Malaria Essay

Malaria Essay
Malaria (also called biduoterian fever, blackwater fever, falciparum malaria, plasmodium, Quartan
malaria, and tertian malaria) is one of the most infectious and most common diseases in the world.
This serious, sometimes–fatal disease is caused by a parasite that is carried by a certain species of
mosquito called the Anopheles. It claims more lives every year than any other transmissible disease
except tuberculosis. Every year, five hundred million adults and children (around nine percent of the
world's population) contract the disease and of these, one hundred million people die. Children are
more susceptible to the disease than adults, and in Africa, where ninety percent of the world's cases
occur and where eighty percent of the cases ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, only female mosquitoes can distribute the disease, as male mosquitoes do not feed on humans.
Mosquitoes pass malaria to humans through their salivary glands. Once the parasites have entered
the blood stream, they go to the liver. In the liver they mature and undergo reproduction, forming
merozoites. These merozoites enter the blood stream and inject themselves into red blood cells.
Once inside the blood cells, they reproduce rapidly and within forty–eight to seventy–two hours, the
blood cell bursts, releasing hemoglobin into the blood stream. It is the destruction of these blood
cells and the hemoglobin released into the blood stream that actually causes most of the symptoms.
While the most common way malaria is transmitted is from mosquitoes to humans, there are other
ways of catching the disease. One way is from mother to her unborn child. When a disease is
contracted this way it is said to have been transmitted congenitally. Another way is during blood
transfusions. This is why it is important to be tested for diseases such as malaria before you give
blood.
Malaria is diagnosed in two different ways. The most exact way is by an examination of the blood.
To do this, a doctor would take a drop of blood, stain it, and look at it under a microscope to see if
there were any parasites in it. Diagnosing malaria by the symptoms it causes is not as exact as blood
examination, but is used a lot in Africa, where most cases are treated at
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Malaria Essay
Malaria
There are a great number of diseases that are endemic in many of the poorer, developing nations due
to the lack of sanitation and disease prevention programs in these areas. The steady increase of
malaria epidemics in many of the African countries is a point of great concern, because this
continent is home to 90% of the world's total cases of this particular disease.
Malaria gets its name from "mal aria," meaning bad air, because patients used to blame the sudden
illness on the poor air quality of the nearby swamps. Scientists now know that malaria is a parasitic
infection caused by a single–celled protozoan, Plasmodium. Of the four types of this parasite,
Plasmodium falciparum is recognized as the most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is largely due to the misuse of the prescription antibiotic and a lack of education on how to
properly take the medication. The symptoms of malaria will sometimes be alleviated in a very short
time of taking the antibiotic and patients will stop refilling their prescription, assuming that they
have been cured. The medication should still be taken, however, to insure that the infection has been
eliminated from the body completely, not to return again with an increased severity as happens in
some patients. The misuse of antibiotic drugs contributes to the growing number of resistant
populations of Plasmodium, a chief concern in the care of malarial patients, because these patients
do not respond to the DDT antibiotics and, therefore, must seek alternative methods of treatment.
Unlike that of many other diseases that, unfortunately, plague the world's population today, the
technology exists for the prevention, treatment, and cure of malaria and it is widely used. The
prevalence of the disease in many of the tropical regions is due to the harsh reality that many of
these people cannot afford the antibiotics or mosquito repellents that could easily save their lives.
The absence of effective sanitation programs is also a leading cause of uncontrolled disease
outbreaks because the bacteria or parasite has an increased available breeding ground. The only
method of decreasing

Causes And Consequences Of Malaria
Today, the leading cause of death and most serious health concern in Nigeria is Malaria. All but 10%
of malaria cases in the tropical African region occur in Nigeria. Malaria accounts for 30% of deaths
in children below the age of five, a quarter of deaths in infants, and just above ten percent of deaths
in mothers (1, 7). Common symptoms of malaria in adults are headaches, weakness, fever, aches,
high temperatures and loss of appetite. In children excess sleeping, nausea, and vomiting are
additional symptoms (7). The burden of malaria in Nigerian is tremendous due to its detrimental
impact on the physical and emotional health of the people and on the economic growth of the
country.
Malaria is caused by the bite of an anopheles gambiae mosquito with a plasmodium parasite inside.
There are four different protozoa, all part of the plasmodium genus, that can cause malaria:
Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malaria, and Plasmodium falciparum. In
Nigeria 98% of cases of malaria are due to the P. falciparum species, which causes the most severe
form of malaria resulting in death (3). Nigeria is affected by malaria severely due to its climate, 70–
90 degrees Fahrenheit and at least 60 percent humidity. As the temperature increases the parasite
within the mosquito grows increasingly faster. Another factor that is responsible for the severity of
malaria in Nigeria is the rainfall which leads to pools of standing water which in turn become
breeding areas for mosquitoes

Malaria Essay
Malaria
Malaria parasites have been with us since the beginning of time, and fossils of mosquitoes up to
thirty million years old show that malaria's vector has existed for just as long. The parasites causing
malaria are highly specific, with man as the only host and mosquitoes as the only vector. Every year,
300,000,000 people are affected by malaria, and while less than one percent of these people die,
there are still an estimated 1,500,000 deaths per year. While
Malaria was one of the first infectious diseases to be treated successfully with a drug, scientist are
still looking for a cure or at least a vaccination today
(Cann, 1996). Though many people are aware that malaria is a disease, they are
unaware ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Here, sexual forms of the parasite develop in the stomach of the Anopheles mosquito completing the
parasites life cycle (Herman, 1996).
People infected malaria have several symptoms including fever, chills, headaches, weakness, and an
enlarged spleen (Herman, 1996). The amount of time for symptoms to appear differs depending on
the form of the parasite. Those infected with Plasmodium falciparum experience symptoms after
about twenty–four hours, those infected with Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale produce
symptoms after a forty–eight hour interval, and after seventy–two hours
Plasmodium malariae begin causing fever and chills (Cann, 1996).
Most malaria cases seem to cluster in the tropical climate areas extending into the subtropics, and
malaria is especially endemic in Africa. In
1990 eighty percent of all reported cases were in Africa, while the remainder of most cases came
from nine countries: India, Brazil, Afghanistan, Sri–Lanka,
Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Cambodia, and China. Globally, the disease circulates in almost one
hundred countries causing up to 1,500,000 deaths annually (Cann, 1996).
Because there is no definite cure for malaria, scientists are trying their hardest to contain the parasite
to where it now exists. The range of a vector from a suitable habitat is fortunately limited to a
maximum

Symptoms And Treatment Of Malaria
Introduction
Malaria is a parasitic infection, transmitted by the bite of the infected female Anopheles mosquito.
Five types of plasmodia cause the disease to humans: Plasmodium (P.) falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale,
P. malariae and P. knowlesi. The most common symptoms of malaria are, chills, high fever, malaise,
headache sweating and muscle aches, manifest 1–4 weeks after infection with the parasite, while
relapses of the disease are usually observed in short intervals but up to 5 and in extreme cases even
up to 8 years in P. vivax infections (Walker and Colledge 2014; ). A number of effective anti–
malaria drugs are available to treat the infection. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment is essential to
forestall complications.
Furthermore, while most UK travellers acquiring malaria are of African heritage visiting friends and
family, a UK study in 2012 identified that the risks of dying from malaria, once acquired, are highest
in the elderly, tourists, and those presenting for medical help in areas where malaria is not endemic
(Checkly, Smith and Smith, 2012). The risk of dying from malaria depends on several factors: not
realising there is a risk, not taking malaria prevention tablets, delay in seeking prompt medical care,
and wrong diagnosis and initiating treatment (Walker and Colledge, 2014).
Not only that, Malaria is endemic in more than 100 countries around the world, mainly in sub–
Sahara Africa and Asia. The marshlands of coastal southern and eastern England had

Malaria In Madagascar
In Madagascar, Malaria has been a major concern due to its steady impact on child mortality. This
public health disease has rendered low economic country being trapped in poverty. When the
resident lack access to basic healthcare, treatment are often delayed that leads to a severe
consequence. Without aggressive involvement in tackling the problem, malaria continues to plague
Madagascar for the last 30 years. In a cross–sectional study conducted by Meeker and Yukich
(2016) explored the association of household having a bed net and child mortality rate in
Madagascar. Every year, it costs the Madagascar government about $52 million dollars on
prevention efforts. The most preferred strategy in Malaria prevention was distributing the long–
lasting insecticide–treated bed nets, also known as LLIN. The distribution of LLIN did decreased
child mortality rate by 22% in the last 10 years. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This prevailing impact prevents people from having the means to safeguard their health by regularly
follow up with primary care for disease prevention. One study analyzed the conservation and
development of Madagascar in the past thirty years. The research utilized data collected from online
databases and government website to run a tracking progress report on eight Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs). The first six of the goals ties directly to the Human Development
Index that covers issues of poverty, gender equality, maternal health, education, child mortality, and
malaria disease. For instance, Madagascar was regarded as ranking number one in the world for
having large portion of working force still living in poverty. Health outlook on Malaria was
concerning as well, ranking 33rd out of the 188 countries in prevalence rate. The interpreting result
on these six issues shows either slow progress or no improvement comparing to the rest of the
developing nations ("Madagascar 30

Malaria In Cuba Essay
Malaria has been a major life–threatening disease for thousands of years, and continues to threaten
millions of lives around the world. It infects approximately 219 million people each year, mostly
poor women and children. What is striking about malaria is the fact that it has the worse effect on
those with the least ability to fight the disease. The Republic of Cuba believes that malaria
prevention, treatment, and research efforts must be accelerated to eliminate the burden of this
disease across Africa, Asia, the Americas, and any country or territory at risk of malaria
transmissions.
Due to the fact that there is currently no risk of malaria in the Republic of Cuba, malaria is not an
issue in the Republic of Cuba. The Republic of Cuba however, would like to help countries or
territories at risk with their knowledge and experience they have had with malaria. After vector
control efforts during ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Yahya A. J. J. Jammeh, a team of experts from Havana's Pedro Kourí Institute of Tropical Medicine
arrived in the capital of Banjul to join the national malaria effort. "We have permanent doctors.
Communities now have access to a doctor within a reasonable distance. We have found that there's
no cultural shock for the Cuban doctors. They adjust very well in our communities. Immediately
they arrive, they are at home...They relate to the people. They see themselves as equals with the
people. And people really appreciate that in this country – including the government. And so,
they've done wonders, a lot of indicators have improved since the existence of the Cuban doctors in
this country. It's commendable." says Mrs. Isatou Njie–Saidy, Gambia's Vice President from
Interview with Isatou Njie–Saidy, February 9, 2005. Not only that but the Republic of Cuba's
government and the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC)
have entered a partnership to employ biotechnology in eradicating malaria in

Vaccines And The Eradication Of Malaria
Vaccines are crucial components to put an end to Malaria. The process of eradicating Malaria starts
with studying Plasmodium falciparum. People have supportedthe efforts of trying to decrease the
intensity of the disease, but if malaria vaccines are to be used as part of a tool for the eradication of
malaria, they will need to have an impact on malaria transmission. They've brought us the concept
of "vaccines that stops malaria transmission".Transmission–blocking vaccines target the sexual and
mosquito stages but also the asexual stage vaccines that have an effect on transmission.Vaccines
have also been useful for sustained control of diseases.
Introduction
A malaria diseased area has been classified as transmission intensity. However, malaria
epidemiology cannot be characterized on a one–dimensional scale. Evidence of specific clinical
locations of disease or parasite species, is the beginning of natural immunity. The spread of an
antimalarial drug resistance, and vectors involved in transmission, among others, spread across
endemic areas. If the eradication is to be a success, then the malaria vaccine will need to target other
malaria parasite species, especially Plasmodium.
Discussion
Furthermore, malaria parasites have a complex life cycle in which they infect humans and are
transmitted by Anopheline mosquitoes.The completion of the parasite life cycle was a success and
requires specific molecular interactions between the parasite and host or vector tissues. It may be

Malaria Is An Ancient Disease
Background Malaria is an ancient disease. The name itself traces its origins to Medieval Italian:
"mal aria" or bad air referred to a swampy area of Rome known as the Pontina that saw very high
infection rates (Beltz, 2011). To this day, the disease continues to be one of the most important
parasitic infections known to man. According to the World Health Organization, 3.4 million people
may be considered at risk on a global scale and estimates indicate that there were 207 million cases
in 2012 with 627,000 deaths (WHO, 2013). More than 85% of these cases occur on the continent of
Africa as well as 90% of the deaths. In highly endemic regions, malaria is more of an issue of
morbidity than mortality, although the majority of individuals may be parasitized at any given time
only a minority exhibit severe symptoms (Marsh & Snow, 1997). Instead these countries are at a
significant economic disadvantage due to ill workers, lack of tourism and company investments, not
to mention the educational loss future generations also incur. A febrile illness characterized by cyclic
periods the length of which directly correlates to the parasite responsible; malaria is caused by five
species of the genus Plasmodium, apicomplexan protozoa. These include P. falciparum, P. vivax, P.
malariae, P. ovale and P. knowlesi. Of these, the first two noted are the most prevalent with
falciparum malaria being the most severe (Lopez Del Prado et al., 2014). A vectorborne disease,
malaria is transmitted

Malaria In Kenya Essay
In Kenya, an African country that is affected by Plasmodium falciparum, the most aggressive of the
four species of malaria, the negative economic impact of malaria can be clearly seen. Malaria–
related GDP losses reached 2–6% of the total economic output of the country, with 58% of those
losses being in the agricultural sector and 7% in the industrial sector (Chima, 2003). When workers
or their children contract malaria, they are unable to go to work, work effectively, or spend money
on things other than treatment (Chima, 2003). In other words, malaria acts as a drain on both the
productivity of a country, as often there is no other person available to take the place of the absent
worker. Furthermore, the costs of finding alternates to replace workers who have fallen ill, or must
take care of their children is placed squarely on the shoulders of businesses, while the individual
who contracted malaria, or must care for someone who has malaria is unable to both earn money for
their absent days, as well as spend money in areas other than the treatment of malaria, thus
stimulation only a small portion of the economy, and effectively blocking the circulation of funds in
the economy to their fullest extent (Chima, 2003).
Moreover, when examining the intersection between the medical impacts of malaria on the human
and the social consequences, a vicious cycle is revealed in which the body, the community, and the
economy are all similarly impacted by the presence of malaria in a

Prevention And Treatment Of Malaria
Cases of malaria are found all over the world, but especially in tropical regions. This disease is very
widespread because people obtain malaria when visiting these areas and then they bring it back to
where they live. Malaria affects millions of people every year, and depending on the case it can be
very serious or easily treated. At the moment there is only one main method that doctors use to treat
malaria, but there are many precautions that can be taken to prevent it from infecting someone.
There is only one way a person can acquire malaria, and that is through a mosquito bite. The
mosquito that can spread malaria has to be of a certain genus and gender. The type that transmits
malaria is an Anopheles mosquito. This kind of mosquito is the only one who can affect humans
because anopheles obtain a parasite when taking in the blood of an affected person. This parasite is
called a Plasmodium, and it grows inside of the mosquito until it reaches its fullest potential. When
this occurs, the mosquito can then infect a person. Also, only female anopheles mosquitoes can
transmit malaria. This is because females need blood to gather nutrients that are necessary to make
their eggs, and the males do not need to do this. In order for a person to attain malaria there is a
certain process that occurs. The first step is that a mosquito bites a person who is already affected
with malaria. Because of this the mosquito now contains malaria and can further transmit it to other
humans.

Malaria Essay
Introduction
Malaria is a disease whose effects can be felt worldwide. Not only does the disease touch adults,
unfortunately the major population affected by the disease is children under the age of 5yrs old and
pregnant women. Malaria is the third largest killer of children worldwide. The number of malaria
related deaths per years has decreased through the years form 300 million cases worldwide in 1999
to 198 million cases in 2013, also malaria related deaths have decreased by a sum of 60% from the
year of 2000 to 2015, however the number of deaths (438,000 in 2014) is extremely high and can be
drastically lowered or even diminished completely with the right resources. These resources have
proven to be available and successful in some particularly wealthy areas of the world including
Brazil, Eritrea, and Vietnam, yet malaria is still very prevalent and fatal in others namely Kenya,
Nigeria and Rwanda. The question is why? What roles does government play in this international
issue? What steps can be taken to rid the world of malaria completely?
Malaria is a blood disease that is caused by the Plasmodium parasite. There are four species of
Plasmodium, or malaria; Plasmodium Falciparum, P.Vivax, P. Ovale, and P.Malariae. The distinction
between P. Falciparum and the rest is simply that it is a more severe, life threatening version of
Malaria. Malaria is most commonly transmitted between people by the anopheles mosquito through
its bite. The female anopheles is the only

Malaria Is A Preventable Disease
Part I: Background Malaria is a preventable disease transmitted by a female anopheles mosquito that
has a global annual death impact of over one million mainly concentrated in sub–Saharan Africa
(Patricia Schlagenhauf–Lawlor, & Funk–Baumann, M., 2005, pg. 6)(1). Although malaria is almost
unheard of in developed countries like the United States, in the early 1900s malaria was just as
prevalent as it is in sub–Saharan Africa today. The United States has eradicated local malaria due to
increased finances and physician led public health missions in the 1940's in the form of the DDT
campaign(Humphries, 2001, pg. 2). However, in underdeveloped countries mainly located in
tropical areas, the death toll to malaria continues to rise due to challenges and barriers between
accumulating hefty finances, adequate resources and delivering affective outreach programs(
Jennifer Kates, Michaud, J., Wexler, A., Valentine, A., 2013)(3). Malaria thrives in warm and human
areas that have bounty stagnant water sources ideal for breeding and egg nesting. Once bitten by a
mature anopheles mosquito the incubation time between infection and showing symptoms is usually
between 6–7 days (Patricia Schlagenhauf–Lawlor, & Funk–Baumann, M., 2005, pg. 10)(1). The
common symptoms of malaria like chills, headache and perfuse diaphoresis to name a few,
exacerbate due to parasitic replication and destruction of the bodies RBC. Once the cell is destroyed
the merozites from the RBC disperse throughout the

Malaria Is A Threat Of Malaria
Malaria, just the very name rings with menace. It is a life threatening disease cause by parasites
transmitted from infected bites of female mosquitoes. Now if you live in any area that is humid, hot,
and prone to rain or near water and has mosquitos you are at risk for contracting this parasite.
Normally Africa, South America, Middle East, rarely developed countries. About 3.2 billion people,
almost half of the world's population, are at risk of malaria. Granted we live in a time where in the
United States malaria is rare to hear about these days but in developing and undeveloped countries,
Malaria is a very real threat. Malaria has been plaguing societies for years. Only recently has the
Unites States and other countries been able to make it a rare instance due to control of mosquitos.
The symptoms of malaria was first described in Chinese writings, the Nei Ching (2700 BC). It
became widely known in Greece, Hippocrates noted the principle symptoms. In the Susruta, a
Sanskrit medical treatise, the symptoms of malaria were described and attributed to certain bites of
insects. Some Roman writers thought the diseases were attributed to swampy areas. In the New
World, Indians told Spanish missionaries of the medical bark they used to treat the fevers of those
infected with malaria. With the bark it actually cured the wife of the Viceroy of Peru. After this the
bark from that tree was called Cinchona after the countess. The antimalarial, quinine, derives from
this bark and

Malaria Is An Infectious Disease
Background Malaria is considered as one of the deadliest diseases around the world. The cases of
malaria are getting worse and more serious especially in the African countries. Almost 40% of the
world's population could be affected by the disease. Malaria could cause over 1 million deaths each
year and could result to enormous damages to human and social–being (Gething et al., 2014). Most
of the international organizations concerning human health have been working on provisions for
early the diagnosis and treatment of the disease as well as selective measures such as vector control.
Definition
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by parasitic protozoans which belong to the plasmodium
type. It is commonly transmitted by female Anopheles mosquito. The mosquito bite transfers the
bacteria into the bloodstream. The parasite migrates to the liver and reproduce. (Slutsker & Kachur,
2013).
Brief History The cases of malaria could be recognized from the writings of ancient civilization.
There are ancient Chinese writings which described the symptoms of malaria (Gething et al., 2014).
However, its mechanism is not known until the discovery of the malaria parasite. The parasite was
discovered by Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran who is a French surgeon. He noticed the parasites in
the blood of the patient diagnosed with malaria. He was awarded Nobel Prize for his discovery. In
addition, the widely used antimalarial drug that is used in the modern times is discovered during the

Malaria In The United States
About one million people die of malaria every year yet it is not highly publicized in the United
States. This is because malaria is not as prevalent in the United States as it is in other parts of the
world such as Africa, Asia and South America. Numerous amounts of people in the United States
have heard about malaria but a lot of people do not know exactly what the disease is. Although
people who get the disease are typically poor, malaria is a parasitic disease that can affect anyone,
including the healthy and wealthy if the right precautions are not taken. This is evident in the case of
Fausto Coppi, a wealthy Italian cyclist who died of malaria in 1959.
Malaria is a disease of the blood that is transmitted from person to person by a female ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
For starters, Coppi could have taken an antimalarial drug 1–2 days before travelling to Burkina
Faso, a country where high malaria transmission occurs and 80 percent of malaria cases are of this
deadly strain. Additionally, the right precaution to take would be using insecticide mosquito nets,
which offer protection against insects and the diseases they carry. Due to the fact that insecticide–
treated nets kill the mosquitoes, they help reduce malaria transmission. Bed nets have been shown to
greatly reduce malaria morbidity and mortality. Lastly, Coppi could have been treated with ACTs as
opposed to medication used for bronchial

The Pros And Consequences Of Malaria
Introduction
Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death all over the world [1]. Malaria, also called
plasmodium infection, is one of the most important human infectious diseases threatening the lives
of millions of people every year. According to WHO malaria report, globally, an estimated 3.2
billion people in 97 countries and territories are at risk of being infected with malaria and
developing disease, and 1.2 billion are at high risk [2]. Although the disease has been eradicated in
most areas, it's still widespread in some regions [2]. The biggest challenges in controlling malaria
disease are the emergence of anti–malarial drug resistance and insecticide resistance in parasite and
mosquito, respectively [3–5]. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel intervention
strategies such as vaccines to reduce the burden of malaria morbidity and mortality. Malaria is
commonly associated with poverty and has a major negative effect on economic development [6].
Oral vaccines offer exciting possibilities for reducing the burden of diseases especially in
developing regions of the world. Oral vaccines are inexpensive, easily administered (needle–free)
and capable of being stored and transported without refrigeration [7]. In contrast to injected
vaccines, oral vaccines are mucosal–targeted, which cause stimulation of systemic as well as
mucosal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
INF–γ is also called immune INF, due to activating macrophages and enhancing phagocytic activity
leading to activation of immune responses. On the other hand, INF–γ results in the expression of
MHCI and MHCII molecules on the surface of infected cells and antigen presenting cells,
respectively, therefore enhancing antigen presenting and immune system activity. In addition, INF–γ
activates the secretion of IgG and its subclasses by effecting on B lymphocytes (The positive effect
of INF–γ on immune responses to malaria parasite is discussed

Running Head: Malaria In African Children. . . . Malaria
Running head: MALARIA IN AFRICAN CHILDREN
Malaria in African Children:
It only take a bite
Reginah Wanjiku
Virginia College Montgomery – Nursing
Malaria claims more lives than any other communicable disease except tuberculosis. Over 200
million cases worldwide are reported each year. According to the World Health Organization
Research, Malaria is a mosquito–borne disease caused by the parasite plasmodium (WHO, 2011). It
is a life–threatening disease transmitted through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito.
Unfortunately, an estimated death toll of 1 million African children is reported. Thus this paper will
aim to further define this condition while describing clinical manifestations and preventive ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
About 90% of cases are in tropical regions of Africa. About 95% of deaths are Africans under the
age 5. The most common form of malaria is the product of a nefarious partnership between the
Anopheles Gambia mosquito and the Plasmodium Falciparum parasite. Mosquitoes pick up the
parasite by feeding on an infected human host. The parasite lives in the mosquitoe 's gut until the
mosquito bites another human. (Sheiban et al., 2006). The incubation period between the bite of the
mosquito is fourteen days. Falciparum malaria has an incubation period of around eighteen days and
the malaria infection has a 6 week incubation period. Symptoms of malaria can begin as early as
sixteen to eighteen days after a bite by an infected mosquito. They include: High fever (up to 105
degrees Fahrenheit) with shaking chills, profuse sweating when the fever suddenly drops fatigue,
headache, muscle aches, abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, feeling faint when you stand up
or sit up quickly. If treatment is delayed, more severe complications of malaria can occur such as
brain tissue injury, which can cause extreme sleepiness, delirium, unconsciousness, convulsions and
coma, pulmonary edema, which is a dangerous accumulation of fluid inside the lungs that interferes
with breathing, kidney failure, and severe anemia, resulting from the destruction of infected red
blood cells and decrease in the production of new red blood cells (WHO,

Malaria Is A Disease Of The Poor
Would a country free of malaria still be just as poor? Malaria is frequently referred to as a disease of
the poor. Malaria is a disease that kills millions of people in tropical areas where malaria carrying
mosquitoes swarm in the jungle (Friedlander). Malaria is caused by tiny living things called
Protozoans. When an infected mosquito bites a person, the protozoans enter the person's blood. They
live inside red blood cells as parasites. They take everything they need to live from the cells, which
kill the cells (Britannica). Malaria is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today.
The World Health Organization estimates that over 300 million new cases of malaria arise a year,
with approximately two to three million deaths resulting from
Life cycle of the human malaria parasite. contraction. (Carrington).
Mainly I chose Malaria as my research topic because I love learning about parasites and their
behavior. Also I chose it because it is a common disease in Sri Lanka, which is where I come from
and also because one of my best friends died from malaria. I want to know why malaria mostly
spread in poor countries such as Africa, India, and Peru. Another reason I chose malaria as my topic
because one day I want to become a doctor and help people live in poor countries.
Before the research I knew malaria is a disease which occurs mostly in poor, tropical and subtropical
areas of the world. I also knew people get malaria by being bitten by an infective mosquito.

Ddt and Malaria
Should DDT Be Used Against Malaria
DDT is an effective control mechanism for containing the spread of malaria. However, when used as
a control mechanism for agriculture, it has been shown to cause environmental harm to ecosystems
in the area. This has lead to many misconceptions that DDT is strictly a harmful chemical that only
leads to negative outcomes. However, there is evidence that shows the opposite when DDT is used
as a control mechanism in controlling the spread of malaria. DDT should be used as a control
mechanism against malaria as long as the activity of spraying is closely monitored and contained.
DDT should not be used as the only answer to solving the problem of malaria but should play an
important role. The purpose of this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The campaign was highly successful. As a result of the Campaign, malaria was eradicated by 1967
from all developed countries where the disease was endemic and large areas of tropical Asia and
Latin America were freed from the risk of infection (Milloy). It was estimated that around 500
million lifes were saved. However, at the time, the campaign was not considered to be feasible in
Africa. As a result little efforts were put into helping the situation. Production of DDT continued to
increase with peak production of the compound reaching 386 million pounds (175 million
kilograms) globally in 1970.
At the same time as DDT was being used to eliminate malaria, farmers were using the chemical in
substantial amounts as an insecticide. Monoculture farming was introduced in the 1950's and DDT
was used by farmers to spray the large stretches of land their crops covered. However,
environmentalists and scientists soon were observing that DDT was harming the ecosystems around
which it was being used. DDT is considered harmful because of its chemical properties (DDT
(dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane)). It was thought that consumption of DDT large quantities could
be toxic. DDT is also dangerous because it has a long half life which means it takes a very long time
to break down in the environment. DDT 's long life is due to its low solubility in

Malaria Research Paper
Malaria is a serious disease caused by a parasite. Infected mosquitoes spread it. Malaria is very
common throughout the world. In the United States, the main risk is to persons traveling to tropical
and subtropical countries where malaria is a problem. There are four different types of malaria
caused by four related parasites. The most deadly type occurs in Africa south of the Sahara Desert.
The symptoms characteristic of malaria include fever, chills, muscle aches, and headache. Cycles of
chills, fever, and sweating that recur every 1, 2 or 3 days are typical. There can sometimes be
vomiting, diarrhoea, coughing and yellowing (jaundice) of the skin and whites of the eyes. The
treatment for malaria depends upon the geographic area where a person has been infected with the
disease. Different areas of the world have malaria types that are resistant to certain medications.
Malaria is a disease which can be transmitted to people of all ages. It is caused by parasites of the
species Plasmodium that are spread from person to person through the bites of infected mosquitoes.
Malaria is a parasitic disease that involves infection of the red blood cells. Of the four types of
malaria, the most serious type is falciparum malaria, which can be life–threatening. The other three
types of malaria (vivax, malariae, and ovale) are generally less serious and are not life–threatening.
The scientific name of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Jaundice.
3. Stools, bloody.
4. Muscle pain.
5. Anemia.
6. Headache.
7. Nausea and vomiting.
Treatment of Malaria
Prevention of malaria what is practiced in epidemic areas is by spraying insecticides like DDT.
Many new drugs are available for malaria, however most of the drugs are derived from Quinine
derivatives. Malaria often requires treatment with medicine (antimalarial medications). Most of the
time antimalarial medications effectively treat the infection; however, some malaria parasites may
survive because they are in the liver or are resistant to the

Ancient Mystery of Malaria
Ancient Mystery of Malaria
Malaria is a disease that has wrought history since the dawn of time itself. It has conquered some of
the mightiest warlords in history including Tutankhamen, Alexander the Great, Attila the Hun and
Genghis Khan. The earliest records of malaria symptoms date back to 2700 BCE, first described in
the Nei Ching, an ancient Chinese medical script. The Chinese described the prominent symptoms
of malaria, discussing the connection between recurring fevers and enlarged spleens. In 1550 BCE
the Ebers Papyrus, an ancient Egyptian medical script, mentioned patients suffering from fevers,
shivering, vomiting, convulsions and also enlarged spleens. In 600 BCE records of malaria–like
fevers rampant in Mesopotamia were found documented on cuneiform tablets. By 400 BCE the
symptoms of malaria became widely recognizable in Ancient Greece, where malaria was held
responsible for huge population declines in large cities and states. Hippocrates, traditionally
regarded as the father of modern medicine, documented the main symptoms of malaria and made
extensive notes in the literature of the time. He was also the first to recognise the relationship
between occurrences of fevers and close proximity to stagnant waters. The Romans also discovered
this connection between fevers and swampy marshes and notably pioneered the first preventative
efforts against malaria by draining these swamps. Thus from the medieval Italian language the term
'malaria' was coined: mala aria –

Essay On Malaria
The most commonly used medication which treats malaria is atovaquone–proguanil, riamet. There
are also other medication chloroquine, atovaquone–proguanil, artemether–lumefantrine, mefloquine,
quinine, quinidine doxycycline, clindamycin, artesunate (not licensed in the United States, but
available through the CDC malaria)(CDC, 2017). These medications are effective because they are
active against the parasite forms in the blood. Atovaquone–proguanil fights the parasite by
interfering with the growth of the parasites which are present in the red blood cells. Riamet is made
of two ingredients known as artemether and lumefantrine. Artemether and lumefantrine both work to
interfere with ability in which malaria parasites can convert haem into ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Now compare the patient's MAR with their wristband. Then Assess IV sites select upper port on the
IV tubing. Now complete necessary assessments as required. assess IV site and flush for patency.
Then prime secondary tubing. Now lower the primary IV solution bag using the extension hook.
Then ensure clamp on secondary tubing is open. Now If using gravity infusion, use the roller clamp
on the primary set to regulate the rate and also If using an IV infusion pump, set the rate according
to the PDTM. Most infusion pumps automatically restart the primary infusion at the previously
established rate and finally Leave IV piggyback mini bag and tubing in place for future drug
administration( Glynda Rees Doyle and Jodie Anita McCutcheon, 2012). The equipment needed for
continuous intravenous infusion are cannula, tourniquet, skin cleansing solution, dressing supplies,
tubing, solution container and infusion pump. The therapy needed for treating malaria is
artemisinin–based combination therapies. ACT's contain two active ingredients with different
systems. Act is the most effective ways to treat malaria. WHO recommends five therapies against
malaria.(WHO,2017). Act can be done while taking normal medications to treat malaria.
Prevention
Individual prevention should begin by checking the

Characteristics Of The Malaria
Malaria is starting to become one of the worlds most common infectious diseases and problem to
peoples health around the world. This report will highlight the importance of learning the signs and
symptoms of the Malaria disease, how to prevent becoming infected with it and how to treat it if
someone does come in contact with it. It will also describe the characteristics of the four major types
of Plasmodium that affects humans along with the the complete classification, pathogenesis, how it
is transmitted from one host to another, and who and what country is affected most from this
infectious disease. Within the Malarian disease, there are many species of the Plasmodium parasites,
and only 4 of those species affects the human population. Those species include the Plasmodium
falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium malariae (Wiser, 2011). There
is various differences between these four, but they do all have one thing in common and that is that
they all form rings. The Plasmodium falciparum has numerous rings that are smaller, it has no
trophozoites or schizonts, it is also a crescent–shaped gametocyte. The Plasmodium vivax has a
enlarged erythrocyte, Schuffner's dots, and ameboid trophozoites. The Plasmodium ovale is similar
to the Plasmodium ovale, it has compact trophozoites, fewer merozoites in schizont, and elongated
erythrocytes. The Plasmodium Malariae is a compact parasite and it has merozoites in rosette
(Wiser, 2011). To further identify this infectious disease, it can be broken down into its taxonomic
classification. It starts with the Kingdom being Protista, Subkingdom being Protozoa, the Phylum
being apicomplexa, the Class is sporozoasida, Order is eucoccidiorida, Family is plasmodiidae,
Genus being plasmodium and the species being falciparum, malariae, ovale, and vivax. (Keas,
1999). The mechanism of Malaria is from a Plasmodium parasite, that originate in female Anopheles
mosquitoes, that can spread into humans from the bites of the infected mosquitoes (Mohandas & An,
2012). Among the "Plasmodia species... only 4 of the over 100 species of plasmodia are infectious
to humans. The majority of cases and almost all deaths are caused by Plasmodium falciparum,
Plasmodium vivax,

Malaria Research Paper
Malaria is a disease that is usually associated with poverty, and is one of the most severe health
problems in the world. It is most common in places with extreme weather changes. In the late 19th
and 20th centuries malaria was a main reason for poor economic development of the American
southern states. Malaria is transmitted through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito. The
saliva of the mosquito enters through the blood stream and then goes into the liver, where the
parasites grow and reproduce. The typical symptoms of malaria are fever, tiredness, vomiting, and
headaches. In more severe cases it can cause yellow skin, seizures, comas or death. Symptoms
usually begin ten to fifteen days after being bitten. If it is not properly treated, the disease may come
up again months later. Malaria can only be transported through an already infected mosquito or if
you get infected blood during a transfusion. It can also be transported from a mother to baby during
pregnancy. Mosquitoes can get infected from biting an already infected human or animal. The bite
of an infected mosquito goes into the bloodstream and into the red blood cells. The ... Show more
In poor countries children and pregnant women are the most affected by the disease. Africa is one of
the most affected countries in the world. One reason for this is the climate. Another reason is the
lack of funding. Two to three billion dollars is needed per year to fund malaria control programs.
But around only two hundred million dollars is spent on malaria control by African and UN
agencies. Some say that malaria could be the cause of poverty rather than the consequence. Unlike
other diseases, malaria is not caused by poor hygiene or unsafe drinking water. The difficulty in
controlling malaria is mainly due to climate and ecology. To get rid of malaria completely would
require a well run organization and a lot of

Symptoms And Treatment Of Malaria
Description of Malaria
Malaria is caused by parasite, thus anti–biotic will not have effects on them. Infected mosquitoes
spread it (Mayo Clinic). It can also be spread from mother to children through blood. However
having a malaria–infected person nearby will not cause the disease to spread (WebMD). Malaria
remains a prevalent health issue in the tropical area (WHO). In 2015, there are 214 million malaria
cases reported, and the mortality rate is 60% (WHO). Typical symptoms of malaria include fever,
sweats, headache, nausea and vomiting, and body aches (CDC). Malaria can also develop serious
symptoms such as anemia, coma, seizures, metabolic acidosis and kidney failure (CDC). Those
severe malaria symptoms usually lead to death. Below is the geographical distribution of malaria.
Figure 1 Countries with ongoing transmission of malaria (WHO)
According to the map, malaria is most widely spread near the equator area with a concentration in
central and southern Africa. Most of those regions are communities with poor infrastructure
development, incompetent health system, and poverty (WHO).
The disease could only be spread through blood, and this is how doctor will diagnose and confirm
someone is infected with malaria or not. The laboratory uses microscope to exam a drop of the
patient's blood (CDC). The parasite in the blood is an indicator of malaria, and the quantity of the
parasite tells the degree of infection (WebMD). The doctor will also exam blood sample during

Characteristics Of Malaria
1) What is the causative agent of this disease? Give characteristics of the organism that will help the
reader understand its biological nature.
The causative agent of Malaria is the Plasmodium parasites. The malaria parasites are spread
through the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquitoes, called malaria vectors. Malaria
in humans are caused by 5 parasite species, P. falciparum and P. vivax are 2 of the species
which pose the greatest threat. The most prevalent malaria parasite on the African continent is
the P. falciparum. Most malaria–related deaths globally are caused by the P. falciparum
parasite. The dominant malaria parasite in most countries outside of sub–Saharan Africa is the
P. vivax parasite.
2) A description summarizing the clinical identification of your organism including types of stains
and biochemical tests that would successfully identify your organism.
The initial symptoms of malaria are most often fever, chills, sweats, headaches, muscle pains,
nausea and vomiting) which are usually not precise and can also be found in other diseases like
the "flu" and common viral infections. Just like the symptoms, the physical findings of malaria
are often not specific like elevated temperature, perspiration, tiredness which can also be found
in other diseases. In severe malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum, clinical findings like
confusion, coma, neurologic focal signs, severe anemia, respiratory difficulties are more obvious

The Epidemic Of Malaria Is A Disease
Malaria is a disease whose effects can be felt worldwide. Not only does the disease touch adults,
unfortunately the major population affected by the disease is children under the age of 5yrs old and
pregnant women. Malaria is the third largest killer of children worldwide. The number of malaria
related deaths per years has decreased through the years however the number of deaths is extremely
high and can be drastically lowered or even diminished completely with the right resources. These
resources have proven to be available and successful in some particularly wealthy areas of the
world, yet malaria is still very prevalent and fatal in others. The question is why? What roles does
government play in this international issue? What steps can ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These symptoms include; fever, fatigue, vomiting, headaches. In some severe cases malaria has been
known to cause yellowing of skin, learning disabilities, seizures, coma, and even death.
Malaria kills approximately five hundred thousand people per year. Ninety percent of those deaths
occur in the Saharan section of Africa. Although Approximate 3 billion people live in areas where
they are at risk of contracting malaria in a total of 106 countries around the world. "There were an
estimated 198 million malaria cases worldwide in 2013, mostly pregnant women and children".
(Unknown author, malarianomore.org, 2015) "There are about 10,000 malaria cases per year in
Western Europe, and 1300–1500 in the united stated and ....In Saharan, Africa maternal malaria is
associated with up to 200,000 estimated infant deaths yearly." (Wikipedia, obtained 2015)
Research and statistics
Malaria is generally more prevalent in areas with higher poverty levels than the richer areas of the
world. "Children (six to 59 months) from the second, third, fourth and richest quintiles were
significantly less likely to have malaria compared to children from the poorest quintiles. Children
(five to 14 years) from the fourth and richest quintiles were also significantly less likely to have
malaria compared to those from the poorest quintiles. The malaria burden has shifted from the
under–five children (six to 59 months) to

Malaria No More : Malaria
Malaria No More Malaria is a mosquito–borne infection of humans, among other organisms, caused
by the parasite Plasmodium falciparum, which after being transmitted by the vector, mosquitoes
under the genus Anopheles, grows in about 6 days inside of red blood cells making over 20,000 to
30,000 daughter cells and burst out to the cell to go to others. Even though malaria is very treatable
and had even been eradicated in in the US since 1951, the disease caused 219 million clinical
episodes and 660,000 deaths in 2010. In the same year, the vector spread disease was also the 7th
leading killer in lower income countries.
Since 2700 BCE, where ancient Chinese medicinal documents described characteristics of Malaria
symptoms, the human ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To begin with, the difficulty in eradicating Malaria by trying to change the environmental factors is,
quite simply, there is only so much we can control. There is no doubt that there is a link between the
frequencies of Malaria and climate it is found in. It is extremely prevalent in Africa, specifically the
countries closest to the Equator. The tropical and sub–tropical regions of countries like Chad and
Sierra Leone are ideal conditions for the mosquitoes that necessary for the transmission of the
parasite to humans. In fact, rainfall can create collections of water called breeding sites where
mosquitoes deposit their eggs and in tropical regions the eggs only need about twelve days in order
to go from its larvae stage to full adulthood. In order for the Malaria to be successfully transmitted
the mosquito must be alive for 9–21 days, since that's how long the cycle takes to occur. Plus, the
mosquito must be in an environment with at least 25°C, which are perfect conditions for warm
places such as equatorial Africa. On top of that, pregnant women, young children and travelers to
these Malaria infested places have a greater chance to get infected because their immune system
would be compromised. The problem with trying to change these problems, are that these are
extremely difficult

Malaria Mosquitoes Can Transmit Malaria
Malaria is spread to people by the female Anopheles mosquito. Only Anopheles mosquitoes can
transmit malaria. These mosquitos must have been infected through previous blood taken from an
infected person. When a mosquito bites an infected person, a small amount of blood is taken and
contains microscopic malaria parasites. (CDC, 2015) When the mosquito takes its next blood meal
from another person a week later, the parasites will be injected. The malaria parasite is found in red
blood cells of an infected person. It can be transmitted through an organ transplant, blood
transfusion, or shared use of needles or syringes contaminated with blood. Malaria can also be
transmitted from a mother to her unborn infant before or during delivery. This is known as
congenital malaria. Malaria is not contagious in any way. It cannot be spread from person to person
like a cold, and cannot be sexually transmitted. (CDC, 2015)
While the mosquito is feeding, the parasite is injected with the saliva of the mosquito. "The parasite
first undergoes a round of merogony in the liver followed by multiple rounds of merogony in the
erythrocytes" (CDC, 2015). Which means that an asexual process has begun that will increase the
number of infected cells by multiple cell divisions. The life cycle will contain other parasites that are
characterized by sexual replication and also the formation of the invasive stages. (Wiser, 2011) The
cycle begins with the liver Stage. The human infection begins when the

Malaria Essay
Malaria is regarded as one of the world's deadliest tropical parasitic diseases. It claims more lives
than any other communicable disease except tuberculosis. In Africa and other developing countries,
it also accounts for millions of dollars in medical costs. Malaria, however, is a curable disease if
promptly diagnosed and adequately treated.
Malaria is a mosquito–borne disease caused by the parasite plasmodium. In recent years, most cases
in the U.S. have been in people who have acquired the disease after travelling to tropical and sub–
tropical areas. Over 200 million cases worldwide are reported each year.
Estimates of deaths caused by malaria exceed 1 million each year, with the majority being African
children. Other groups at risk ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Areas Stricken with the Disease
Malaria strikes poverty–stricken with the hardest blow. Malaria prevalent areas include some of the
world's poorest nations. In Africa, medical costs and related expenses have been estimated at 1–5%
gross domestic product.
Farming communities are particularly affected as well. In rural areas, the rainy season is a time of
intense agricultural activity, when poor families earn most of their income. When malaria strikes at
this time, these families are unable to make a living.
Malaria and Children
Malaria claims the life of a child every 30 seconds. This disease has reached epidemic proportions in
many regions of the world, and continues to grow unchecked. Malaria kills 3,000 children under
five years of age every day. This rate exceeds the mortality toll from AIDS.
Young African are chronic victims of malaria, suffering an average of six bouts a year. Too often,
severely afflicted children die less than 72 hours after developing the symptoms. Of the children
who survive, malaria also drains vital nutrients, impairing their physical and intellectual
development.
Malaria is also particularly dangerous pregnant women. It causes severe anemia, and is a major
factor contributing to maternal deaths in malaria infected areas. Pregnant mothers who have malaria
and are HIV–positive are more likely to pass on their HIV status to the unborn child.
Economic Costs
The estimated economic costs of malaria are enormous.

Review Of ' The War On Malaria '
THE WAR ON MALARIA
JAYME SWANSON
BALTIMORE CITY COMMUNITY COLLEGE
DR. SAMUEL ODEDOKUN
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II
OCTOBER 19, 2014 The War on Malaria
About 3.3 billion people, that is about half of the world's population are at risk of contracting
malaria (figure 1). Every year there are 250 million cases of malaria, and nearly 1 million deaths.
That amounts to 2,732 deaths per day. Out of those million people that die every year, 800,000 of
them are African children under the age of 5. To control malaria three actions need to be taken:
insecticides need to be used to decrease the vector population, people have to be educated as to how
to prevent the vector from reproducing, and anti–malarial drugs need to be distributed. To
understand the vector and what the vector is, scientists had to first discover what the parasite was
and how it worked. It was not until the year 1880 that French Physician Charles Laveran discovered
that Malaria was caused by a protozoan in the genus Plasmodium (Malaria, 2013)
Figure 1: Malaria endemic areas around the world. Areas where malaria transmission occurs are in
red, places that are at risk and malaria transmission occurs infrequently are in yellow, and places in
grey is where there is no malaria present (Malaria, 2010).
There are four species in the Plasmodium Genus that affect humans: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P.
ovale, and P. malariae. What people did not know then, was how the protozoan got from

Taking a Look at Malaria
Proposed Disease: Malaria
What is malaria?
What exactly is malaria? Malaria is a disease caused by certain mosquitoes passing on parasites
when feeding on people. The most common malaria parasite and is known to be the deadliest is
plasmodium falciparum (figure 1). Once this parasite has enters the body, it takes a few weeks
before it multiply into thousands and infects red blood cells. According to Malaria No More, it is
also known that plasmodium falciparum is carried and transmitted by only female anopheles
mosquito and feed on people between the time of 9pm to 5am (Malaria No More).
According to Malariasymptons.org, once a person is infected with malaria or the parasite
plasmodium falciparum, they will experience fever–like sickness. The symptoms include " fever,
sweats, shaking chills, headaches, muscle aches, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea
(malariasymptoms.org)." If malaria is not treated right away, it can lead to serious health issues for
the person who is infected. It may eventually lead to kidney failure, seizures, mental confusion,
coma, bleeding due to blood clots and even death (malaria symptoms.org).
Malaria parasites were first founded in mosquitoes who were reserved in amber and was
approximately 30 million years old. It was known that parasites originated from Africa and from
those who caught the parasites from chimpanzees and gorillas. One of the earliest protections from
malaria were the Egyptians using large amounts of garlic and using bed

Understanding Malaria Essay
Understanding Malaria
For several years, I have had an interest in virology and the spread and characteristics of various
infectious diseases. Though it makes sense not to possibly induce a state of panic by informing
individuals of illnesses that are not native to the area they live in and that they are not likely to
contract, I have always liked to remain informed out of my own curiosity and interest. Thus, I have
decided to write about malaria.
Malaria kills more people than any communicable disease except for tuberculosis. It is caused by
four species of parasitic protozoa that infect human red blood cells. Four different types of these
protozoa are known: protozoa falciparum, protozoa vivax, protozoa ovale, and ... Show more
Malaria, however, is not unique to Africa. There are a multitude of documented cases in Asia
annually, particularly in countries such as India, Bangladesh, Vietnam, and Cambodia. Malaria has
also been known to occur in portions of Iran and the Middle East. Lower altitude regions of South
and Central America also have their share of annual malaria cases, but control programs set up in
those regions typically keep things under control. Generally, North America, Europe, and the
Carribean have been highly successful in the control and elimination of malaria, although isolated,
rare cases of local transmission have occured in Haiti, Turkey, and the Dominican Republic.
Medical treatment for malaria is available and the disease is curable if promptly diagnosed and
treated well. This is crucial because those who have malaria parasites available for mosquitoes to
feed on are perpetuating the spread of the disease. However, if these people are treated with the
appropriate drugs, the parasites disappear from their bloodstream. This helps to reduce the
transmission of the disease. Unfortunately, not everyone is responsive to drug treatments for malaria
and thus a variety of alternatives need to be available. Not everyone with malaria parasites in their
bloodstream shows the symptoms of malaria and the disease itself is becoming resistant to some of
the drugs used to treat

Essay On Malaria
Several species can cause human malaria and most of these species have drug resistant making
treatment approach highly dependable on the species that caused it. Multi–drug resistant
Plasmodium falciparum malaria had been treated with many different, both single and combinations
of drugs. The most common type that is known to be effective is the artemisinin–based combination
therapy also known as ACT; a combination of artermisinin and its derivatives and longer–acting
antimalarial drugs. Studies conducted by Pousibet–Puerto et al. shows the effectiveness of ACT
treatment to those with uncomplicated malaria from Plasmodium falciparum compared to those
getting the classic treatment, comparing the length of their hospital stays and their ... Show more
The average hospital stay and parasite clearance period for those treated with the ACT treatments
were 2.67 days and 24 hours, respectively. While the other group treated with quinine had an
average hospital stay of 3.96 days and a parasite clearance period of 48 hours. Uncomplicated P.
falciparum malaria can be effectively and safely managed with ACT. ACT treatment reduces
hospital stays and produces a more rapid parasite clearance than the classic treatments, resulting in
overall healthcare saving. In addition, various articles that have been published regarding the use of
artemisinin derivatives have shown superior results compared to other treatments resulting in as the
first–line drug recommended in the main national and international guidelines. Quinine is now
relegated as the second–line treatment in case ACT is unavailable or in cases where
contraindications exist.
Combining two different drugs with different mechanisms of actions makes ACTs the most effective
antimalarial medicines available today. It has been adopted by World Health Organization as the
first–line treatment for uncomplicated malaria such as P. falciparum. Brunetti (2016) suggested that
the ACT treatment dosages for uncomplicated P. falciparum are as follows:
Artemether plus lumefantrine: Doses are given twice daily for 3 days depending on body weight, as
follows: o 5 to <15kg: 20 + 120 mg o 15 to <25kg: 40 + 240 mg o 25 to <35kg: 60 + 360 mg
o

The Effects Of Malaria On African Continent And Is...
Malaria is a life–threatening disease that is caused by plasmodium parasites transmitted from female
mosquitos when they bite a human. The plasmodium parasite can also be transmitted by blood
products like unclean needles or unscreened blood. There are five parasite species (Plasmodium,
falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae) that cause malaria in humans, and two of these
species, P. falciparum and P. vivax, are the greatest threat (see Figure 1). The severity of malaria is
based on the species of plasmodium. The symptoms people experience include chills, fever, and
sweating usually occurring within a few weeks after being bitten. In the United States, it is a very
rare disease with fewer than 20,000 cases per year, and is treatable by a medical professional.
However, Sub–Saharan Africa is home to 88% of malaria cases and 90% of malaria deaths. P.
falciparum is the most prevalent parasite on the African continent and is responsible for most
malaria–related deaths globally. P. vivax is more widely distributed than P. falciparum and
predominates in most countries outside of Africa. In the 1970s and 1980s, resistance of P. falciparum
started in medicines, such as chloroquine and sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine (SP). Drug resistance has
been implicated in the spread of malaria to new areas and re–emergence of malaria in areas where
the disease had been eradicated. Population movement has introduced resistant parasites to areas
previously free of drug resistance. Resistance is

Essay Malaria
Malaria (also called biduoterian fever, blackwater fever, falciparum malaria, plasmodium, Quartan
malaria, and tertian malaria) is one of the most infectious and most common diseases in the world.
This serious, sometimes–fatal disease is caused by a parasite that is carried by a certain species of
mosquito called the Anopheles. It claims more lives every year than any other transmissible disease
except tuberculosis. Every year, five hundred million adults and children (around nine percent of the
world's population) contract the disease and of these, one hundred million people die. Children are
more susceptible to the disease than adults, and in Africa, where ninety percent of the world's cases
occur and where eighty percent of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To contract malaria, a mosquito, but not just any mosquito must bite a human. The only type of
mosquito that can infect humans with the malaria virus is the Anopheles mosquito. While there are
around three hundred eighty species of the Anopheline mosquito, only about sixty are actually able
to spread the disease to humans. Also, only female mosquitoes can distribute the disease, as male
mosquitoes do not feed on humans.
Mosquitoes pass malaria to humans through their salivary glands. Once the parasites have entered
the blood stream, they go to the liver. In the liver they mature and undergo reproduction, forming
merozoites. These merozoites enter the blood stream and inject themselves into red blood cells.
Once inside the blood cells, they reproduce rapidly and within forty–eight to seventy–two hours, the
blood cell bursts, releasing hemoglobin into the blood stream. It is the destruction of these blood
cells and the hemoglobin released into the blood stream that actually causes most of the symptoms.
While the most common way malaria is transmitted is from mosquitoes to humans, there are other
ways of catching the disease. One way is from mother to her unborn child. When a disease is
contracted this way it is said to have been transmitted congenitally. Another way is during blood
transfusions. This is why it is important to be tested for

Malaria In Sudan Essay
The determinants of Malaria in Sudan
The history of malaria in Republic of Sudan can be analyzed to identify the current determinants of
malaria risk. The main determinants of malaria is classified as purely demographic and population
movement, Bio–medical and genetic factors, environmental factors, and socioeconomic
determinant.
Demographic and population movement:
The significant associations were observed between malaria infection and selected socio–
demographic characteristics of the study participants. The occurrence of malaria was found to be
statically similar among men and women. As the MIS, (2012) observation stated that, there were
major associations between malaria infection and selected socio–demographic characteristics. In the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
falciparum) aggravates the problem and results in increased malaria morbidity and mortality (CDC,
2015).
Environmental factors:
Environmental factors impact on malaria in different region of Sudan. As WHO (2033) stated that,
this situation is largely due to widespread water, about 13% is high rainfall woodland Savannah in
southern Sudan, and the most rural houses were often located near the source of water, and the water
contamination in the urban surface runoff and poor environmental sanitation. The presence of water
for irrigation around villages and houses played a major role in determining the risk of malaria. The
large reductions of malaria can be intention to the means largely based on vector control in the
intense transmission areas particularly in epidemic areas (WHO, 2003).
Socioeconomic factors:
As the Roll Back Malaria, (2015), indicated the links between endemic malaria and socioeconomic
factors, especially in rural areas and among displaced people in Khartoum state, is scarce. The
survey had undertaken to estimate economic impact of malaria by focusing on prevention and
treatment cost borne by households and the public health sector, also considered the income losses
due to malaria morbidity as indirect cost of the disease. In the rural communities, the economy is
heavily dependent on agriculture; many subsistence families who live in disease–stricken areas
including those with a high burden of malaria are leading to reduce agricultural productivity

The Successful Treatment Of Malaria
The successful treatment of malaria infections solely dependent upon the use of the most effective
anti–malaria drugs to eradicated the parasite from the individual 's blood. The treatments differ for
complicated and uncomplicated infections. The greatest obstacle healthcare workers face is the
increased resistance of the Plasmodium parasite to drug therapy. The Plasmodium falciform species
has become increasingly resistant in the regions affect by the strain (1).
In an effort to avoid drug resistance, the current recommendation of the World Health Organization
is the use of two more anti–malaria drugs for the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciform malaria
infections. In order to achieve the desired effect the drug combinations must have different modes of
action. The formal name for this form of therapy is artemisinin–based combination therapy (ACT)
(1). Artemisinin defines the group of drugs that have the most rapid action in the treatment of P.
falciform malaria. The drug has been shown to eradicate both the resistant and susceptible stains P.
falciform (2). The idea is use an artemisinin along with a drug from a different class to maximize the
treatment outcomes (2).
In complicated malaria cases, the WHO recommends intramuscular injection of a water soluble drug
name artesunate. It is a synthetic derivative of the artemisinin that is more biologically active. The
drug is capable of stopping parasite development and preventing the adherence of erythrocytes to
other

Malaria Essay

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