Wwi wwii review

The M.A.I.N. causes of WWIThe M.A.I.N. causes of WWI
• Militarism - the competition to build bigger/more weapons
• Alliance System– the two sides form competing gangs
• Imperialism– the competition over colonies and business
• Nationalism– the fierce pride in one’s country
• History – there is a long history between the European countries
• Spark– the event that causes the long-term problems to blow
There were many long-term causes of the war.
At the turn of the century Europe was a mess of affairs.

Triple Entente vs. Triple AllianceTriple Entente vs. Triple Alliance
The two “gangs”The two “gangs”

How ready are you?
 Explain how Canada came to be involved
in WW I.
 Once Canada declared war, what
happened in the first few months of the
war for Canada?

CANADA GOES TO WAR
 As soon as Britain declared war on
Germany, Canada was automatically at
war because we were part of the British
Empire.
 Widespread support for war in Canada at the
start of war
 Patriotism
 Feelings of excitement and adventure – people
thought it would be a short war – home by
Christmas
 Sam Hughes (Minister of Militia and Defense)
set up training camp at Valcartier Quebec
which got soldiers to Europe in a hurry

How ready are you?
 Explain trench warfare
 Explain stalemate

WAR IN EUROPE
Stalemate and Trench Warfare
 Germans attacked through Belgium and into
France but were stopped by French and British
(including Canadians).
 Neither side could advance = stalemate
 Both sides dug into trenches and attacked
periodically by ‘going over the top’ into ‘no
man’s land’ toward the other opposing trenches
 Particularly because of the machine gun this
tactic did not work well and very little progress
was made by either side for the next three
years = stalemate
 Conditions in the trenches were awful – wet,
cold, rats, lice, dangerous

How ready are you?
 Explain total war
 Explain attrition

WAR IN EUROPE
The Changing Face of War
New Types of Fighting
 Battles of Attrition (grinding down) – rather
than trying to win a decisive victory the two
sides are trying to grind each other down
(‘bleed the enemy white). You could also think
of the whole war as one of attrition
 Total War – when all resources of a country are
organized to win the war – A new concept in
the 20th century -massive materials needed,
money through victory bonds and income tax,
women in factories,

How Ready Are You?
 List and explain the significance of 4 new
technologies used in WW I

WAR IN EUROPE
New Technology
 Tanks – Not used until 1916 (Somme) but
became increasingly effective and ultimately
proved to be one of the reasons for allied
victory
 Poison Gas – First used by Germans at Ypres –
nasty but not a major factor in the war
 Machine Guns – Hugely important –
responsible for most deaths during the war
 Submarines – Germans used these very
effectively until 1917 to destroy GB merchant
ships trying to starve GB into submission
 Airplanes – not a big impact – used for
scouting and dogfights

How ready are you?
 List and explain the significance of four
battles in which Canadians played a
significant part.

Land Battles
Ypres, April 1915
 Germans attacked allies with
poison gas
 First taste of trench warfare for
Canadian troops
 6000 Canadians killed

Somme, July 1916
 Huge Allied attack which failed
 20000 + Canadians killed
 90% casualty rate in Newfoundland
regiment
 1.25 million casualties in total “das
Blutbad”
 23 Canadians “shot at dawn”

Vimy Ridge, April 1917
 Captured successfully by Canadians alone even
though French and British had failed
 Extremely well planned and executed
 Turning point in the war – first decisive victory
 Became a symbol for Canadian independence and
nationhood
 Canadian troops recognized as some of the best
on the western front
 Resulted in the Canadian corps being led by a
Canadian, General Arthur Currie, rather than a
British general – we ran our own show after that

Passchendale, October 1917
 A muddy nightmare
 Canadians ordered to attack despite
protests from General Currie
 They attacked and took
Passchendale but 16000 died (4 out
of 5) for only 7 km of mud that the
Germans soon won back

The Hundred Days
 By early 1918 Russia had made peace leaving
Germany with just the Western front to worry
about
 The US had entered the war in 1917 but still
needed time to train
 Germans tried one last massive offensive and by
summer of 1918 made it within 75 km of Paris
 However, they had overextended themselves.
 In the next 100 days, with Canadians playing a
huge part, the allies drove them back until they
surrendered

Essay outline
 How significant was Canada’s contribution
to WW I?
 I will use random cards to pick one from
each team and I’ll mark it out of six.

How ready are you?
 Who was Sam Hughes and why was he
significant?

IV THE WAR AT HOME
A. Economy boomed because Canada
supplied all kinds of war supplies
 Sam Hughes (Minister of Militia and
Defense) in charge of Canada’s armament
industry
 Gave lots of contracts for weapons to his
friends who were profiteers people more
interested in making money than making
quality products. Ex. Cardboard soled shoes
 Hughes fired in 1916 and government took
over munitions and grain production in

How ready are you?
 Explain the War Measures Act and how it
was used in WW I

B. War Measures Act Passed in 1914
 Gov’t could control the economy and
censor the mail
 Could arrest people without laying
charges
 Recent immigrants from Germany and AH
(enemy aliens) were treated harshly –
had to carry special ID cards and report
to registration officers. 8579 were held in
isolation in internment camps

How ready are you?
 Explain how the government raised funds
in WW I (3)

C. Paying for the War
Because of new weapons, the length of
the war and the large Canadian
contribution, the gov’t needed money
which it raised through:
 Victory bonds – bought by Canadians to be
repaid after war with interest
 Taxes- introduced income tax as a temporary
measure on the wealthy (3%) and a profit tax
(4%)on businesses
 Late in the war borrowing money from the US

How ready are you?
 This event brought the war to Canada.

D. The Halifax Explosion, 1917
 A French munitions ship collided
with another ship and blew up in
Halifax harbor
 Over 2000 people were killed and
many left homeless
 US donated generously to help
rebuild Halifax

How ready are you?
 What was rationing and how did Canadians
respond?

E. Rationing
 During the war food and fuel
became scarce and prices soared
because so much was being
exported to Europe
 Honour rationing was introduced –
people limited themselves to 1.5 lbs
of butter and 2 lbs of sugar/ month
 Mandatory waste reduction was
introduced

How ready are you?
 Explain how propaganda was used in WW I

F. Propaganda
 Propaganda is any strategy to
persuade people to believe
something or act a certain way – it
often distorts the truth or is very
one sided
 Used to get people to join the war
and to keep people patriotic about
the war

How ready are you?
 Explain the conscription crisis in WW I

Conscription Crisis
 By 1917 voluntary enlistments were not keeping up with
casualties (see graph on page 40 in counterpoints)
 PM Robert Borden called for conscription – mandatory military
service for men aged 20 – 35
 Most of English Canada supported him while most of Quebec
was against him
 Many Quebeckers were not feeling patriotic since they felt
little connection to either France or Britain and they felt that
they were not being treated equally within Canada
 There was also the feeling that Canada had done enough,
that we needed our men at home to produce for the war
 Borden called an election on the conscription issue but first
he passed two laws – “War Time Elections Act.” - one giving
all men and women overseas the vote, the other giving the
vote to all women directly related to servicemen
 He won the election (with only 3 of 65 seats in Quebec) and
conscription was introduced
 There were major protests in Quebec and Canada was divided
 Over 90% of all conscripts applied for exemptions for medical
and other reasons and only 25000 conscripted soldiers
actually reached France before the war ended

How ready are you?
 Explain how women’s roles changed in WW
I

H. New Roles for Women
 Hundreds of women volunteered in the war as
nurses and ambulance drivers
 At home many women worked in war production
industries and other jobs vacated by men off at
war – this was a huge change because before
1914 it would have been unheard of to have
women in these kinds of ‘men’s’ jobs
 The contribution women were making led them to
organize as suffragettes (women trying to the
right to vote) and by the end of the war most
women over 21 had earned the right to vote in
federal elections

How ready are you?
Evaluate the impacts of WW I on Canada?
Essay outline.

Effects of the War in Canada
 Our great contributions to the war showed that
we were an independent (autonomous) country.
Some changes as a result of the war:
 Women got the vote and their roles changed
 Troops gained respect
 Economy grew
 Debt grew so we introduced income tax which we
still have
 60000 Canadians killed/ 178,000 wounded
 Conscription deepened the differences between
French and English

V. LEGACY OF WAR
The Paris Peace Conferences
 After Germany surrendered a peace was
dictated to them by the victories countries.
Canada got its own seat at the peace
conference (a big deal for a country many
still saw as a British tag-along before the war
 The Treaty of Versailles which came out of
the conference really stuck it to Germany and
many argue it sowed the seeds for the rise of
Hitler and WW II

How ready are you?
Quickie Quiz

• 1. Which statement best describes Canada’s
entry into World War One?
A. The Canadian government voted to join the war.
B. Canada declared war only after the United
States did.
C. Canada declared war automatically when
Britain did.
D. The Canadian government held a referendum
before declaring war.

 6. Which of the following best describes “a
war of attrition”?
 A. One side incorporates the defeated
enemy’s artillery.
 B. One side uses lightning warfare to
rapidly gain ground.
 C. Both sides wear each other down until
one is forced to give in.
 D. Both sides build up their armed forces
before engaging in warfare.

 7. Why did the government assume
control of munitions and grain production
in 1917?
 A. Harvest on prairie farms were declining.
 B. Importing of manufactured goods was
growing
 C. Profiteering among private businesses
was increasing.
 D Losses of convoy ships in the open seas
were mounting.

8. Which right were women
granted as a result of WW I?
A. to vote
B. to work
C. to own property
D. to receive equal pay

Canadian Autonomy – CanadaCanadian Autonomy – Canada
Grows UpGrows Up

How ready are you?
 List and explain at least 5 events that
show Canada’s increasing autonomy from
1914-2000

Steps to Canadian AutonomySteps to Canadian Autonomy
• 19141914 –– WW IWW I -Canada is automatically at war when-Canada is automatically at war when
Britain enters WW I.Britain enters WW I.
• 19191919 –– Paris Peace Conference -Paris Peace Conference - Canada gets its ownCanada gets its own
seat at Paris Peace conference.seat at Paris Peace conference.
• 1922 – Chanak Crisis1922 – Chanak Crisis – British sent troops to Chanak,– British sent troops to Chanak,
Turkey and Canadian PM William Lyon MackenzieTurkey and Canadian PM William Lyon Mackenzie
King said we would only send troops if parliamentKing said we would only send troops if parliament
agreed – first time Canada refused unconditionalagreed – first time Canada refused unconditional
support for British.support for British.

• 1923 – Halibut Treaty1923 – Halibut Treaty – A treaty about fishing– A treaty about fishing
rights signed with the US. First treaty Canadarights signed with the US. First treaty Canada
signed totally on its own.signed totally on its own.
• 1926- King –Byng Affair1926- King –Byng Affair – Governor General– Governor General
(rep of the Queen in Canada) Byng refused a(rep of the Queen in Canada) Byng refused a
request from Prime Minister King – fist timerequest from Prime Minister King – fist time
this happened. Led to a change in the role of thethis happened. Led to a change in the role of the
Governor General.Governor General.

• 1926 – Balfour Report1926 – Balfour Report – recognized that– recognized that
Canada was autonomous within the BritishCanada was autonomous within the British
EmpireEmpire
• 1931 – Statute of Westminster1931 – Statute of Westminster – Put Balfour– Put Balfour
report into law. Meant that Canada was anreport into law. Meant that Canada was an
autonomous dominion of GB. The only thingautonomous dominion of GB. The only thing
we couldn’t do was amend our own constitutionwe couldn’t do was amend our own constitution

• 1939 – WW II1939 – WW II – Canada enters WW II after a parliamentary vote– Canada enters WW II after a parliamentary vote
a few days after Britain. Showed independence in contrast toa few days after Britain. Showed independence in contrast to
WW IWW I
• 1965 – Flag -1965 – Flag - Canada gets a new Flag after much debate –Canada gets a new Flag after much debate –
Another sign of autonomy, especially because the symbol has noAnother sign of autonomy, especially because the symbol has no
ties to Britainties to Britain
• 1982 – Constitution -1982 – Constitution - Canada patriates (brings home) itsCanada patriates (brings home) its
Constitution which includes the right to amend (change) ourConstitution which includes the right to amend (change) our
own constitution without the permission of Britain.own constitution without the permission of Britain.

How ready are you?
 Explain the economic cycle.
 Include recession, recovery, prosperity and
contraction in your explanation.

How ready are you?
 Explain supply and demand
 Explain GDP
 Explain inflation

Economics 101Economics 101
Supply and demandSupply and demand – The concept that explains how– The concept that explains how
much things will cost. If demand (how bad people wantmuch things will cost. If demand (how bad people want
something) is high and supply (how much of it there is)something) is high and supply (how much of it there is)
is low then the price is likely to be high and vise versa.is low then the price is likely to be high and vise versa.
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP)Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – The total $ value– The total $ value
of goods and service produced by a country and itsof goods and service produced by a country and its
citizenscitizens
• Inflation –Inflation – the fact that goods and services tend tothe fact that goods and services tend to
cost more year after year. Measured as a percentagecost more year after year. Measured as a percentage
(Ex. Canada had 2% inflation in 2006 means that the(Ex. Canada had 2% inflation in 2006 means that the
cost of everything added together went up by 2% lastcost of everything added together went up by 2% last

How ready are you?
 List and explain five major causes of the
Great Depression in Canada.

CAUSES OF THE GREATCAUSES OF THE GREAT
DEPRESSIONDEPRESSION
1. Over Production:1. Over Production:
 During the 1920s many industries wereDuring the 1920s many industries were
expanding and new factories were builtexpanding and new factories were built
 They made on overload of goods, which inThey made on overload of goods, which in
turn made owners panic and lay off theirturn made owners panic and lay off their
workersworkers
 This made sales slow down even moreThis made sales slow down even more
because workers didn’t have money tobecause workers didn’t have money to
spend.spend.

2. Canada’s reliance on exporting staple2. Canada’s reliance on exporting staple
products:products:
 Canada’s economy depended on exportingCanada’s economy depended on exporting
staple products (timber, crops, minerals)staple products (timber, crops, minerals)
meaning if other countries suddenly neededmeaning if other countries suddenly needed
fewer staples our economy would be in trouble.fewer staples our economy would be in trouble.
 Thus when the price of wheat dropped fromThus when the price of wheat dropped from
$1.00/ bushel to 33c/ bushel the prairie$1.00/ bushel to 33c/ bushel the prairie
provinces were devastated, especially when onprovinces were devastated, especially when on
top of that there was drought and windstorms.top of that there was drought and windstorms.

3. Canada’s dependence on the3. Canada’s dependence on the
United States:United States:
 Canada especially depended on exportingCanada especially depended on exporting
to the US (40% of exports) meaning that ifto the US (40% of exports) meaning that if
the US economy failed, ours would too.the US economy failed, ours would too.

4. Stock Market Crash4. Stock Market Crash
 Oct 29th, 1929 the stock markets in New YorkOct 29th, 1929 the stock markets in New York
and Toronto crashed meaning that the value ofand Toronto crashed meaning that the value of
many companies shares traded went down by amany companies shares traded went down by a
lot. This happened because the prices had beenlot. This happened because the prices had been
driven to artificial highs through speculationdriven to artificial highs through speculation
(people borrowing money to buy stocks and(people borrowing money to buy stocks and
trying to sell them for profit quickly). Once pricestrying to sell them for profit quickly). Once prices
corrected themselves a little lots of investors gotcorrected themselves a little lots of investors got
nervous and started to sell leading prices to dropnervous and started to sell leading prices to drop
further and so on.further and so on.

5. Economic Protectionism and Tariffs5. Economic Protectionism and Tariffs
 Through out the 20’s there was an increasingThrough out the 20’s there was an increasing
trend towards protective tariffs. Tariffs are dutiestrend towards protective tariffs. Tariffs are duties
(money) collected on goods coming into a(money) collected on goods coming into a
country.country.
 At the beginning of the Depression, PM BennettAt the beginning of the Depression, PM Bennett
tried to “blast a way into world markets,” bytried to “blast a way into world markets,” by
increasing tariffs by 50%. This didn’t work wellincreasing tariffs by 50%. This didn’t work well
because the other countries retaliated andbecause the other countries retaliated and
Canadian producers lost even more marketsCanadian producers lost even more markets
abroad.abroad.

6. International Debt after WW I6. International Debt after WW I
 Everyone owed the US money after WW IEveryone owed the US money after WW I
and they needed to sell stuff to the US toand they needed to sell stuff to the US to
be able to pay it back. When the USbe able to pay it back. When the US
became protectionist that was harder tobecame protectionist that was harder to
do.do.

7. Drought on the Prairies7. Drought on the Prairies
 The Prairies were particularly hard hitThe Prairies were particularly hard hit
because in addition to the abovebecause in addition to the above
mentioned factors they were hit by yearsmentioned factors they were hit by years
of drought (called the dustbowl). Sinceof drought (called the dustbowl). Since
their economies were particularlytheir economies were particularly
dependent on farming it was the worstdependent on farming it was the worst
place to be during the depression.place to be during the depression.

How ready are you?
 How did the Canadian government first
under McKenzie King (until 1930) and then
under Bennett (from 1930- 1935) respond
the Great Depression?

Government Responses to the
Great Depression
• At the start of the depression the attitude
of the government was that people had to
tough it out and that things would get
better. Prime Minister (PM) McKenzie King
(a Liberal) specifically denied any help to
provinces with Provincial Governments
run by the Conservative party. He was
replaced by RB Bennett after the 1930
election. The government tried to help
through the following:

Great Depression
• Increased tariffs (protectionism) –
ineffective

Great Depression
• Cut Government Spending so it’s in
line with government revenue
• ineffective

Great Depression
• Pogey – Like Welfare except you got
vouchers if you were poor enough.
People were humiliated to obtain their
vouchers. The amounts were very low so
people still starved and suffered disease
• Helped a little but came nowhere close
to addressing all the need.

Great Depression
• Unemployment Relief Camps – Set up in
1930 for single unemployed men by PM R.B.
Bennett. They got 20c/day and room and
board.
• Helped a little but again nowhere near what
was needed.
• Racism in the governments relief efforts –
Chinese in Vancouver got no relief at first and
then were expected to be fed on ½ of what I
white person would get. Aboriginals on
reserves were supposed to live off $5/ month

Great Depression
• Bennett’s New Deal – During the 1935 election
Bennett (conservative) promised a New Deal if he was
elected which would include:
– Progressive taxation (the more you make the higher
percentage of taxes you pay)
– Introduction of a minimum wage
– Unemployment insurance
– Health insurance
– Revised old age pension
– Regulated wheat prices
• Although Bennett lost the election to McKenzie King
(Liberal) and these measures were not implemented
right away, they show a shift in the attitudes of the
government and signal the beginning of change

How ready are you?
 How did people respond to the Great
Depression (3)?

People’s Responses to the Great
Depression
1. Riding the Rails- People rode on railway cars
searching for work and later because there was
nothing to do.
2. On-to-Ottawa Trek- In 1935, unemployed relief camp
workers men from boarded trains from Vancouver to
Ottawa demanding work with wages. When they
reached Regina, the police stopped them and the
Regina Riot broke out.
3. Diversion- Finding stuff to get their mind of the
depression. The Dionne Quintuplets were born in 1934
in Ontario and turned into a tourist attraction.

How ready are you?
 What were the short and long term
impacts of the Great Depression?

Effects of the Great Depression
New Political Parties
• The popular laissez-faire (free market
capitalism) approach wasn’t working so
there was room for new ideas to be heard and
to flourish.
– Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) –
This Socialist political party was formed in 1932 by
JS Woodsworth in Saskatchewan. It was a
response to the hardships of the Great Depression.
– Social Credit – “Bible Bill” Aberhart led this new
party in Alberta that believed the government should
give $125 to each citizen (a social credit) to kick
start the economy.

The Changing Role of Government
• This is the most long lasting effect. The depression
was so bad, and the traditional laissez fair approach to
economy so ineffective, that governments started
embracing Keynesian economics. Keynes’ idea was
that the gov’t should borrow money in tough times
(deficit financing) to fund huge employment projects
that would benefit society as a whole (like a new hydro
dam). A key change here is that rather than leaving the
economy alone (laissez-fair) the government should
actively steer the economy and thereby hopefully
minimize the bad times on the economic cycle.

The changing role of government.
• The depression also made the governments
realize that they had to take a more active role in
helping those in need during tough times
through things like unemployment insurance,
welfare, sick benefits, child benefits, pensions,
etc. All of these social program either directly or
indirectly originated in the Great depression.

The Development ofThe Development of
A Welfare StateA Welfare State

Welfare State definedWelfare State defined::
• A country in which the government assumes aA country in which the government assumes a
large measure of responsibility for the sociallarge measure of responsibility for the social
welfare of its members through programs likewelfare of its members through programs like
unemployment insurance, medicare and welfareunemployment insurance, medicare and welfare

How ready are you?
 List and explain at least four examples of
Canada becoming welfare state.

Becoming a Welfare StateBecoming a Welfare State
• Canada gradually became a welfare state in theCanada gradually became a welfare state in the
27 years following the great depression. (1939-27 years following the great depression. (1939-
1966) During the depression, governments1966) During the depression, governments
began to realize that they had to take a morebegan to realize that they had to take a more
active role in helping those in need during toughactive role in helping those in need during tough
times through things like unemploymenttimes through things like unemployment
insurance, welfare, sick benefits, child benefits,insurance, welfare, sick benefits, child benefits,
pensions, etc. Some of the major socialpensions, etc. Some of the major social
programs introduced from 1939-1966 were:programs introduced from 1939-1966 were:

• 1940 – McKenzie King (PM) introduced1940 – McKenzie King (PM) introduced
Unemployment InsuranceUnemployment Insurance (now called(now called
employment insurance).employment insurance).
• 1945 – McKenzie King’s government introduced1945 – McKenzie King’s government introduced
Family Allowances (baby bonuses).Family Allowances (baby bonuses).

More Social ProgramsMore Social Programs
• 1962 – Saskatchewan Premier, Tommy Douglas introduced1962 – Saskatchewan Premier, Tommy Douglas introduced freefree
public health carepublic health care in his province despite strong oppositionin his province despite strong opposition
from its doctors.from its doctors.
• 19661966 –– Pearson (PM)Pearson (PM) Canada Pension PlanCanada Pension Plan is introducedis introduced
• 19661966 –– Canada Assistance PlanCanada Assistance Plan- federal government gives- federal government gives
money to provincial governments to help fund social assistancemoney to provincial governments to help fund social assistance
programs for needy peopleprograms for needy people –– ex. Social assistance available toex. Social assistance available to
single parents and physically disabled peoplesingle parents and physically disabled people
• 19661966 –– Medical Care ActMedical Care Act –– free public medicine for allfree public medicine for all
Canadians was introduced by the Pearson government. By thisCanadians was introduced by the Pearson government. By this
time Tommy Douglas was the leader of the federal NDP and histime Tommy Douglas was the leader of the federal NDP and his
party helped push the government to implement this mostparty helped push the government to implement this most
popular social programpopular social program

More Social ProgramsMore Social Programs
• 19661966 –– Canada Assistance PlanCanada Assistance Plan- federal government- federal government
gives money to provincial governments to help fundgives money to provincial governments to help fund
social assistance programs for needy peoplesocial assistance programs for needy people –– ex. Socialex. Social
assistance available to single parents and physicallyassistance available to single parents and physically
disabled peopledisabled people
• 19661966 –– Medical Care ActMedical Care Act –– free public medicine forfree public medicine for
all Canadians was introduced by the Pearsonall Canadians was introduced by the Pearson
government. By this time Tommy Douglas was thegovernment. By this time Tommy Douglas was the
leader of the federal NDP and his party helped pushleader of the federal NDP and his party helped push
the government to implement this most popular socialthe government to implement this most popular social
programprogram

1976-19901976-1990
• By the late 1970By the late 1970’’s and early 1980s and early 1980’’s the federals the federal
government was running into money problems andgovernment was running into money problems and
began cutting some of Canadabegan cutting some of Canada’’s social programs social program
effectively eroding the welfare stateeffectively eroding the welfare state
• The conservative government led by Brian MulronyThe conservative government led by Brian Mulrony
elected in 1984 initiated a period of restraintelected in 1984 initiated a period of restraint –– cuttingcutting
back of social programs to decrease governmentback of social programs to decrease government
spending. During this time some provinces introducedspending. During this time some provinces introduced
medicare premiums and other user fees, the familymedicare premiums and other user fees, the family
allowance was cut and fewer workers were coveredallowance was cut and fewer workers were covered
under unemployment insurance.under unemployment insurance.

How ready are you?
 Quickie Quiz

What was a key demand of the Winnipeg
General Strike leaders?
a) the right to universal health care
b) The right to collective bargaining
c) The right to collect unemployment
insurance
d) The right to participate in the free
market economy

9. Which newspaper headline reflects the
concept of inflation?
A. “Price of oil soars”
B. “Banks lower interest rates”
C. “Brokers panic as stock prices fall”
D. “Oversupply of grain threatens wheat
sales”

10.Which of the following was a cause of
the October 1929 stock market crash?
a) tariffs
b) crop failures
c) buying on margin
d) assembly line production

11. Which factor contributed to the start of
the Great Depression in Canada?
A. overproduction of products
B. continued demand for consumer goods
C. increased dependence on government
programs
D. decreasing duties on exports entering the
United States

 13. What was Prime Minister King’s economic
policy at the start of the Great Depression?
a) Daily allowances for the unemployed would be
available.
b) Social welfare was to be the responsibility of the
provinces.
c) Work camps would be opened to create jobs for
the unemployed.
d) Provinces with Conservative governments could
expect federal support.

 14. Which statement describes conditions
on the Canadian Prairies during the Great
Depression?
A. Gas prices rose to record highs.
B. Drought-resistant crops provided high
yields.
C. Weather conditions caused many farms to
be abandoned.
D. A strong manufacturing sector allowed
the Prairies to prosper.

 15. Which political party supported the
idea of giving twenty-five dollars a
month to Canadian citizens during the
Great Depression
a) Liberal
b) Union Nationale
c) Social Credit
d) Co-operative Commonwealth Federation

18. Laissez-faire means
A.The creation of Social Programs to look
after the needy
B. Free markets without regulation
C. Command economy
D. Imposing heavy duties on trade

CANADA’S ROLE IN WORLD WAR II

World War II
• Axis Powers
– Germany – Hitler
– Italy – Mussolini
– Japan – Tojo, Emperor Hirohito
• Allies
– Britain - Chamberlain, Churchill
– USSR – Stalin
– USA – Roosevelt
– Canada – Mackenzie King
– Others: France, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa

Appeasement
CRAMP CUP
1. Conscription &
rearmament
2. Rhineland
3. Austrian Anschluss
4. Munich Pact
(Sudetenland)
5. Czechoslovakia
6. USSR-Nazi Pact
7. Poland

WWII Breaks OutWWII Breaks Out
September 1, 1939September 1, 1939
Canada Sept. 10, 1939Canada Sept. 10, 1939
• Poland invaded
• Phony War
• Norway, Denmark,
Belgium, France
• France falls
– Dunkirk Evacuation
• Britain (and colonies)
Stands alone vs.
Nazi Germany, Italy,
and Japan
Hitler needs to take out
threat of Britain so that
he can turn his attention
to USSR.

How ready are you?
 List and explain five examples of Canadian
contributions to the war effort.

How ready are you?
 Evaluate Canada’s contribution at Hong
Kong

Canadians at Hong KongCanadians at Hong Kong
• In the Pacific Japan attacked Pearl Harbour inIn the Pacific Japan attacked Pearl Harbour in
December of 1941 and hours later took over theDecember of 1941 and hours later took over the
British colony of Hong Kong which had 1975British colony of Hong Kong which had 1975
Canadians protecting it. All of these soldiers wereCanadians protecting it. All of these soldiers were
either killed or taken prisoner and held for the rest ofeither killed or taken prisoner and held for the rest of
the war in horrible conditions.the war in horrible conditions.
• SignificanceSignificance: First major action for Canadian troops in: First major action for Canadian troops in
the war. Sent a message to Canadians at home.the war. Sent a message to Canadians at home.

How ready are you?
 Evaluate Canada’s contribution to the
Battle of Britain

Battle of Britain
• Germany attacks
Britain by air and is
ultimately defeated – a
turning point in the
war
• Canada helped by
training most of the
pilots through the
Commonwealth Air
Training Program
• Some Canadian pilots
flew for the RAF

How ready are you?
Bomber Command.

Bomber CommandBomber Command
• Britain’s and Canada’s air force combined to flyBritain’s and Canada’s air force combined to fly
bombing missions into Germany throughout thebombing missions into Germany throughout the
war.war.
• Throughout the war they targeted German warThroughout the war they targeted German war
productionproduction
• Later in the war they also bombed German citiesLater in the war they also bombed German cities
• Over 10,000 Canadians were killed as part ofOver 10,000 Canadians were killed as part of
Bomber CommandBomber Command
• Significance:Significance: Successfully disrupted German warSuccessfully disrupted German war
production which made a big difference in the longproduction which made a big difference in the long
runrun

How ready are you?
Battle of Dieppe.

DieppeDieppe
• August 19, 1942 CEF lands
5,000 troops on beach at
Dieppe.
• Bad planning, bad luck, and
late changes to the plan lead
to……
• 900 dead, 1,000 wounded,
1,900 captured….major failure
• ISSUES:
• Conscription
• Expendability
• Lessons for D-Day?

How ready are you?
Italian campaign

The Italian CampaignThe Italian Campaign
• By 1943 the allies were ready to push back the GermansBy 1943 the allies were ready to push back the Germans
from the South and they invaded Italy with Canadiansfrom the South and they invaded Italy with Canadians
playing a major role.playing a major role.
• They first took Sicily and then landed on the ItalianThey first took Sicily and then landed on the Italian
mainland eventually pushing the Germans (who weremainland eventually pushing the Germans (who were
defending Italy) further North.defending Italy) further North.
• Significance:Significance: Was an important step towards theWas an important step towards the
liberation of Europe and kept many German troopsliberation of Europe and kept many German troops
away from France making the landing there easier foraway from France making the landing there easier for
the allies.the allies.

How ready are you?
Battle of the Atlantic.

The Battle of the Atlantic 1940-1944The Battle of the Atlantic 1940-1944
• Germans were trying to cut off supplies to Britain from NorthGermans were trying to cut off supplies to Britain from North
America and did so very successfully using submarines (U-Boats)America and did so very successfully using submarines (U-Boats)
until 1941.until 1941.
• By 1941 the allies began sailing in convoys (groups of shipsBy 1941 the allies began sailing in convoys (groups of ships
protected by destroyers). The Canadian Navy helped a lot byprotected by destroyers). The Canadian Navy helped a lot by
using small warships called corvettes.using small warships called corvettes.
• They also started using sonar (like underwater radar) to find theThey also started using sonar (like underwater radar) to find the
German U-boats.German U-boats.
• By 1943 the allies had won the battle of the Atlantic in large partBy 1943 the allies had won the battle of the Atlantic in large part
due to Canada’s contribution – by the end of the war Canadadue to Canada’s contribution – by the end of the war Canada
had 370 ships and 100000 personal in the navy.had 370 ships and 100000 personal in the navy.
• Many Canadians also served on the merchant ships which wasMany Canadians also served on the merchant ships which was
dangerous work.dangerous work.
• Significance:Significance: With their contribution to the Battle of theWith their contribution to the Battle of the
Atlantic, Canadians ensured supplies for Britain and the ultimateAtlantic, Canadians ensured supplies for Britain and the ultimate
invasion of mainland Europe.invasion of mainland Europe.

How ready are you?
 Evaluate Canada’s contribution to D-Day
(Normandy invasion).

D-DAY – Normandy InvasionD-DAY – Normandy Invasion
• By 1944 the Allies were ready to gain France back from theBy 1944 the Allies were ready to gain France back from the
Germans. After planning for over a year they launched aGermans. After planning for over a year they launched a
huge attack using naval and aerial bombardment of thehuge attack using naval and aerial bombardment of the
Normandy region of France eventually capturing fiveNormandy region of France eventually capturing five
beaches.beaches.
• One of the beaches, Juno beach, was captured by theOne of the beaches, Juno beach, was captured by the
Canadians (14000 soldiers)Canadians (14000 soldiers)
• The Canadians continued to push the Germans back throughThe Canadians continued to push the Germans back through
France and liberated Holland by May 1945France and liberated Holland by May 1945
• Significance:Significance: The Normandy Invasion was the final turningThe Normandy Invasion was the final turning
point in the war after which the Germans were in constantpoint in the war after which the Germans were in constant
retreat. Canadians made a significant contribution to itretreat. Canadians made a significant contribution to it
although in the big picture it was minor (14,000 Canadiansalthough in the big picture it was minor (14,000 Canadians
1,000,000 Allied soldiers in total for this operation).1,000,000 Allied soldiers in total for this operation).

Other CanadianOther Canadian
ContributionsContributions
• Liberation of Holland
• Convoys / Corvettes
• Factories
• Merchant Marine
• Farmers

How ready are you?
 What was Canada’s most important
contribution to WW II?

How ready are you?
 List and explain four ways that WW II
impacted Canada on the home front.

How ready are you?
 How did women contribute to WW II and
how did the war impact them?

The Role of Women
• During WW II Canada created women’s branches
in the army and 46000 women served overseas as
cooks, nurses, pilots, mechanics, radar operators
and welders.
• At home women again worked in factories to help
supply the war.
• They were encouraged to work through tax breaks
and day care.
• Still they were paid less than men for doing the
same jobs and expected to go back to being
housewives after the war.

How ready are you?
 Explain how Canada contributed in non-
military ways.

Production (“The Arsenal of
Democracy”)
• The war ended the depression because Britain
needed supplies and weapons
• Because Canada was a safe place with lots of
natural resources we supplied the war be creating
bombs, bullets, ships, planes, amoured cars. This
was a major contribution to the war effort.
• As in WW I, the gov’t took an active role in
increasing production through the War Supply
Board
• Food was rationed (gas, coffee, tea, butter, milk,
sugar and meat)

How ready are you?
 Explain the second conscription crisis.

Conscription Crisis # 2
• 1940 – King’s gov’t passed the National Resources Mobilization Act
(NRMA) which gave them special emergency powers to mobilize all
the resources of the nation to defeat the enemy
• 1942 – King held a plebiscite (vote on an issue) asking Canadians to
release his gov’t from their promise not to invoke conscription.
• 1944 – Although King had tried to avoid sending conscripts overseas,
13000 were sent but only 2000 made it to the front lines.
• 80% of English Canada supported conscription while over 70% of
French Canadians did not.
• This strained French-English relations again but not as badly as during
WW I

Propaganda
• Just like in WW I the government created
posters and films to convince Canadians of
the importance of the war and the evil
nature of the enemy.

How ready are you?
 Evaluated the treatment of enemy aliens
in Canada during WW II.

Japanese Internment
• After Pearl Harbour, people in Canada feared that Japanese Canadians
might supply Japan with secret information or even help them invade
Canada
• Starting in 1942 all Japanese Canadians were stripped of their rights
and required to carry ID cards at all times.
• They were given a choice to go back to Japan or to relocate away from
the West coast.
• 22000 Japanese Canadians were sent to internment camps, 14000 of
whom were born in Canada
• All of their possessions were sold cheaply and the money went to pay
for “storage and handling” charges.
• After the war they were released from the camps.
• In 1988 the federal gov’t apologized and gave $21,000 to each
survivor.

Other Enemy Aliens and
Discrimination during WW II
• German Canadians and Italian Canadians
had to register as well and a small
percentage were interned.
• There was significant prejudice against
Jews during this time. Jewish refugees were
refused entry and some Canadians refused
to hire Jewish judges, lawyers, professors
and teachers.

How ready are you?
 Evaluate the impacts of WW II on Canada
 Essay outline

How ready are you?
 How did WW II affect Canada after the
war?

Effects of WW II on Canada
• Economic
• The war got Canada out of the depression
• Shifted the nature of Canada’s economy towards more
industrial production and manufacturing.
• Political
• Canada gained an international reputation as a middle
power.
• Our troops were recognized for their contributions.
• Social
• Blacks and aboriginal peoples contributed to the war and
hence progressed in status.
• Women achieved greater recognition.
• Canada became more tolerant (less racist) and accepted
more refugees.
• Canada experienced a baby boom and lots of new
immigrants (including war brides) from Europe.

• 1. In 1939, why did Canada declare war on
Germany one week after Great Britain?
A. The Canadian armed forces training was
incomplete.
B. Germany had yet to launch an attack on Great
Britain.
C. The United States had not yet declared its
position on the war.
D. The House of Commons had to vote on whether
Canada should participate

Use the following information to answer question # 2
Canadian Forces in WW II Battles
1. D-Day
2. Battle of Hong Kong
3. Dieppe
2. What is the correct chronological order of these events?
A. 1, 2, 3
B. 1, 3, 2
D. 2, 3, 1
C. 2, 1, 3.

• 3. During WW II the Canadian government
interned
A. German Canadians.
B. Japanese Canadians.
C. French Canadians.
D. Italian Canadians.

• 4. McKenzie King called a referendum in
1942 about the issue of
A. conscription.
B. women’s rights.
C. Canada staying in the war.
D. an alliance with the U.S.

• 5. Which of the following was introduced
during WW II in Canada
A. relief.
B. unemployment insurance.
C. universal health care.
D. women’s right to vote.

• 6. Canada contributed to the allied war
effort by
A. training pilots.
B. sending armed forces.
C. producing planes for the war effort.
D. all of the above.
E. only B and C are true.

• 7. Which of the following is the best
example of a WW II military success for
Canada?
A. Dieppe.
B. Hong Kong.
C. D-Day.
D. Battle of Stalingrad

• 8. Which of the following is the most
accurate statement about WW II
A. The allies were successful early on but
not towards the end.
B. The allies were defeated early on but
came back to win the war.
C. Hitler had a bad start to the war.
D. The allies won the war easily from start to
finish.

Long-term
Causes of
WWI
WWI Breaks
Out All Over
Canadian
Battles of
Note
Miscellaneous Treaty of
Versailles
200 200 200 200 200
400 400 400 400 400
600 600 600 600 600
800 800 800 800 800
1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

Imperialism
The “I” in MAIN stands for?

Serbia
Nationalism in this country led to
the terrorist group that killed
Archduke Franz Ferdinand

The three members of
the Triple Entente
Britain
France
Russia

Militarism is best exemplified
by the development of this
British ship
The Dreadnought

What year was Franz Ferdinand
(and Sofie) killed?
1914

The country that “mobilized”
(got their army together) first
Russia

The country that gave
Austria-Hungary the
“blank cheque”
Germany

The first country actually
invaded in World War I
Belgium

The “Schlieffen Plan” was
designed to avoid what?
Two-front war

The member of one of the
alliances that did not go to
war immediately
Italy

The battle where poison gas
was used for the first time
Ypres

The battle where the
Newfoundland Regiment was
decimated
Beaumont Hamel

The bloodiest
battle of WWI
Battle of the Somme

The battle that caused the
conscription crisis
Vimy Ridge

The man who trained
most of the Canadian
troops
Sam Hughes

The event that brought
the war onto Canada’s
soil
Halifax Explosion 1917

The main training camp
for Canadian soldiers
Valcartier

The torpedoed ship that was
a major reason for the USA’s
entry into WWI
Lusitania

Canada’s best “ace”
Billy Bishop

The three ways the government
paid for the war
Victory Bonds
Income Tax
Loans

The time, date, and year of the
cease fire (armistice)
11am, Nov.11, 1918

The US president that
created the “14 points”
Woodrow Wilson

The Germans’ most hated part of
the Treaty of Versailles
War Guilt Clause

The monetary punishment
that Germany was forced to
pay
Reparations

The year when the
ToV was signed
1919

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