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2.  Presented To:
 Dr.Bushar Nisar Khan
 Presented by:
 Sarmad Sajid
 Ansa Imran
 Tehreem Mustafa
 Shehnaz Nishan

3.  Malaria is a parasitic infection caused by the
Plasmodium parasite, which is transmitted to
humans through the bite of infected female
Anopheles mosquitoes. The disease is
prevalent in many tropical and subtropical
regions of the world, with the highest burden
in sub-Saharan Africa.

4.  Malaria is a disease that has affected humans
for thousands of years, and its discovery
cannot be attributed to a single individual.
The symptoms of malaria have been
described in ancient texts, such as the
Chinese medical text "Nei Jing" (circa 2700
BCE), and the Greek medical texts of
Hippocrates (460-370 BCE). The disease was
known by various names throughout history,
including "ague" and "marsh fever..

5.  ."In the late 19th century, it was discovered
that malaria is caused by a parasitic
organism, which was first observed in the
blood of malaria patients by a French army
surgeon, Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, in
1880. Laveran's discovery of the malaria
parasite was a major breakthrough in
understanding the cause of the disease.

6.  .In the early 20th century, a British
physician, Sir Ronald Ross, discovered that
the malaria parasite is transmitted to
humans through the bite of infected
mosquitoes. Ross conducted experiments in
India, where he infected mosquitoes with the
malaria parasite and then allowed them to
bite healthy individuals, who subsequently
developed malaria. Ross's discovery of the
role of mosquitoes in transmitting malaria
was a crucial step in developing strategies to
control and prevent the disease

7.  Malaria has been a human disease for
thousands of years, with evidence of its
presence dating back to ancient civilizations
such as Egypt, Greece, and Rome. It was
once widespread in temperate regions of
Europe and North America, but was largely
eradicated in these regions by the mid-20th
century through the use of insecticides and
other public health interventions. However,
malaria remains a major public health
problem in many parts of the world.

8.  Malaria is caused by the Plasmodium
parasite, which is transmitted to humans
through the bite of infected female
Anopheles mosquitoes. Once inside the
human body, the parasite multiplies in the
liver and then infects and destroys red blood
cells.

9.  There are several species of Plasmodium
parasite that can cause malaria in humans,
but the most common and deadly types are
Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium
vivax. Other species include Plasmodium
malariae and Plasmodium ovale. The severity
of the disease and its symptoms can vary
depending on the species of parasite
involved.

10. 1.Enterence of plasmodium from infected
person's blood to mosquito
2.Enter in the stomach of mosquito and then
to the salivary glands
3.From where it enters into healthy person
through biting of mosquito to person
4.Then multiplication occurs in the liver of
healthy person
5.Enterence in blood
6.cause infection and then symptoms appear

12.  Anopheles is a genus of mosquito first
described and named by J. W. Meigen in
1818.About 460 species were recognized
while over 100 can transmit human malaria,
only 30–40 commonly transmit parasites of
the genus Plasmodium, which cause malaria
in humans in endemic areas. Anopheles
gambiae is one of the best known, because
of its predominant role in the transmission of
the most dangerous malaria parasite species
(to humans) – Plasmodium flaciparum.

14.  The symptoms of malaria typically include
fever, headache, muscle aches, chills, and
fatigue. Other common symptoms can
include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. In
severe cases, the disease can cause anemia,
kidney failure, seizures, and coma.
Symptoms typically appear within 7-30 days
after infection.

17.  Malaria can be treated with a variety of
drugs, depending on the species of parasite
involved and the severity of the disease.
Common drugs used to treat malaria include
chloroquine, quinine, artemisinin-based
combination therapies, and others. However,
drug resistance is a growing problem in many
parts of the world, particularly with
Plasmodium falciparum.

19.  Malaria is a serious and sometimes fatal
disease caused by a parasite that is
transmitted to humans through the bites of
infected mosquitoes. Here are some ways to
prevent malaria:
 Use insecticide-treated bed nets: Sleeping
under a mosquito net that has been treated
with insecticide can help prevent malaria.

20.  Use insect repellent: Use mosquito repellent
that contains DEET or other effective
ingredients.
 Wear protective clothing: Wear long-sleeved
shirts and pants to protect your skin from
mosquito bites.
 Eliminate standing water: Remove any
standing water around your home where
mosquitoes can breed.

21.  Take antimalarial medication: If you are
traveling to an area with a high risk of
malaria, take antimalarial medication as
prescribed by your doctor.
 Seek medical attention: If you develop
symptoms of malaria such as fever,
headache, and chills, seek medical attention
immediately.
 Remember, prevention is the key to avoiding
malaria, so take precautions to protect
yourself and your family

23.  Malaria is most commonly found in sub-
Saharan Africa, where it is responsible for a
significant amount of illness and death.
Other regions with high rates of malaria
transmission include parts of Asia, South
America, and Central America.
 The World Health Organization (WHO)
estimates that there were 229 million cases
of malaria worldwide in 2019, with 409,000
deaths. Most of these cases and deaths
occurred in Africa, where children under the
age of 5 are particularly vulnerable to the
disease.

24.  Efforts to control and eliminate malaria have
been ongoing for many years, and progress
has been made in reducing the global burden
of the disease. However, much work remains
to be done, particularly in regions where
malaria is most prevalent.

25.  Malaria has a significant impact on
economies and businesses in many parts of
the world. The disease can cause lost
productivity due to illness and absenteeism,
increased healthcare costs, and decreased
tourism and investment in affected areas. In
sub-Saharan Africa, for example, malaria is
estimated to cause up to $12 billion in
economic losses each year. The burden of
malaria also falls disproportionately on the
poorest and most vulnerable populations,
perpetuating cycles of poverty and
inequality.