Before this, most historians and archaeologists believed in one theory, but this new evidence
gave proof for dozens of new theories. There are four major theories: The Beringia Theory, the
Solutrean Hypothesis, The Maritime Theory, and the South–Pacific Theory. All of the theories are
possible, but only one of them can be true.
First of all, the Beringia Theory is what most historians and archaeologists believed before the new
evidence. This theory states that there was once a land bridge where the Bering Strait is today,
connecting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Data suggests this because the oldest North American artifacts were found in Eastern United States.
According to the Solutrean Hypothesis, that is exactly where the early people had landed. Also,
there is no way that the early people who had gotten to America 12,000 years ago, and traveled to
the other side of the continent 5,000 years earlier. To add to this, the South Pacific theory may be
true, but that does not mean that they were here

Argumentative Essay On Wooly Mammoths
The Wooly Mammoths The now extinct mammoths have, through the position and condition of their
bones and carcasses, have left many scientists questioning the cause of their death and rapid
extinction. These created creatures, did exist on the earth. When I was younger, I believed the life of
the mammoths, but not strongly, always having a thought that they were just a made up and fictional
character. Over the years, my belief in the existence of mammoths has increased and since this
research on the mammoths, I have grown even stronger in my belief that these creatures once
roamed the earth. I believed they became extinct after the flood, and near the end of the ice age.
Creation Ministries International (CMI) has concluded the most possible death of the mammoths.
Mammoths are believed to have died by suffocation in a bog which had formed because of
considerable melting after the ice age (Mammoth– riddle of the Ice Age). Their hooves were not
able to hold their weight on the marshy ground thus leading to their deadly descent into the marsh.
CMI believes the extinction of mammoths was the result of climate changes, not the result of human
actions. Scientists commonly agree the inhabitation of mammoths in the Beringia, a land bridge
once connecting parts of Alaska to Russia and Siberia north of the 72 degree northern latitude.
Biblical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before this year, I had never known that so many texts prove the theory of an ice age. I also found it
interesting to learn the theories as to how the mammoths grew extinct. Many believe these wooly
beasts died in bogs caused by the decreasing of the ice in the poles and were eventually buried by
layers of silt. Thirdly, Biblical scientists believe several million mammoths once roamed the earth.
This fact alone causes me to stand in wonder at the quantity of creatures, namely mammoths, that
rapidly multiplied after the flood since only two survived the flood on the

The History of Indigenous Peoples in America Essay
The History of Indigenous Peoples in America
Native American is the term used for the indigenous peoples of North America who first migrated to
this area thousands of years ago. The term Native American actually includes several tribes, states,
and ethnic groups some of which are still recognized in today's modern society. Most of the
scientific world agrees that the first indigenous peoples crossed the Bering Straight by way of
Siberia about 12,000 years ago.
The precise route that the first immigrants traveled on is still under a matter of controversy. Some
academics believed that the peoples traveled near the coast on foot following game which they
needed to hunt in order to survive. Others believe these "Native Americans" could ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Clovis vs. Pre–Clovis debate and the history of Beringia are closely related. The exact time at
which the land bridge existed is being contested by many knowledgeable scholars and without the
land bridge the theory the Clovis, New Mexico settlement is null and void. Before I delve into the
legitimacy of the land bridge I wish to explain a little about the Clovis/Pre–Clovis controversy.
An archaeological site was found in a small town called Clovis, New Mexico. Scientists date this
site as being the earliest of settlements of America and find that the tools recovered are most closely
linked with the individuals who would've migrated across the Beringia Land Bridge. It has been
believed for a long time that these "Clovis" people are the bed rock for future migrations primarily
from the north in a southern direction. Scientists who believe this are regarded as "Clovis Police"
and they hold strong to this opinion even as new research and evidence expose alternate possibilities
(Earles, Alternate Migration Routes to America).
The Pre–Clovis side of the argument deals with recent findings of sites across America that
apparently predate the Clovis, New Mexico settlement. Basically stating that it isn't possible that
Clovis is the basis for further movements because there were previous migrations to other areas.
This entire debate is subjective and really depends on whether or not you believe the migrations
took

Coastal Migration Theory
For many years, people have thought about who the first people in America. Therefore, many people
have created multiple different theories on how the first people got to the Americas, and they have
been backed by evidence found by archeologists. Some of these theories are Beringia, Open Ocean,
Solutrean, and the Coastal Migration theory. First, the Beringia theory states that the first Americans
came across a land land bridge connecting Siberia and Alaska around 10,000–12,000 years ago.
During an ice age, large amounts of water would form into glaciers, sea levels would decrease and
therefore expose more land (ex. modern day Bering Strait). The land bridge was a vast grassland,
where animals grazed, and nomadic hunters followed the herds

Three-Century Woman Truth
There are many ways to find the truth like in "Three–Century Woman" Grandma was giving a lying
in the interview she was giving to the cameraman Which she was telling the story her was keep on
stopping and think about what she was gonna say next because she was lying and didn't know what
to say next. Grandma's Daughter was also there while she was giving the interview and her daughter
even said, '"Never in her life."' .The thing I learned was that when someone is keep on stop and
thinking about the story or thing they are telling might be false, or someone there might even give a
hint to if they are lying. Another way someone can find out the truth is by someone else like in
"papa's parrot" Before harry when to high school he used to hang out

Family History Research Paper
When I enrolled in Columbia southern college to further my education, the enrollment counselor
told me I needed 6 credits of history. The first thought that popped into my mind was; "I do not need
to learn anything else about history at this point in my life/career, I have learned all I needed to
know about history in grade school and high school". After multiple failed attempts at trying to
convince my counselor why I should not have to take history, I realizing that there was no way
around taking this course. As I began to read over the syllabus and the unit assignments, I began to
have an open mind and second thoughts about the course. I was intrigued by unit 1 scholarly
activity; answer the following question in your own words: "Why ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Understand our family heritage gives one a sense of pride. History teaches us about our language
and our roots. Knowing the history of your family can help prove a sense of identity because getting
to know yourself gives you the opportunity to understand new things about culture. This will result
in you realize who you really are. Learning the history of your people will form a connection to
certain customs, values, and beliefs. I have learned many stories of my family history from just
talking to the elderly within my family. Stories about their trials and tribulation of those previous
generations show me how far we came overall. I have passed on those same stories along to the
generation under me and emphasized how important it is for them to do the same. Understand your
culture will open your mind to learning to respect others cultures as well.
In conclusion, know your past has a lot to do with your present and future. All things that are
happening in society today, such as political, racial, and power, are all a reflection on our past. The
motivations, practices, and outcomes from the European quests of God, gold, and glory is a factor in
today's world. The Cultural history that is past from one generation to the next reflects

The Role Of Beringia In The Arctic Geography
Climatic fluctuations led to major changes in the Arctic geography, effectively increasing the
diversification of high–latitude organisms, including the lagomorphs that lived in those latitudes, in
the Pleistocene. The organisms expanded into the new available habitats while the glaciers receded.
One of these refugiums, Beringia, in Arctic North America during the glacial maxima, has been
subjected to extensive research while many other refugiums have been hypothesized such as a High
Canadian Arctic refugiums (Waltari et al. 2005). Furthermore, during the last glacial maximum
some coastlines in the High Canadian Arctic were ice free (Waltari et al. 2005). Eurasia was less
glaciated than North America during the glacial maxima, yet a large sheet

Climate Change In The Beringia Upland Tundra
The Beringia Upland Tundra is split into three separate parts in Alaska. The two major parts consist
of the upland and mountainous areas from the Seward Peninsula, and the other has Kilbuck and
Ahklun mountain ranges. These parts of land are very similar in vegetation and land makeup
(Hagenstein). Summer temperatures range from 40 degrees fahrenheit to 60 degrees fahrenheit. The
land is a treeless, flat area with mountain ranges. The climate In the Beringia Upland Tundra is –20
fahrenheit to 5 degrees farenheit in the winter. In the summer, the climate is usually around 30
degrees fahrenheit to 40 degrees fahrenheit (Ricketts). Climate change has affected the animals,
permafrost, and sea ice of the Beringia Upland Tundra. Sea ice in the Beringia ... Show more content
There are about 100 different species of animals there, all of which are affected by climate change,
but polar bears the worst. Polar bears are the most sensitive to the rapid change in climate because
most of their life is spent on sea ice. With the temperatures rising in the Beringia Upland Tundra, the
sea ice they thrive on is melting at a very high rate (Powell). Without this ice, the polar bears will
not be able to easily move around to mate with other polar bears. They will also not be able to
successful hunts on seals because the seals will see them swimming and swim away before anything
bad can happen to them. If there was not a shortage of ice, the seals would not see the polar bears on
the ice and they would swim closer to the surface. Another challenge the polar bears will face is that
they will be eventually forced to go on to the seashore. This would be catastrophic because there
would be and increase of competition for food. This could start massive stampedes that could kill
polar bear cubs due to adult polar bears trampling them. As of now, there are only 26,000 wild polar
bears alive. By 2050, it is predicted that two thirds of all wild polar bears will be gone. By 2100, it is
predicted that polar bears will become extinct if nothing is done about global warming and climate
change (Kliskey). Another animal in the Beringia Upland Tundra that is affected by climate change
in

Folsom Bone Pit Essay
Ancient America Before 1492 The Folsom Bone Pit was used in the late 1400's by the first
Americans, however it was not discovered until the 1920's. The bone pit is located in Folsom,
Mexico and it contained the bones of bison, hence the name Folsom Bone Pit. The discovery of the
bone pit advanced the knowledge of the first Americans in several ways. Scholars used the
discovery to uncover things such as the information on the geological conditions, the origins of the
first Americans, migration into America, and why the world became so diverse when Europeans
began exploring.
The first Americans originated in Asia, who brought many ideas to America. Millions of years ago,
the Eastern and Western hemispheres were connected and became known as one big landmass also
known as Pangea (The American Promise, 5). Soon, North and South America separated from
Pangea, leaving all human life in the Western Hemisphere. While the first Americans originated in
Asia, the first humans originated in Africa. The American ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The bone pit contained the bones of bison, which did not have similar bones to bison found today.
This led to further research which proved that the bones were not from the twentieth century,
meaning that the bison were hunted by humans of the old age. This was crucial information because
this provided scholars with information on the migration of the first Americans. As mentioned in
The American Promise, "Like their nomadic Predecessors, Folsom hunters moved constantly to
maintain contact with their prey (The American Promise, 9)." This establishes the fact that the first
Americans migrated as the animals, specifically bison, migrated. The Folsom Bone Pit essentially
proved to scholars that the first Americans travelled as they hunted for food supply, thus the
migration into

The Bering Land Bridge Theory: The Origins Of Native...
Throughout human civilization, each unique civilization has its unique origins and the Native
Americans are no exception. While the origins and history of many Asian and European countries
are well known, the origins of Native Americans are not. Many theories exist about how the Native
Americans' ancestors arrived in North America but the widely accepted theory is the one I will
discuss. Traditional Native American history tells that Native Americans have always inhabited the
North American Continent since the beginning of time, but this is open for debate. Many historic
scientists have believed in what is known as The Bering Land Bridge Theory, which is a theory that
been widely accepted since the early 20th century. The idea of this theory ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This land bridge was over 600 miles wide was present for thousands of years and that there was life
here as it had its own flora and fauna. While the Bering Land Bridge Theory does not directly
challenge Traditional Native American history, the Beringia Standstill Theory does. This theory
implies that the Native Americans ancestors were not originally from North America. The idea is
that the Native American's ancestors originally were from Northeast Siberia. The Siberian people
lived there for tens of thousands of years before the ice age, but after the ice age took effect the
Siberian people began to abandon the region some going south towards the mainland while others
went north away from the mainland. The split occurred roughly 23,000 years ago and the Siberia
people who went North away from the mainland settled on the Bering Land Bridge. Because this
land bridge known as Beringia had flora and fauna the living conditions here were suitable for
settlement and so these people did so for over 5,000 years. Approximately 18,000 years ago, the
Bering land Bridge began to melt and is believed to have completely melted away about 12,000
years ago. With the end of the ice age near the inhabitants of Beringia were forced to migrate as
massive flooding began

Spear Tips In Beringia
When humans first started to ponder how the first people got here they only had one theory. Then
with findings in Cactus hill Virginia that theory along with the scientific community got flipped on
its head. Beringia This theory is the first theory archeologists came up with. The theory states that
people from Siberia traveled a land bridge formed by the Bering Strait. They followed this land
bridge because game frequently migrated on the land bridge so humans followed them. This may
have occurred about 11,500 years ago. The evidence for this theory is archeologists found spear tips
around Clovis New Mexico that matched similar spear tips that where found near the Bering Strait.
Pacific Migration This theory is similar

Research Paper On Beringia
Beringia Constructed Response Humans are not from the Americas because they didn't even know
there was the Americas. This happened because they first populated Africa first when Pangea was
still there and never knew about the Americas, so when Pangea broke apart they couldn't get to the
Americas or find the Americas. Until finally the land bridge called Beringia that went from North
America to Europe and they walked across it because they followed their food about 20,000 years
ago. Humans first originated at Africa and then they were nomads so when they food is gone they
follow it so then they found now known Egypt. After that when they food was gone they found Asia
and China and populated there and still making the food go causing them

Christopher Columbus's Theory Of Settling The Continent
Settling the Continent When Christopher Columbus came to North America, he thought the natives
were Indian and thought he arrived in India. Indian is a term that covers many different cultures and
languages in the Americas. Indians in North America had similar attributes between each other with
long straight dark hair with almond shaped eyes with tan skin that ranges in different colors.
Europeans found out that the new world is not connected to asia they made theories of transoceanic
migrations. A Spanish jesuit missionary Joseph de Acosta made a theory that says since there were
old world animals in the americas then the Indians had crossed a land bridge to get there. Scientific
research and evidence shows that the native americans had a resemblance with Asians due to a
theory of a land bridge connecting the two continents. Beringia is a sub continent that bridged
between North America and Asia and the Native Americans moved further down when the glaciers
melt 3000 years ago. The later migrations to North America was the Athapaskan, people that
migrated around 5000 BC to the northwestern part of America from Beringia. The Clovis tradition is
a sophisticated style of toolmaking like points and flutes that is not found in the old world. This was
found in New Mexico and dated 11,000 years ago and spread quickly throughout the continent. New
Ways of Living on the Land After the Ice Age, the massive climate change placed stress on the
animals and over hunting the animals

Early Life In North America
Early life in North America is divided into three eras. The first of North American settlers started to
settle the lands fifteen to ten thousand years ago. These people came from Asia by crossing a now
non–existent and bridge that was given the name, Beringia. The settlers came to North America by
following herds of woolly mammoths in order to hunt them for food and use their fur for clothing.
These people that were once followed decided to split up and gather all around North America.
These natives were called paleo–Indians. People in the Paleo–Indian era began to form various
cultures and beliefs, and many different methods of surviving. During this time, groups would
follow their sources of food wherever they went and gathered natural

Beringia Migration Theories
People have lived on north america for thousands of years . However after thousands of years we
still don't know how people get to america. In many beliefs one way that people believed is that we
got here by beringia. There are other ways you have could have gotten to america. Scientist have
been arguing for decades but we finally know now . To start off we are gonna talk about the beringia
migration theories, we arrived at 13,000 B.C. and left around 11,000 B.C when the ice age was
happening, we got to america by walking and using boats to get here. The reason why we came over
here is that they were following their food , they was eating mammoth and beaver. Everyone knows
that bergina has been here since 13,000 B.C.. Artifacts have shown

Native Americans (Subordinate Group)
Week One Assignment ETH/125 Journal Entry of a Subordinate Group One often wonders where
the Native North Americans originated from. Some theories have been discussed about the peopling
of the Americas. Early theories involving lost tribes and continents were based purely on speculation
instead of actual scientific facts. Discoveries made during many archeological expeditions have
helped shape the always changing interpretations by adding more questions and more theories.
There have been genetic and linguistic studies which raised more understanding and brought new
questions. It is theorized that during the latter part of the Cenozoic era, also known as the age of
mammals that the Wisconsin glaciation caused enough of the planet's water ... Show more content
In the first years of the twentieth century, the Dakotas also known as Tetons began the process of
adapting to their new way of life. They still had strong faith in their own traditions, but realized that
the old way was gone forever. Numerous changes with the economy and politics were forced on my
people by the government. The people strived to establish a life for themselves that used both new
changes, but still remained true to their values and beliefs. During the rest of the twentieth century,
all of the reservations for the Dakotas, Lakotas, and Tetons lost more land due to ownership passes
and inheritances. Division between rural dwellers and people who live in town have grown bigger.
Rural residents tend to retain their use of native language, and be involved in cultural events, when
townspeople adapt other aspects of the American culture. Most of the Sioux nation and other groups
of American Indians live in South Dakota, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and North Dakota at present
time on privatized land created by the government many years ago. Wendy Coghill ETH/125 Text
Citations: Bonvillain, Nancy. "'Seeking a New Way'." Teton Sioux, Indians of North America,
Heritage Edition. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2004. American Indian History Online.
Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE43&iPin=INATS06&SingleRecord=True (accessed May 22, 2011). Text Citations:
Waldman,

Nature And Mother Nature : Reconnecting With Mother Earth
The glacial erratics represent the beginning of human population of the America's and the beginning
of traditional culture, and the rocks carry with them the essence of the spirit of all those years. In
honour of the truth and reconciliation act, this essay has an ode to healing by walking the land and,
more specifically, reconnecting with Mother earth. I am not a religious person. I am not a spiritual
person even in my own mind. And I do not even know if I believe if there is or is not a god. But I
have always known that the forest and the mountains and the animals are alive as much as I am, and
as an anxious, extroverted, depressed, abused, somewhat autistic person, I have always found more
comfort in the company of a forest than a crowd. I have always been a person who retreats to the
solitude of the forest to find my peace, my happiness, and some kind of connection with something
greater than myself. Despite my strong lack of religious faith or spiritual belief, my connection to
mother nature and my spiritual red roots grew deeply on what I was able to participate in during the
field trip. As I prayed during smudge I had intense vision in a trance which made me sick to my
stomach as I purged myself of the toxins that had entered my spirit both from people and from
having to live in the city with no nearby forest for the last few years. My trances are explained in
detail in the appendices II and III as I feel they are important to my experiential learning. Aside from

Paleo-Americans
In the history of Mesoamerica, the Paleo–Indian period applies specifically to when the very first
indications of human habitation within the Mesoamerican region began. An event that took place
during the stone age (paleolithic) stage of human evolution.
The prefix "paleo" comes from the Greek adjective 'palaios' meaning "old" or "ancient." The term
Paleo Indian (Old Indian) or Paleo–americans (Old Americans) refers specifically to the small bands
of nomadic people whom first populated into the Americas during the final glacial episodes of the
late Pleistocene period.
The Late Pleistocene period was when the final glacial episode of ice sheets covered much of the
northern hemisphere. This event happened about 125,000 years ago and lasted ... Show more content
The Bering land bridge is believed to have existed both during the glaciation that occurred more
than 35,000 years ago and then again during the more recent period lasting from 22,000 to 7,000
years ago. The more recent time being the one believed to be when the majority of Paleo–Indians
crossed into the Americas from Siberia.
This was when sea levels lowered and the Bering Strait created the Bering land bridge about 15,500
years ago. The Bering land bridge allowed passage between the two continents. Sea levels began
returning and by 6000 years ago the coastlines assumed their approximate levels and configurations
that exist today.[215]
The fifty–five mile long Beringia land and ice bridge connected Siberia and North America for a
period of approximately 3500 years.[205] A generous amount of time to allow wandering humans
and game to cross into the Americas.
Radiocarbon dating tests reveal that sea levels had lowered more than 400 feet below their current
levels as a consequence of the growth of immense ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere during the
Ice Age.
Glacier Blocked Bering Land

A Brief Summary Of Settling The Continent
Chapter 1
Settling the Continent Who are the Indian People?
At the beginning of the 16th century, the native peoples in the Americas accounted for 2,000+
cultures, several hundred different languages, and all provided a living for themselves differently
based on their environment. They where very diverse.
They all called themselves something other "Indian." For example, the mid–Atlantic natives called
themselves Lenni Lenape, meaning "true men." However, European peoples who came to America
created different names for them. For example, the Europeans decided to call the natives
"Delawares," instead of Lenni Lenape.
There is not one physical characteristic that characterizes all native peoples. Many of the Indians
had straight black hair, and dark almond eyes, yet their skin colors ranged from mahogany to light
brown.
After is was discovered that the Americas was not a part of Asia, theories of how these people came
to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This evidence helped make Acosta's hypothesis of a land bridge more accepted. Analyzing the
genetic difference suggests that Indians began to drift from Asians around 30,000 years ago.
The migration from Asia would have started along Beringia. Beringia is the dry grassland that was
about 750 miles wide from north to south.
Beringia's climate was perfect for animals such as mammoth, bison, horse, reindeer, camel, and
saiga. As the animals moved east across Beringia, the hunter–gatherers of the time would follow
them across the land.
Reaching lands to the south of the Americas would have been hard to reach because of large glacial
sheets that covered more than 2,000 miles. The standard hypothesis is that of a "Pan–American
Highway." This "Highway" would have been created by an ice–free climate along the eastern front
of the Rocky Mountains. Hunter–Gatherers where able to get to the south through this ice–free

The Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange The Columbian Exchange is non–fiction book written by Alfred W.
Crosby JR. It illustrates the important events that transpired when Columbus came to America in
1492. I initially chose this this book because I wanted to know more about Europe's effects on
America, and how Columbus altered the flora and fauna of America for better and for worse. As I
started to read further into the book I immediately was captivated by all the information that was
hidden within the text. The book started out by contrasting the Columbian Exchange to the early
human migrations and early land bridges. I believe this is especially important because, it gave e a
better understanding of how early humans developed a pattern and a need to explore new lands. This
quote states, "The connection between the Old and New Worlds, which for more than ten millennia
had been no more than a tenuous thing of Viking voyages, drifting fishermen, and shadowy contacts
via Polynesia, became on the twelfth day of October 1492 a bond as significant as the Bering land
bridge had once been"(Crosby 3). This is a particularly important sentence in the book because it
gave me a tie between mankind's migrations throughout the earth. The Bering land bridge was used
as a rout for human migrations from Asia to the Americas about 20,000 years ago. Knowing this
gave me a sense of what the book was about. When Columbus came to America one of the big
effects that occurred was disease. As Crosby explains,

Theories Of The Beringia Theory In North And South America
Most people wonder how people first arrived in the Americas. Well, many Archeologists have
looked at different sites in both North and South America. At the different sites, the archeologists
have found many different artifacts that help support different theories. There are four main theories
that have been investigated. First, the Beringia Theory. Second, the Solutrean's Hypothesis. Next,
Open Ocean. Finally, Coastal Migration. The Most plausible out of these theories is the Solutrean's
Hypothesis.
The Beringia theory is probably the most common theory out of all of them.This theory is that
people originally came across a land bridge from Russia to modern day Alaska. According to Ice
Age, New Discoveries documentary,this theory is said to have happened 11,500 years ago. The
reason why people moved along the land bridge was that animals were running there, and hunters
went wherever the meat was. People and animals also followed water and vegetation as they spread
out amongst the Americas. When the people were traveling over, they had to follow paths made by
some ice. According to Kids Past.com, after people started to cross the land bridge, they spread out
amongst the Americas, after many, many years. Typically, it took many generations of people to
spread. According to the Smithsonian Web–Based Encyclopedia, humans and animals crossed the
land bridge 11,500. According to New York Times Article, "New World's Earliest People Tests hint
Campsite is 15,000 Years Old",

Carbon Dating Research Paper
It was once believed by archaeologists that the first man to come to the Americas was in search of
food. Entire families came from Asia over an ice covered landmass called Beringia. The pursuit of
woolly mammoth herds for food and clothing was their drive and motivation. This went on for
generations until they slowly reached the southern tip of South America. This was the theory that I
was taught growing up. New discoveries have been made and new and conflicting theories have
been born since then.
Current beliefs are pretty firm that people have been living in North America for at least 12,000
years. The first settlers came during the Paleo–Indian Era. Carbon dating suggest that people might
have come much earlier than 12,000 years ago. This

Following The Food Summary
At least 40,000 years ago there was a group of indians known as the Paleo– Indians. These Indians
were in need of food, so they followed a herd of mammoths eastward. The Paleo– Indians migrating
from Asia to the Americas. In the text, " Following the Food" the authors perspective of the Paleo–
Indians is dexterous, insightful, and competent in difficult situations. The authors perspective of
dexterity helps the reader understand the migration. In the text " Following the Food" it states, "
Archeologists have concluded that the first Americans were skilled toolmakers, used fire, hunted
large game such as mammoths, and moved about in pursuit of their prey." Their ability to hunt
animals such as mammoths shows that they are dexterous because of how challenging it would have
been to hunt them. The same text ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The same text states, " Another site discovered by Archeologists in the mid 1920s in Folsom, New
Mexico, showed evidence of human hunters that trapped and killed ice age bison." The Indians
ability to hunt an animal as large as Ice Age bison shows that the Paleo– Indians were competent. In
the text, " Following the Food," the authors perspective of the Paleo Indians is dexterous, insightful,
and competent in difficult situations. The Paleo Indians were able to travel to an entirely different
area than what they were used to and they were able to do it without any of the technology we have
today. They completed what is considered the first important migration into America. These Indians
may not have even realized what they were doing, they just followed their instincts. The Paleo–
Indians must have been very insightful, competent, and dexterous to complete a journey so

The Importance Of The American Dream In 'The American...
From the Native Americans who navigated across the Beringia land bridge eons ago to the Syrian
immigrants taken in by our country today, America maintains its legacy as a nation of immigrants.
For most of us, our predecessors came here to fulfill the American dream– a promise of prosperity
for all who were willing to fight for it. We were a threshold for dreamers, a place where anything
was possible. However, as time passed the dream, while still achievable, showed favoritism for
"true" Americans. Charles Smith could reach for a pebble and end up grasping a king's fortune,
while Van Nguyen could reach for a pebble and end up with a grain of sand. Immigrants yearning to
achieve the American dream must relinquish aspects of the customs once integral to their lives.
These are the sacrifices the narrators in both The Trip Back and The American Couple make, and
both narrators receive both benefits and consequences for their choices. Gabrielle in The American
Couple yearned to surrender all of her Vietnamese ways in favor of American ones. Throughout the
novel, we see her sacrifice many things for the sake of assimilation, including her dignity and name
as seen in the quotes "I turned Tran Nam Thanh Gabrielle to Gabrielle Tran. My parents had given
me a French name because they had always admired the French. But arranging my name like
Gabrielle Tran won me a tryout––I guess the producers thought I might be like Nancy Kwan"
(Butler 159) and "My sister and I dressed up like

Coastal Migration Theory
The are multiple theories for the question, "who were the first people in america." This is caused due
to the fact that there is many evidence that supports the three theories which are the Beringia, Open
Ocean, Solutrean, and the Coastal Migration theory. There can be many reasons, and arguments that
either could be true, but the Open Ocean theory is the most possible theory. One theory is the
Beringia, this is where people from Asia came over the land bridge known as the Bering Strait. The
Bering Strait is the land bridge that connects North America to Asia. This was caused by the last
major ice age, which made glaciers causing the water levels to decrease. The people from Asia
followed animals across the Bering Strait or Tundra about 10000–13000

Gibbins: Article Analysis
After reading the Gibbins2016 and Baltar2013 articles, they both brought up some interesting points
on the genetic makeup of the migrators. The Gibbons2012 article provides the basics of the three
types of people who migrated across a bridge to America: Amerindian, Eskimo–Aleut, and Na–Dene
speakers. The fossils found after the they migrated, shows certain types of food and the habits of
everyday life. (Erlandson et al 2011). Also the copious bones found can help determine the exact
hair or skin pigment. I read an article one time about the possibility of extracting certain particles
from teeth. After the particles are extracted from the subject they then can help determined the exact
location you have lived and the types of food you eat. I

Paleo-Indians Evolution

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