Case Study Baby James. 1)The Significance That This Mother

Case Study Baby James. 1)The Significance That This Mother
Case study Baby James
1) The significance that this mother did not receive prenatal care is that the risks for having a
premature delivery could have been reduced or eliminated completely. The mother could have been
put on medications to stop early labor like Magnesium sulfate to relax the smooth muscle of the
uterus and stop contractions, progesterone to prevent early labor, and monitoring fetal heart rate
patterns in order to report any complications to the attending provider caring for the patient.
Progesterone reduces the risk of delivering a baby early, before 37 weeks gestation, in mothers who
are pregnant with just a single fetus or a mother who previously had a premature birth of a fetus
(Progesterone Treatment, 2014, para. 4). In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, according to the American Pregnancy Association (2017), if the mother would have
come to the birthing center at 4 to 6 cm. instead of 9 cm. dilated she could have been put on strict
bedrest in order to prolong the amount of time the baby stays in the womb so the unborn fetus has
that much more time develop and mature and let the natural process of labor progress naturally in
hopes of avoiding premature rupture of membranes (Premature Labor, 2017, para. 22).
4) Some of the progressive signs of respiratory distress exhibited by this infant after birth are; nasal
flaring, grunting, coarse breath sounds, increase respiratory rate of 100 and irregular, acrocyanosis,
his appearance of being pale, circumoral cyanosis, and him developing jaundice as a result of his
increased work of breathing and hypoxia which causes an increase in erythropoietin to be released
from the kidneys resulting in polycythemia as a result of low levels of oxygen in the body.
Subsequently, as a result of an increase or red blood cell production the body will develop jaundice
due to an increase in red blood cell breakdown which causes an increase of bilirubin in the blood to
accumulate, therefore, causing jaundice to develop.
5) The data that supports the baby being treated
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Respiratory Distress Syndrome Essay
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), also known as hyaline membrane disease (HMD), is a disease
that predominantly affects premature neonates. It is due to a deficiency in surfactant which is vital in
increasing lung compliance, preventing atelectasis at the end of expiration, and promoting the
recruitment of collapsed alveoli by reducing surface tension. Its other name, HMD, is derived from
the characteristic histological findings in early post mortems of premature babies, hyaline
membranes were observed, which did not occur in stillborns (Halliday, 2008). RDS is the most
common cause of respiratory distress in the neonate. Over 90% of RDS is seen with preterm births.
The incidence is much higher in males, at approximately 66%. It is ... Show more content on
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Although mice studies have demonstrated morbidities in SP–A and SP–D deficiency, no cases have
been reported in humans (Serrano et al., 2006). With insufficient surfactant, the lungs have an
increased critical pressure, causing atelectasis. Increased pressure and oxygen toxicity results in
damage to the endothelial and epithelial cells within the alveoli. This results in an exudate that forms
a fibrous hyaline matrix. SP–B deficiency (SFTPB gene) has been identified in full term infants who
demonstrate hyaline membrane–like disease on x–ray. It is usually fatal. Thirty–four mutations have
been described in this deficiency, with over two–thirds having the c.397delCinsGAA mutation
(121ins2) in exon 4. The result of this mutation causes a frameshift, leading to a premature
termination signal which ultimately leaves the individual completely SP–B deficient. SP–B
deficiency further causes a lack of lamellar bodies (Figure 3) in alveolar type II pneumocytes which
are responsible for the storage of surfactant proteins, thus reducing the amount of SP–C. SP–C
mutations have also been identified (SFTPC gene) in the cause of interstitial lung disease and
emphysema in the older patient (Kurath–Koller, 2015). Another genetic mutation identified is the
ABCA3 mutation. It has been demonstrated that this mutation is more common than SP–B
deficiency (Somaschini et al., 2007) This gene encodes the ATP–binding cassette protein A3. The
protein is highly

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Mr. Fantastic, the Fantastic Four comic book hero, can stretch himself to staggering proportions
before snapping back to normal. But what if that characteristic existed outside the comic book
world? Well, it does, but snapping back to normal is not an option for those who have Ehlers–
Danlos Syndrome, or EDS. There is very little snapping back for these people. Dealing with their
symptoms is a daily struggle. Recognized as far back as 400 B.C. by Hippocrates, the syndrome is
named after two physicians. In the early 20th century Edvard Ehlers of Denmark and Henri–
Alexandre Danlos of France lent their names to the syndrome, which has many symptoms besides
stretchy skin. The symptoms of Ehlers–Danlos syndrome are back pain, double–jointedness, ...
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Collagen is responsible for giving strength and structure to skin, bone, blood vessels, and other
internal organs. It affects about 1 in 5,000 people. This disorder is usually, but not always, dominant.
Some types of the 11 types of EDS are dominant and some are recessive. This Punnett square
diagram demonstrates the heredity of the syndrome. Ehlers–Danlos syndrome is one of several
disorders that can affect the body in similar fashion, so doctors need to make a differential diagnosis
to ensure that it is not something else, such as Marfan syndrome. Like EDS, Marfan syndrome has
the symptoms of flat feet, vision problems flexible joints, and the possibility of sudden rupture of a
large blood vessel. So there you have it. Mr. Fantastic sounds great in the fantasy world, but in real
life it can be quite frustrating for those who have inherited this stretchy disorder. People with
Ehlers–Danlos syndrome face a lifetime of slow–healing injuries and dislocated joints. They will be
quite a source of fascination for those who encounter them; in fact, many people with the disorder
have had careers in traveling circuses and freak shows. Some earn a living as contortionists,
dislocating their joints purposely to fit into unbelievably small spaces. They have found a way turn
this disorder into an advantage. With a little caution, being stretchy is not all

Placental Decention
tion
Placental abruption is a serious and potentially life threatening condition for both the mother and
fetus that requires urgent diagnosis and care from a multidisciplinary team. Although relatively rare,
occurring in approximately 0.4 to 1% of all pregnancies, placental abruption accounts for between
10 and 20% of all perinatal mortality and approximately 10% of all preterm births (Tikkanen M
2011) and is the leading cause of vaginal bleeding after the first trimester (Oyelese Y & Ananth CV
2006). The cause of placental abruption is not well understood however it is thought to often be
multifactorial and a woman's known risk factors and co–morbidities may increase the risk status of
this condition presenting although it is more often than ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2014) discuss that gestational hypertension, pre–eclampsia and premature rupture of the
membranes are three risk factors that increase the risk of placental abruption. Cigarette smoking,
multiple pregnancy, prior history of placental abruption, polyhydramnios, high parity, external
cephalic version, prolonged rupture of membranes and abdominal trauma are additional risk factors
that can increase the risk of a placental abruption (Victorian State Government; Better Health
Channel 2014 & South Australian Maternal and Neonatal Clinical Network (SAMNCN) 2016a).
Hence why a woman with any of the mentioned risk factors are monitored more closely for signs of
pregnancy abnormalities including placental

Ehlers Danlos Syndrome
Ehlers Danlos Syndrome Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (EDS) is a clinical diagnosis and is a connective
tissue disorder characterized by a variety of degrees of joint hypermobility, skin extensibility and
tissue fragility. If you have the vascular variety of EDS there is a likely 50% chance it could be
passed down from parent to child. When trying to clinically define the pain in EDS, the findings are
poor. There are nine different types of EDS and each type is distinguished from others but that
depends on the system involved. "Most types of EDS are inherited as autosomal dominant trait,
although x–linked and autosomal recessive types have been described" (Beighton). EDS type III is
the most common disorder with presenting with generalized joint hypermobility ... Show more
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I didn't mind since I would only watch her every other day except weekends. I am CPR certified and
I've had experience before with babies her age before, so I knew what to do and if I had any
questions I would call. One day as I was watching Kylie on a Tuesday afternoon, I called her father
in panic saying that Kylie was crying out and I didn't know what was wrong. So he came home and
rushed her to the hospital. He had called his wife and she rushed back home from her trip. Her father
rushed her to the ER to figure out what could be the underlying problem The X–ray showed that she
had a fracture in her right leg the doctor has diagnosed Kylie with Rickets, until they did x–rays on
her whole body and found out she had 8 other fractures on her as well. The hospital staff suspected
child abuse. One doctor at the ER thought it was a birth injury but that wasn't the case because it
only took Jan 4 pushes to get Kylie out of her. Dr. Michael Holick who is a specialist in Vitamin D
deficiencies found that the key to diagnosing her daughter lied with Jan. he had asked her questions
like, "Are you able to extend your arm all the way?" and she couldn't. Come to find out Dr. Holick
told her lacked collagen which explained her fainting spells. This

Neonatal Sepsis Research Paper
Introduction : Infections are the single largest cause of neonatal deaths globally. Sepsis is the
commonest cause of neonatal mortality and is responsible for about 30– 50% of the total neonatal
deaths every year in developing countries. This study is done to assess the risk factors associated
with neonatal sepsis. Aims and Objectives: To assess the distribution of risk factors of neonatal
sepsis. Materials and Methods : This study was conducted over a period of 12 months. All neonates
with culture positive or probable sepsis in St Martha's NICU and postnatal ward were included in
the study. 50 neonates fulfilling the inclusion criteria were studied. Age of baby greater than 28 days
and infants not showing features of sepsis were excluded from

Birth Of A Diabetic Mother
Cassie Gremillion
OB Project Week 3
CLTCC–Alexandria
Index
Spontaneous Abortion............................3–4
Umbilical Cord Compression .......................5–6
Premature Rupture of Membranes .............7–8
Uterine Rupture ...................................9–10
Uterine Inversion .................................11–12
Hematoma of Episiotomy ........................13–14
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome ................15–16
Infant of a Diabetic Mother .......................17–18
Source ................................................ 19
Spontaneous Abortion
Definiton
Non–induced embryonic or fetal death or passage of products of conception before 20 weeks
gestations (Spontaneous Abortion: Merck Manuals)
Causes
According to Merck Manuals:
Some viruses (herpes, parvo, rubella), chromosomal abnormalities, immunologic abnormalities,
major trauma, uterine abnormalities
Risk Factors
According to Merck Manuals:
Women over the age of 35, women with a history of spontaneous abortions, cigarette smoking,
ETOH use, recreational drug use, high doses of caffeine, uncontrolled maternal diabetes mellitus
(DM), uncontrolled maternal hypertension (HTN)
Signs and Symptoms
Abdominal or suprapubic pain, bleeding, expulsion of tissue
Late abortions may begin with gush of fluid
Massive hemorrhage is rare
Labs
Blood typing, CBC, HCG, WBC
Treatment

Observation (if abortion is threatening)
D&C
Medications to dilate uterus or expel fetus (misoprostol, prostinez)
Interventions
Monitor maternal vital signs
Educate on what to expect during procedures and as condition progresses
Administer pain medications as ordered
Monitor

Elinah's Health Case Study
2. What risk factors in Elinah's history would make her susceptible to the occurrence of pre–term
labor? Why do these factors increase the risk of pre–term labor? According to Elinah's medical
records, her race being an African woman, low economic status (currently a full–time student),
having a short cervical length, stress related to unplanned pregnancy and UTI would put her at high
risk for preterm labor. For instance, having a short cervix confers a higher risk of pre–term labor. In
addition, bacterial infection stimulates the production of substances that trigger uterine contractions
and will lead to having a premature child (Ricci el al., 2017. Pg. 812).
4. What orders would you anticipate receiving from Elinah's health care provider at this point?
Identify at least 5 and why they might ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What would you anticipate the HCP ordering at this point? At this point I would anticipate the HCP
to order bed rest on the left side to hence placental perfusion, monitoring the fetus heart rate through
an external monitor and monitoring vital signs. Also, limiting vaginal examination to prevent
infection, monitor both fetus and mother for adverse effects tocolytic drugs and measurement of
intake and output and prepare Elinah for birth (Ricci el., 2017. Pg. 813)
10. If Elinah delivers at this time, what care would you anticipate the newborn would need
immediately after delivery?882 Premature newborns have an increased risk of complications
because their bodies still have underdeveloped parts such as the lungs, digestive system, immune
system, and skin. Thus, promoting oxygenation, nutrition, and fluid balance, maintaining thermal
regulation, resuscitation and transferring the newborn to NICU unit will help the child to get better
(Ricci el., 2017, pg. 887).
Reference
Ricci, S. Kyle, T. and Carman, S. (2017). Maternity and pediatric nursing 3rd ed. Philadelphia:

Pregnant Drug Abuse
Pregnant drug abusers should be charged with child abuse based on health effects and risks that a
fetus can endure while in the womb, and as well as health effects that are short–term and long–term
after birth. Consumption of illegal drugs is not safe for an unborn infant or for the mother as well.
"Maternal drug abuse in pregnancy is associated with several complications, such as premature
rupture of the membranes, premature labor, and abruption of the placenta, intra–uterine growth
retardation, and neonatal withdrawal symptoms" (Helsinki & Kukko, 1999, p. 22). There are several
drugs that can harm a fetus in the womb. The various drugs that cause the major complications are
marijuana, cocaine, heroin, PCP, LSD, methamphetamine, and ecstasy. ... Show more content on
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Heroin also crosses the placenta to the baby. "Using heroin increases the chance of premature birth,
a low birth weight (under 5 pounds 8 ounces), breathing difficulties, low blood sugar, bleeding
within the brain, and infant death. Infants whose mothers abused heroin can be born dependent and
suffer withdrawals symptoms like irritability, convulsions, fever, sleep abnormalities, and are
susceptible to HIV which can be passed from a mother to an unborn child (American Pregnancy
Association). Also, stillbirths are very high, and once an infant is born, sudden infant death
syndrome is

Rupture Of Membranes In The Womb Research Paper
Introduction A sac made up of membranes surrounds your baby in the womb (uterus). Rupture of
membranes is when this sac breaks open. This is also known as your water breaking. When this sac
breaks before labor starts, it is called premature rupture of membranes (PROM). If this happens
before 37 weeks, it is called preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). PPROM is
serious. It needs medical care right away. What increases the risk of PPROM? PPROM is more
likely to occur in women who: Have an infection. Have had PPROM before. Have a cervix that is
short. Have bleeding during the second or third trimester. Have a low BMI. This is a measure of
body fat. Smoke. Use drugs. Have a low socioeconomic status. What problems can be caused by
PROM

Myelomeningocele Essay
INTRODUCTION Myelomeningocele (MMC) is a congenital anomaly in which the posterior
portion of the neural tube fails to close during development. Exposure of neurologic tissue to the
amniotic fluid and inappropriate neurulation results in multiple neurological defects. Nearly all
those affected by MMC have associated Chiari malformation, and most children develop
hydrocephalus requiring ventriculoperitoneal shunts. Neurodevelopmental delays are also
associated, leading to significant lifelong disabilities that include paraplegia, hydrocephalus, sexual
dysfunction, skeletal deformation, and bowel and bladder incontinence.1,2 Early diagnosis and
correction of Myelomeningocele is vital to delay and prevent the evolution of neurological damage.
Intrauterine MMC repair has significantly better outcomes than postnatal–surgery. Compared with
those repaired after birth, prenatal surgery decreases the risk of neonatal death or need for shunting.
Also improves the degree of hindbrain herniation associated with the Chiari II malformation, with
better motor and mental function outcomes.3 Open fetal surgery, in particular, remains constrained
by the ever–threatened morbidity of premature rupture of membranes and pre–term delivery
associated with this approach.5 As with any fetal procedure there is an inherent risk of preterm
delivery, premature rupture of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The databases included Ovid MEDLINE Epub Ahead of Print, Ovid Medline In–Process & Other
Non–Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, Ovid Cochrane Central Register of
Controlled Trials, Ovid Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Scopus. The search strategy
was designed and conducted by an experienced librarian with input from the study's investigators.
Controlled vocabulary supplemented with keywords was used to search for tocolysis on open fetal
surgery. Search was conducted using the terms

Write An Essay On Genotypes And Phenotypes
There are no two individuals that are completely alike, people vary by hair color, height, skin tone,
gender and other endless possibilities. The reason for these variations can be traced back to our
genetic make–up. A person as 23 pairs of chromosomes and each of these chromosomes carry one
molecule of DNA. DNA itself is made up of adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine, then, these
chemical compounds wrap around each other to form a double helix. These chromosomes contain
around 20,500 genes and even with such a large number our variations are caused by less than 1% of
our genes according to the Human Genomes Project in 2003. These variations also come from
genotypes and phenotypes. A genotype is the complete set of genes that make a person's hereditary,
whereas, a phenotype are psychological, behavioral, and psychological features that result from the
interaction between genes and the environment. Phenotypes can be both dominant and recessive.
The dominant phenotype is the one that the you possess whereas the recessive one is there but it is
not active. One of my phenotypes is that I have red–green color blindness. I often argue with people
about the colors that I see, so I took a colorblind test. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The typical example of this would be Down syndrome. People with this issue usually have an 21st
chromosome. Some characteristics of this abnormality included having smaller than normal heads,
neck and noses usually. In addition to that their mental and behavioral development fall behind that
of a normal child. Not that, their live expectancy is around 50 years old. Other examples are
Klinefelter's syndrome which has characteristic of being tall, small testicles, below normal
intelligence and passivity and Turner's syndrome where the individuals are short, have limited
development of secondary sex characteristics, and have problems perceiving spatial

The Effects of Preterm Birth Essay
The Effects of Preterm Birth
Dannette Taylor
University of Phoenix
Preterm birth can be a devastating experience not only for the mother, but also for the child. This
issue has plagued the United States and other countries for many years, and no concrete evidence
have been found to tell us why preterm birth occurs. One in eight babies in the United States is born
premature each year. The impact of social support on the psychological well–being, attitudes, and
behavior of parents is rapidly becoming a major issue. It is becoming more and more difficult for
mothers to cope with the long–term and short–term effects of premature birth. These parents'
attitude and behavior can have both a direct and indirect effect on the child's ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Socioeconomic conditions also played a role in my preterm birth, because I live with someone who
smoked cigarettes and also used illicit drugs from time to time. As a result I delivered a baby girl at
24 weeks gestation which is 16 weeks premature and was just two weeks beyond the point of
viability. My child weighed 1 lb. 8 oz. and was 12 inches long. The psychological effects after the
birth of my child were even more devastating. Knowing that the situation could have been prevented
has always weighed heavy on my mind as my child battle with many issues due to her prematurity.
These issues resulted in the use of oxygen, and apnea monitor, and also a feeding tube. In the
beginning there were many developmental delays such as, she did call until she was one years old
and she did not walk until she was two years old. Though those were the short term effects, there are
also long–term effects such as lack of confidence and attention deficit disorder. Vision problems are
another long– term effect that my daughter suffered from preterm birth. In many cases, the retina
will detach from the eye causing blindness around the actual due date. Fortunately for me and my
daughter we were able to avoid the detachment but we still have to deal with the vision problems
caused by early delivery.
There

Addison Disease Nursing
The International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology recently published an article on December
15, 2016 entitled "Maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnancies in women with Addison's
disease: a population–based cohort study on 7.7 million births." It was made clear in the article that
Addison's disease is rare and life threatening, however the objective of the research question was to
assess if there was an association between Addison's disease in pregnancy and if neonates and/or
mothers were adversely affected in antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum (Schneiderman et al.,
2016). Their purpose for conducting this study was to prevent and minimize adverse effects in the
future with the knowledge of the results of this nine year study. ... Show more content on
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They also used an unconditional logistic regression analysis for outcomes. The purpose of this was
to determine what diseases were present at baseline and how Addison's disease effects the pregnancy
process. All of the analysis' were performed by a statistical software package Enterprise Guide 6.1
(Cary, NC, USA) for complete accuracy and minimize human error. The next paragraph will discuss
how the information was scientifically classified and categorized based on statistical analysis of
appropriate tests.
The different diagnosis' were classified according to the International Classification of Diseases, 9th
Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD–9–CM). Every medical diagnosis that the researchers needed
to study were classified by their consequential number. This study used exclusively public data,
according to the Tri–Council Policy statement of 2010, the institutional review board approval was
not required, which is not uncommon for retrospective designs. The statistical analysis of maternal
outcomes were identified using the ICD–9 codes and categorized by antepartum, intrapartum, and
postpartum. The diagnosis' in each of those three categories were gestational hypertension, mild and
severe pre–eclampsia, eclampsia, eclampsia superimposed on pre–existing hypertension, gestational
diabetes, placental abruption, preterm rupture of membranes, vaginal or cesarean delivery,
instrumental delivery, preterm delivery, hemorrhage, wound complications,

Cerebral Palsy And Lack Of Muscle Control
Cerebral Palsy
Ce.re.bral / of the brain Pal.sy / lack of muscle control
What is Cerebral Palsy? Is it a disease? What are the symptoms of Cerebral Palsy? How is it
detected? How do you treat Cerebral Palsy? Is Cerebral Palsy preventable? Is there a cure? Based on
my research the following are the answers to the aforementioned questions.
Cerebral Palsy hereinafter referred to as ("CP") is a congenital disorder (existing at or before birth).
It is a permanent condition which impairs muscle coordination, tone and movement. CP usually is
caused by brain injury or malformation which happens before and/or during a baby's birth as well as
during the first three to five years of a child's life. There are four types of brain damage which ...
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These toxins can cause premature rupture of the membranes or premature birth. Detection of PVL in
newborns are often difficult as newborn babies typically do not show signs of impairment.
Intellectual, developmental, hearing impairment, visual dysfunction and problematic coordination
are common with PVL. Spastic Diplegia which is tight muscles and limbs that do not bend easily is
the most common type of CP caused by PVL. Quadriplegia which is the partial or total loss of the
use of the limbs and torso is the most severe result of PVL. It can be detected by Cranial
Ultrasounds, MRIs and CT Scans however it can take four to eight weeks before the condition can
be detected. Infants with known risk factors are usually tested thirty days after birth. Treatment for
PVL is focused on managing symptoms which involves massage, physical and speech therapy as
well as treatment for visual dysfunction.
Intraventricular Hemorrhage (IVH) IVH is hemorrhaging which is essentially bleeding inside the
brain. When this occurs it can damage or kill areas of the brain crucial to development and motor
functions. There are four types of IVH which are graded based on the degree of bleeding. Stages one
and two are small amounts of bleeding and usually does not result in any long term problems. Stages
three and four involves more severe bleeding wherein the blood presses or leaks into brain

Chlamydia Urethritis
Chlamydia is a bacterial sexually transmitted disease caused by the pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis
that can be found in the mucous membranes of the genital region, the throat, and the eyes (Malhotra
2014). It is an obligate intracellular parasite that is gram–negative and cocci. The pathogen is mainly
transmitted between sexual partners during sexual intercourse. However, if a pregnant female is
infected with the pathogen she can transmit it to her child during a vaginal delivery with the baby
passes through the mothers birth canal. Chlamydia trachomatis can cause urethritis in males and
mucopurulent cervicitis, urethritis, and endometritis in females (Harryman et al. 2014).
Mucopurulent cervcitis can lead to three main complications in women ... Show more content on
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However, if symptoms do occur, they are often times nonspecific. Women may experience abnormal
vaginal discharge, dysuria, and post–coital or intermenstrual bleeding. Men may experience urethral
discharge and occasionally experience symptoms of epididymo–orchitis, which results in pain and
swelling of the epididymis and testis. Men and women both can experience rectal bleeding at the
infection site (Malhotra et al. 2013). Signs of a Chlamydia trachomatis infection can be seen
utilizing different nucleotide amplification tests that are highly specific and can be used for non–
invasive specimens including urine and vulval swabs (Malhotra et al. 2013). If Chlamydia
trachomatis is left untreated, it can lead to chronic asymptomatic infection, which as a result can
lead to infertility in females. Chlamydia trachomatis can lead to chronic inflammation of the
Fallopian tubes in which the pathogen is present in the tubal lumen which contributes to infertility
(Svensson et al. 1985). Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common etiological agent of acute
salpingitis, an infection of the fallopian tubes, which can cause a woman to have an ectopic
pregnancy in which the egg implants itself outside of the mother's uterus. If the ectopic pregnancy is
left untreated the mother could potentially die as a result of damage to the surrounding organs or
loss of large amounts of blood(Svensson et al.

Prenatal Care and Preterm Births Essay
Prenatal Care and Preterm Births
In the last 20 years the hopes of survival for neonates have seen significant increase, almost all of
the causes of perinatal mortality and morbidity have decreased. There is only one threat unmoved,
still standing above the rest– Preterm birth. Prematurity or preterm birth is defined as the birth of
any child between 20–37 weeks of gestation. Delivery prior to 20 weeks of gestation is considered a
Natural abortion.1 The survival rate of low birth weight infants has significantly increased from 15–
80% in the last 20 years. However, the incidence of prematurity has not seen any change, neither
decrease nor increase. Currently the average incidence is 10–11%.1
There are noticeable sex and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main reason that the incidence has remained static is that there has been no clear definition of
the chain of events that result in pre–term birth. Without an understanding of how it happens, there
can be no way of stopping the process, and further, of stopping the process once it has begun being
that there is no way of knowing exactly at what stage it is. There has recently been a strong theory
proposed which needs to be given more attention, the prostaglandin theory. Briefly, pro–
inflammatory cytokines and other immunomodulatory proteins produced by either overt or sub–
clinical infection stimulate prostaglandin synthesis and release. This ultimately induces the synthesis
and release of metalloproteases, which bring on cervical ripening and membrane weakening and
rupture. 4 The increased survival rate with a static incidence means that there are more people with
problems in society, more NICU's being filled, more families are having to learn to live with
someone that is handicapped, more problems arise with health care funding as more people have
chronic health problems, and with a little creativity and a careful eye, the rest of this paper could be
a list of the problems that are arising. Some known morbidities of preterm birth include Cerebral
Palsy, ADHD, growth retardation, respiratory distress syndrom, decreased cognitive ability,
decreased academic skills, decreased visual and gross motor

Clonus Research Paper
Acrocyanosis: Bluish discoloration of the hands and feet caused by reduced peripheral circulation.
This is normal in newborns right after birth and may last for a few hours after birth, This happens
because blood and oxygen aren't circulating properly to the hands and feet yet. The problem goes
away as the blood vessels in the baby extremities open up. Intervention is often not required but
some facilities will supplement oxygen for precautionary measures.
Clonus– are rapid alternating muscle contraction and relaxation that may occur when reflexes are
hyperactive. To assess for clonus, the woman's lower legs should be supported with one hand and
the foot well dorsiflexed to stretch the tendon with the other hand, hold the flexion then let go. If no
clonus is present, no movement will be felt or seen. When clonus is ... Show more content on
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Hyperreflexia is an indication of cerebral irritability. This should be reported to the physician
immediately since clonus may indicate an increased risk of convulsions. This is most seen on
Preeclampsia patients due to vasoconstriction of cerebral vessels ( see below).
Preeclampsia – is a result of generalized vasospasm. In normal pregnancy, vascular volume and
cardiac output increase significantly but blood pressure will remain normal because pregnant
women develop resistance to effects of vasoconstrictors such as angiotensin II. In preeclampsia,
peripheral vascular resistance increases because women are sensitive to angiotensin II and they may
also have a decrease in vasodilators. Vasospasms decreases the diameter of blood vessels, which
result in endothelial cell damage and decrease EDRF (endothelium–derived relaxing factor).
Vasoconstriction impeded blood flow and elevate blood pressure, and decreased circulation to
kidneys, liver, brain and placenta. Decreased blood flow to kidneys reduces

The Preterm Birth And Autism
Prematurity and Autism have long time been thought to be linked. For reason such as late
development of preterm infants to the lack of adequate weight at birth. But, is it true that if a baby is
born preterm then they are destined to be autistic? In order to answer that question, we must first be
educated on preterm infants as well as the disorder of Autism. Not many people are educated on
what Autism is and even less are educated on the health and well–being of premature babies. The
purpose for this research is to shed some light on both autism and premature birth as well as justify
if there is any connection between preterm birth and autism.
When one thinks of a baby born prematurely many imagine a tiny one–pound baby barely able to
live even with all the ventilators and machines hooked up to it. They imagine a baby that will be
under weight and unable to leave the hospital for many months to come. Few will know the risk
factors that come along with being preterm, and even less will know that preterm babies are just as
capable of living healthy and normal lives. "Every child develops in their own unique way, and your
baby 's development will depend on a range of factors, including his genetic make–up, and the
environment and influences around him" (https://www.tommys.org).
For those who are unsure of what qualifies a baby as premature, a premature baby is any baby that is
born before 37 weeks' gestation. Any baby born at 37 weeks or higher is considered full term. "Late

West Texas A&M University. Department Of Nursing. N3570L
West Texas A&M University Department of Nursing N3570L Health of Women and Children
Preparation Assignment for Intrapartum Care Complete the following questions below and upload
your responses in an rtf document to your clinical instructor (Gouldy, Denise) through WT class by
0800 Monday. The medications listed in "X" do not need to be uploaded but will be needed in the
clinical setting (you may use the Med Sheet Template found in the OB folder to complete the
information needed on the drugs). 1. Define the following terms: Amniotomy– medical intervention
in which the amniotic sac is ruptured Breech– a position of the fetus in which the feet or buttocks
present first. Not favorable for vaginal delivery. Dilatation–refers to the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Intensity: strength of contractions at their peak (measured by subjective description, palpation and
timing of contractions by a health care provider and electronic monitoring by tocometer) b. Why
must the nurse monitor the uterine contraction pattern of a client in labor? It is important that the
nurse monitor the uterine contraction pattern first to differentiate between false labor (Braxton
Hicks) and true labor. While false labor contractions will be irregular and can be alleviated by
emptying an overly full bladder, relaxing for a period, or drinking a cold glass of water, true
contractions will be consistent and will not subside, but rather increase in frequency, duration and
intensity. Once this distinction is made, contractions must continually be monitored because fetal
well–being is assessed by monitoring fetal response (FHR) during contractions. Also, the frequency,
duration and intensity of the contractions provide information about the progression of labor. 4.
Fetal Heart Rate a. What is the normal baseline range of FHR? 110–160 bpm, with no periodic
changes and a moderate amount of baseline variability. b. Define baseline, variability, decelerations
(early, late, and variable). Baseline: average FHR for a 10 minute segment Variability: fluctuations
in the FHR of 2 cycles/min or greater Decelerations: a decrease in the FHR below baseline; can be

Essay On Sreptocomanoccus Algalactiae
First presented in the 1960's, Streptococcus algalactiae was originally found in bovine. (American
Society for Biology, 2005) It is a Gram positive cocci bacterium that is often called Group B Strep.
It is now more commonly found in humans than in bovine. According to the American Pregnancy
Association, 1 in 4 women naturally have Group B Strep in their genitourinary and GI tract.
(American Cancer Society, 2017.) Gram positive cocci are responsible for the most infections in
humans. According to Lindahl, Carlehalm and Areschoug, "During the last three decades, S.
agalactiae has also emerged as an important cause of human disease and is now the most common
cause of life–threatening invasive bacterial infections (septicemia, ... Show more content on
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These groups being African Americans, women with multiple sexual partners, oral sex, recent or
frequent sex, tampon use, poor hand hygiene, and women who are younger than 20 years old.
Women who are pregnant get tested for S. algalactiae during 35–37 weeks of pregnancy. It is not
recommended to test earlier than this as this bacterium can come and go at any time, thus not always
showing a positive result. It is most important to be tested at the end of the pregnancy when the
woman is closer to giving birth. A sterile swab is used to swab the vagina back to the rectum. It is
then sent to the laboratory where it is cultured. Newborns who are more like to be infected are
babies born to African American mothers, babies born before 37 weeks, if the mother has a high
temperature during labor, a woman with a uterine infection, premature rupture of membranes, and
intrauterine monitoring of the baby. (CDC, 2012) Women who test positive for Group B Strep are
given antibiotics while in labor, usually every 4 hours at least 4 hours before birth, if able. The drug
of choice is normally Penicillin, unless the mother was to have an allergy to this antibiotic. "When
penicillin or ampicillin was given more than 4 hours before birth, it was effective 89% of the time."
(Dekker, 2013) There are some potential harms and benefits to giving antibiotics.

Sepsis Case Study Essay
Sepsis is one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity in preterm babies and is responsible for
45% of late deaths in the neonatal intensive care units (NICUs).1 early diagnosis and management
of sepsis are a great challenge facing neonatologists. Clinical diagnosis is difficult due to non
specific symptoms and signs while laboratory diagnosis is time consuming.2
Blood culture is the gold standard diagnostic method of neonatal sepsis. However, technical
problems as insufficient blood sample or maternal use of antibiotics can be an obstacle in isolating
the responsible pathogens.
In recent years, there has been great interest in studying new indicators of infection such as
interleukin–6 (IL–6), IL–8, and procalcitonin (PCT) and their

Fatigue: A Case Study
Introduction Group B streptococcus (GBS) is one of the leading causes of pneumonia, sepsis,
meningitis and death in the neonatal patient (1). Pregnant women who are carriers of GBS have the
potential to spread the bacterium to their newborn infant via vertical transmission before delivery,
during prolonged labour and premature rupture of membranes, or via post–partum exposure (1,2,3).
The US Center for Disease Control (CDC) estimates that between 10–30% of women are GBS
colonized. Approximately 50% of infants, whose mothers at 37 weeks test GBS positive and are
untreated, become colonized (2). As the spectrum of maternal and fetal GBS infection may range
from asymptomatic colonization to sepsis, careful management is necessary to help protect life and
health (2). Through methods such as prenatal screening and prophylactic antibiotic treatment, the
incidence of neonatal GBS has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Late–onset disease occurs within 7 to 90 days of life, and occurs less frequently than early–onset
disease (5,10). The transmission of late–onset disease can occur via vertical transmission, and less
commonly via nosocomial infection, horizontal transmission, and transmission via breast milk. The
two most common clinical manifestations of late–onset disease include meningitis and bacteremia
(4,5). Early–onset disease occurs within the first 0 to 6 days of life, with the greatest number of
neonates exhibiting signs of infection within the first 24 hours including pneumonia, sepsis, and less
commonly, meningitis (1,10). In early–onset disease, the neonate is exposed to the GBS infection
before or during labour (5). Some infections occur when the neonate is passed through the birth
canal, but the majority of infections occur when the GBS bacterium ascends from the vagina and
into the amniotic fluid after the onset of labour or rupture of membranes

Research Paper On Apoptosis And Necrosis
Cell Death
Cell death is when a biological cell stops carrying out is function. Cell death can be due to the
natural process of replacing old cells with new ones, or may result from factors such as disease,
localized injury, or even death of the whole organism.
Apoptosis vs. Necrosis
Apoptosis is a form of cell death that is caused by normal processes of the human body, necrosis on
the other hand is a form of cell death that is caused by disease states or external inputs such as
infection or injury. Apoptosis also known as programmed cell death may also be used as a defence
mechanism for the body in the healing process and is usually normal and beneficial to the organism.
Necrosis is never normal or beneficial, but abnormal and harmful. Necrosis is regarded as an
unprogrammed death of the cell. Apoptosis almost never demands any medical treatment, on the
other hand if necrosis is left untreated it may result in critical injury or death Apoptosis Necrosis
Introduction Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a form of cell death that is generally triggered
by normal, healthy processes in the body. Necrosis is the premature death of cells and living tissue.
Though necrosis is being researched as a possible form of programmed cell death, it is considered
an "unprogrammed" cell death process at this time.
Natural Yes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Degrading cellular components induces survival of cells during periods of starvation by conserving
cellular energy levels. In this process, certain constituents of the cytoplasm are isolated from the rest
of the cell within a double–membraned vesicle known as an autophagosome. The membranes of the
lysosome and autophagosome fuse and the autophagosome contents are degraded and recycled.
There are three different forms of autophagy that are commonly described, namely macroautophagy,
microautophagy and chaperone–mediated

Ehlers Danlos Syndrome
Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome (EDS) is an inheritable disease that affects the connective tissues within
the body. Since most structures in the body are composed of some form of connective tissue, such as
the skin, bone, blood vessels, organs, and supportive joint structures, there is not really a part of the
body that is left unaffected. Ehlers Danlos can be described as, "widespread manifestations in skin,
ligaments, joints, blood vessels and internal organs" (De Paepe, Malfait 2012). Ehlers Danlos
Syndrome, or EDS, causes hypermobility in the joints and connective tissues of the body, especially
those of the musculoskeletal system. EDS can also cause "velvety" skin that is highly stretchable
and elastic. Since the walls of the vascular structures ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Chronic pain, easy bruising, poor wound healing, premature rupture of membranes, and organ
rupture were all listed above. Other possible complications include, but are not limited to, early
onset arthritis and rupture of the eyeball (Ehlers–Danlos syndrome). While someone with EDS may
experience life in a more challenging way, and potentially a more painful way, most types of EDS
have a normal life expectancy. Vascular Ehlers Danlos Syndrome is the only type that has a
shortened life expectancy due to sudden death related to spontaneous organ rupture (Ehlers–Danlos
Syndrome). While Ehlers Danlos is still a highly–misunderstood disease, due to lack of funding and
an overall anonymity of this disease. EDS is often considered an "orphan disease" due to its lack of
funding and lack of research. While EDS will remain an "orphan" disease, there have been medical
advances. There has been genetic test to find what the most common, hypomobility type, is cause
by. Right not in Ghent, Belgian at the Ghent University Hospital there is a center called Centrum
Medische Genetica Gent is researching this. They have conducted "first reported genome–wide
linkage analysis in an EDS–HT family" (Syx, Symoens, Steyaert, De Paepe. Coucke, Malfiat, 2015)
and finding the LZTS1 gene being connected to it. This type of research helps to provide hope for
those suffering from this illness as new medical advances continue to be made because once a gene
is discovered link to it medical care can be

Sandcastle Worm Research Paper
What do you think of when you see a worm? Would you ever consider the possibilities of a worm
saving the life of a fetus? Worms to me were the last candidate to inspire anything, let alone the
possibilities in helping out in the medical field. However, it seems the humble sandcastle worm is in
danger of becoming a cling–on warrior and very popular in the media eye. The sandcastle worm
possesses a very unique ability. The sandcastle worm (Phragmatopoma californica), live in
sandcastles like tube reefs that have a honeycomb like outward appearance. During low tide the
worm remains in their tubes and they just extend their tentacles allowing them to catch food
particles and sand grains. It attaches the best sand grains to its colony by secreting ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
They do so by inserting a fetoscope which is a long instrument with a tiny camera at the end. To
achieve this wand–like instrument to reach the fetus they have to go through the mom's belly
creating a small incision with a device that has a tiny sharp tip. This process although done routinely
it can puncture the fetal membrane, the sac containing the developing baby, and this rupture can lead
to a premature birth or in extreme cases a miscarriage. "There are currently no effective treatments
for preventing fetal membrane rupture caused by in utero surgery," says study leader Russell J.
Stewart, Ph.D. "Using glue in the fluid–filled uterus is challenging. Our water–borne, non–swelling,
non–toxic adhesives that won't dissolve in water have ideal properties for this challenging
environment. The evidence so far suggests we likely will be able to solve this problem." Dr. Stewart
has also begun studies to use the adhesive in other areas of medicine. When we shatter a bone,
Doctors use mechanical connectors like metal screws, pins, and nails for support until the bone can
bear weight. But it is very challenging to achieve and maintain alignments of small bones fragments.
For precise reconstruction of small bones, health officials have acknowledged that a biocompatible,
biodegradable adhesive could be valuable because it would reduce metal hardware in the body while
maintaining proper alignment of

Preterm Births : Causes And Effects
Causes of Preterm Births Allison Sawey, Period 5 Rochefort December 5, 2014 TABLE OF
CONTENTS Title Page Number Abstract 2 Introduction 3–4 Causes of Preterm Births 5 The Effects
of Previous Preterm Deliveries and Cesarean Sections on Current Pregnancies 5–6 The Correlation
Between Maternal Infections and Preterm Birth 7 The Effects of Environmental Factors on the Risk
of Preterm Births 8 The Correlation Between Maternal Consumption of Drugs and Alcohol on Birth
Outcomes 9 Prevention 10 Conclusion 11 References 12 1 Abstract Preterm births are the leading
reason for infant mortality worldwide. Although many scientists have studied the phenomena of
preterm birth through field experiments, the medical and scientific society still lacks in the
knowledge that is necessary to develop a full treatment for expecting mothers. It is necessary for
both expecting mothers and those considering pregnancy to be aware of the likelihood of preterm
birth and how they can change their lifestyle to ensure a safe delivery for her and the infant. Preterm
birth is extremely dangerous for the newborn child. Due to the shortened amount of time in the
womb, the a premature infant can suffer from multiple complications. Such complications include
brain damage, lung problems, asthma, and many other disorders that could last a lifetime. Through
multiple experiments, scientists are able to pinpoint specific factors that are most likely to cause a
preterm birth.

Premature Birth Effects
The effects on parents through the process of having a premature baby are negative, however,
everyone has their own experiences. Consequently, the causes of premature birth are associated with
the mother, and this enables mothers to be effected psychologically through the birthing experience.
Thus, mothers who have experienced premature birth have themselves formed support networks for
mother experiencing the journey of their child's premature birth.
There are distinct differences between a full term baby and a premature baby, namely their size and
weight, and transparent skin tone. Premature babies are characterised as babies that are born earlier
than the full term of 38–42 weeks of pregnancy. 8% of babies born in Australia each year ... Show
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The diagnosis of PTSD is characterised by a person who is experiencing the traumatic event of
childbirth, and responding with intense shock and fear. Many people who experience PTSD
proclaim that they have persistent re–experience of the event in the form of flashbacks, dreams and
nightmares. When mothers are exposed to situations where they are reminded of their child's birth,
they may become panicky, anxious or distressed, and will try to avoid anything that is reminiscent of
the event and this can lead to feelings of numbness and detachment from their newborn baby.
Suffers of PTSD can have trouble trusting healthcare professionals as they now have a warped view
of the world, which leaves them feeling anxious and

Pollitt's Argumentative Essay
She urged the society to stop blaming women for making such decisions, "We don't think that
women have the right to self, they are supposed to live for others" (p.17). She also discussed the true
social benefits of abortion rights and forced her readers to think about real life consequences of
pregnancies under different circumstances. What about pregnancies resulting from rape or incest?
What about the choice that a mom possesses over bringing a fetus with profound abnormalities?
Pollitt does not wish for any rules or exceptions to be imposed; no blame or shame or moral
judgment she only demands the freedom of choice for every woman. It is the same society including
doctors, nurses and clinics that risk their lives to help and save a woman, but at the same time blame
her and call her "baby killer" and interfere in her most private personal choice about her own body.
Pollitt ended her reclaims on abortion rights, by accusing the pro–choice movement "to fell down on
the job" (p.14). They couldn't represent the effective message over the years and this is what
requires an immediate change. Only by reclaiming abortion as a fundamental right and a normal part
of health care, Pollitt hopes to win the debate. While women possess every right to control ... Show
Everyone including fetus and embryo has the right to live. No civilized society permits one human
to intentionally harm or take the life of another human without being punished. Even if that human
being is not born yet, the United States government consider unborn babies as human beings. The
Federal Unborn Victims of Violence Act, which was enacted to protect unborn children from assault
or murder, states that under federal laws anybody intentionally killing or attempting to kill an
unborn child should be punished.

Phenomenon Of Interest Paper
Phenomenon of Interest: The Prevention of Preterm Labor in Rural Communities The advanced
practice nurse (APN) brings the combined training and experience received in school and the
clinical practice to enhance patient care. Clinical decisions require problem solving, critical
thinking, ethical judgment, and evidence–based practice to ensure patients receive the best care
(Pearson, 2013). This unique set of skills allows the APN to determine areas needing further study to
improve patient outcome. This paper will introduce the author's phenomenon of interest and primary
philosophic viewpoint for providing patient care, discuss an alternative or opposing philosophic
viewpoint to patient care, and summarize the four patterns of knowing in nursing identified by
Barbara Carper in 1978. Phenomenon of Interest While working in a postpartum unit, the ... Show
Therefore, it is necessary to examine the nature of nursing and the knowledge base nurses bring to
the clinical setting to define the scope of nursing practice (Berragan, 1998). To better understand
nursing practice, Barbara Carper in 1978 identified four patterns of knowing nurses adopt in clinical
practice. They are empiric knowing, ethical knowing, personal knowing, and aesthetic knowing. The
first pattern of knowing, empirical knowledge, relates to the science of nursing, and is based on
knowledge gleaned from research and objective facts. Moreover, empirical knowledge is obtained
by systematic observation and testing, and then it is organized into laws and theories accepted by the
scientific community. It seeks to describe, explain, and predict reality in the clinical setting and is
used to develop nursing practices which enhance patient care. Therefore, empirical knowledge is
used by the APN when implementing evidence–based practice in the clinical setting. (Zander,

Pregnant Women Trauma Research
Trauma is an important cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality, and blunt abdominal
trauma is a particular concern. Approximately 8% of pregnant women sustain some form of
traumatic injury. Automobile accidents and falls account for most of the injuries. Studies of pregnant
women involved in automobile accidents have demonstrated increased rates of premature rupture of
membranes, placental abruption, preterm birth, and stillbirth. A recent study examines pregnancies
complicated by traumatic injuries and outcomes in relation to place of triage. According to the
retrospective study published in the Journal of the American College of Surgeons, pregnant women
who sustained traumatic injuries and were triaged to trauma centers experienced

The For Disease Control ( Cdc )
According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC), in 2013 slightly fewer than 4 million
babies are born in the United States each year, and 23% of those labors were induced. "Labor
Induction is a procedure used to stimulate uterine contractions during pregnancy before labor begins
on its own", stated by mayo clinic staff ("Labor"). During the 1980s and 1990s, patients' acceptance
of when and how the delivery was achieved became a significant and sometimes overpowering
consideration; this has not necessarily always been in the long–term best interests of mother or fetus
("MacKenzie").Depending on your health there are various methods of labor induction. Labor
Induction is a common practice in the U.S. today. Labor inductions date all the way back to the
second century AD. Luis Sanchez–Ramos, MD, Division of Maternal–Fetal Medicine states,
"Soranus was the first to practice a combination of procedures to induce labor, including artificial
rupture of the membranes. Casis was the first to invent several instruments capable of cervical
dilation. In 1810, James was the first in the United States to utilize amniotomy to induce premature
labor." In 1913, the use of pituitary extract as a hormonal method to speed up labor helped
obstetricians to become more open to the practice ("Sanchez–Ramos"). The history of labor
induction is continuously in the making. Induction is mainly done for medical reasons. According to
Kecia Gaither, MD, MPH, to lower risk of

Cigarette Smoking During Pregnancy
Introduction "Cigarette smoking, alcohol use and substance abuse is common, and unfortunately,
may have many adverse effects on the developing child as well as the pregnancy, including an
increased risk of fetal growth restriction, premature delivery and placental abruption." (Cogswell,
M. E., Weisberg, P., & Spong, C. 2003) The purpose of this paper is to examine the association
between these maternal habits and the adverse effects they have on pregnancy, particularly the
infant. Cigarette Smoking "Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is known to be harmful and can
result in increased spontaneous abortions in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2005) "Pregnancy complications, such as placental abruption and premature and prolonged rupture
of the membranes, are more common in substance abusing women, and as a consequence their
infants are more likely to be born prematurely and/or of low birth weight." (Greenough, A., &
Kassim, Z. 2005) "There is also an increased rate of stillbirth and growth retardation." (Greenough,
A., & Kassim, Z. 2005) "Infants exposed to certain drugs in utero become physically dependent on
them. (3) After birth the infants suffer withdrawal symptoms, or NAS." (Greenough, A., & Kassim,
Z. 2005) "They have a high pitched cry and suffer from restlessness, hyperrelexia, jitteriness,
hypertonia, myoclonic jerks, convulsions, frequent yawning, sneezing, nasal flaring and tachypnea,
excessive sucking or rooting, poor feeding, regurgitation or projectile vomiting and loose or watery
stools."(Greenough, A., & Kassim, Z. 2005) "Cocaine exposure in utero increases the risk of
cerebral palsy and has been associated with significantly lower intelligence quotients and poorer
language development." (Greenough, A., & Kassim, Z.

The Pregnancy Of A Bacteria Called Group Beta...
Modern day science has allowed us to make pregnancy and childbirth safer and more predictable
than ever. However, we are not invincible to the many organisms that share our world and they can
pose some serious risks for both the mother and the infant during this critical period in life. One
such risk that many mothers don't think about is the potential colonization of a bacteria called Group
Beta Streptococcus (GBS) in their body during pregnancy, specifically around the time of birth. Lab
testing and antibiotic prophylaxis can be thought of as risk–management and has proven to be
effective at reducing GBS infection rates in infants born through the vaginal canal of mothers who
are GBS carriers.
Group Beta Streptococcus (GBS) is a bacteria that is found in the vagina and rectum of 10–30% of
all women. This bacteria comes and goes as it is normal flora for women, similar to yeast. Although
most are asymptomatic, some may experience urinary tract infections while the bacteria is present in
their body. Although GBS does not present much of a problem to the carrier, this specific bacteria
can cause much harm to a newborn who passes through the vaginal canal during birth (ACOG,
2011). Pregnant women can take advantage of modern day screening procedures that look for the
presence of GBS in late pregnancy to determine if antibiotic prophylaxis is warranted.
It is approximated that 50% of all newborns will colonize GBS on their skin during a vaginal birth.
However, colonization

Early Preterm Delivery And Breast Cancer
Abstract Human breast tissue differentiates during pregnancy, and its regression thereafter results in
anti–carcinogenic properties. Theoretically, women who delivery prematurely do not gain the anti–
carcinogenic benefits of a full–term pregnancy and may be at an increased risk for breast cancer
compared to women who carry to term. Limited amount of research has been conducted to
determine if case studies support a positive correlation between early preterm delivery (PTD) and
breast cancer in the mother. Four of five extracted articles agree that early preterm delivery (≤ 32
weeks) of a woman's first child is associated with increased breast cancer development. This review
introduces the stages of breast lobule development, theory behind ... Show more content on
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During this time, primary and secondary ducts grow and divide, forming terminal end ducts.
Alveolar buds surround terminal end ducts like a bunch of grapes, signifying the formation of type 1
lobules. Follicle stimulating hormone and Luteinizing hormone cycles during menstrual periods will
increase the size and number of alveolar buds, which transforms the alveolar buds of type 1 lobules
into ductules of type 2 lobules (Figure 1). Type 1 lobules have approximately 11 alveolar buds
surrounding the terminal end bud, and type 2 lobules have an average of 47 ductules. This is the
extent of tissue differentiation in nulliparous women (Russo, 2004).
During pregnancy, especially in the last weeks, increased concentrations of estrogen and
progesterone stimulate further breast tissue development and differentiation that does not occur in
nulliparous women (Innes & Byers, 2004). Ductules continue to grow and proliferate around
terminal end ducts, signifying the development of type 3 lobules, which have a cluster of
approximately 80 ductules (Russo, 2004). Type 3 lobules transition into type 4 when ductules
generate secretory capabilities and are therefore recognized as acini. Lumina of the acini become
distended with colostrum in the later half of gestation (Russo, 2004).
After pregnancy, type 4 lobules regress into type 3 lobules once more. Regression, also called
involution, is an inflammatory response that clears secretory epithelial cells from the

A Cluster Of Life Threatening Situation
"OBSTETRICAL EMERGENGY"
"A CLUSTER OF LIFE THREATENING SITUATION"
Waribam Aruna Devi
Vice Principal (Obstetric & Gynecological Nursing)
Shivalik Institute of Nursing,Shimla aruna.waribam@gmail.com ABSTRACT
Obstetrical emergency is a life – threatening situation for both the mother and the fetus during
pregnancy, during labour and after birth. Obstetric emergencies can occur suddenly and
unexpectedly they are associated with adverse effect to maternal and perinatal outcome. Early
identification of high risk pregnancies can reduce the obstetric emergencies .It occurred more
frequently during antenatal period (52%) than intranatal (32%) or postnatal period (16%). Early
diagnosis for any kind of possible complication during pregnancy, labour and after birth may lead to
good prognosis for both mother and baby. In obstetrical emergency situations, optimal management
requires the immediate coordinated actions of a multi–disciplinary and multi–professional team. In
order to manage obstetric emergencies there should be multiple skilled attendants covering 24 hours
a day, seven days a week, assisted by trained support staff and for managing surgical related
complication there should be functional operating theatre, with more support staff and they must be
able to administer safe blood transfusions and anaesthesia.
Keywords: Obstetrical Emergency, shoulder dystocia, placenta accreta, amniotic fluid embolism,
inversion of uterus.
INTRODUCTION
Obstetrical emergency is a serious

Smoking During Pregnancy can at least be Linked to...
Many would argue that childbirth is a beautiful and miraculous event, however the process of the
pregnancy is a very fragile time in the mother's life. During this time most everyone would agree
that the mother should attempt to do everything that is possible to take care of her body. There are
some habits, however, that an extremely difficult to break, even during a pregnancy. The practice of
smoking tobacco is one of those habits. Many doctors would argue that smoking is never healthy for
the body especially during a pregnancy. For years institutions have sought to produce statistical data
to uncover the effects of smoking during a pregnancy. Even with the changing times, statistical
studies on this topic, continue to produce the same conclusions. In 1965, the Department of
Obstetrics and Gynecology at Palo Alto Medical Clinic in California, published a study of the
pregnancy data of 5,659 women, who received care at their facilities from 1952 to 1958 (Downing) .
This study recorded the end results of each pregnancy for both smokers, of which there were 2,630,
and non–smokers, of which there were 3,029 (Downing). This study found mixed results within
different types of pregnancy complications. The study found that there were 88 premature births in
smokers, compared to 66 in non–smokers (Downing). At the same time there were more of both
abortions and post–natal deaths in non–smokers than in smokers. 'Chart 1–A' illustrates the
comparison of the pregnancies of both the

Twin Amniotic Essay
Evaluating amniotic fluid is an essential component of any obstetric ultrasound exam. It is
especially important in twin pregnancies, as they can be difficult and complex to begin with. This
article describes a potential pitfall, the amniotic wrinkle, which can lead to the erroneous impression
that both twins have adequate fluid when one actually has oligohydramnios. The intrauterine sling or
cocoon sign is also discussed, which, with the amniotic wrinkle, has been linked to twin–twin
transfusion syndrome. Typically, the intertwin membrane consists of two amnion layers in a
monochorionic diamniotic pregnancy, or four layers (amnion, chorion, chorion, amnion) in a
dichorionic diamniotic pregnancy. In cases with severe oligohydramnios of one twin, it can be
difficult to show the diamniotic membrane because it wraps closely around the contours of the
effected twin. The amniotic wrinkle occurs when there is extra membrane and it folds on itself,
shifting inward toward the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is important that the membrane be shown in every image that is used to document fluid attributed
to either twin. Overall, as sonographers it is important to strive optimal images. Remember, in order
to visualize the membrane properly, an image must be obtained perpendicular to the amniotic
wrinkle, as an image obtained parallel to the amniotic wrinkle may produce a horizontal echogenic
line with normal amniotic fluid spaces both above and below it. Imaging parallel to the membrane
can be erroneously interpreted as showing adequate fluid for each twin, even though both visualized
fluid spaces belong only to one twin, with the second twin having little or no

Disadvantages Of Prostaglandins And Misoproston
7 Discussion: The aim was to study if prostaglandins and oxytocin differ in cesarean section when
labor is induced. Method To accomplish the project and thesis statement, method of literature study
was chosen that consisted of scientific articles. The positive aspect with this literature study was that
it gave access to old as well as new research and contained research articles from all over the world.
While additional filters in the search bar made it easier to limit the study on the area of interest. It
gave access to all type of study design which made simpler and convenient. The negative aspect of
this literature study was that one does not have access to all type of articles. Some articles are
available to access free and some of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They differ from each other in safety and efficacy. Therefore, to ripen the cervix prostaglandins such
as misoprostol and dinoprostone are used. Dinoprostone is approved as labor inducing agent by
lakemedelsverket in Sweden whereas misoprostol is not approved because its purpose of using as
labor inducing agents is not described in lakemedelsverket. It has been used to in the treatment of
gastric ulcer for a long time and this has been approved. However there is a difference in price
between misoprostol and dinoprostone. Misoprostol and oxytocin are more affordable (cheaper)
than dinoprostone. Misoprostol can easily be stored at room temperature while dinoprostone must be
kept in a cold temperature. Misoprostol is available in the strength of 200 µg in Sweden while
strength that is recommended to use during induction of labor is 25 µg. (14) To use it during labor
induction, 200 µg of tablet must be divided into eight equal parts which is practically not possible.
Sometimes, more than one induction can take place in hospital and in stressful situations it is not
applicable to be busy in dividing tablets. In poor or under developed countries where resources are
not rich, misoprostol could be the only inducing agent used for cervical

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