2. The M.A.I.N. causes of WWI
• Militarism - the competition to build bigger/more weapons
• Alliance System– the two sides form competing gangs
• Imperialism– the competition over colonies and business
• Nationalism– the fierce pride in one’s country
• History– there is a long history between the European countries
• Spark– the event that causes the long-term problems to blow
There were many long-term causes of the war.
At the turn of the century Europe was a mess of affairs.
4. How ready are you?
Explain how Canada came to be involved
in WW I.
Once Canada declared war, what
happened in the first few months of the
war for Canada?
5. CANADA GOES TO WAR
As soon as Britain declared war on
Germany, Canada was automatically at
war because we were part of the British
Empire.
Widespread support for war in Canada at the
start of war
Patriotism
Feelings of excitement and adventure – people
thought it would be a short war – home by
Christmas
Sam Hughes (Minister of Militia and Defense)
set up training camp at Valcartier Quebec
which got soldiers to Europe in a hurry
6. How ready are you?
Explain how Canada came to be involved
in WW I.
Once Canada declared war, what
happened in the first few months of the
war for Canada?
7. How ready are you?
Explain trench warfare
Explain stalemate
8. WAR IN EUROPE
Stalemate and Trench Warfare
Germans attacked through Belgium and into
France but were stopped by French and British
(including Canadians).
Neither side could advance = stalemate
Both sides dug into trenches and attacked
periodically by ‘going over the top’ into ‘no
man’s land’ toward the other opposing trenches
Particularly because of the machine gun this
tactic did not work well and very little progress
was made by either side for the next three
years = stalemate
Conditions in the trenches were awful – wet,
cold, rats, lice, dangerous
9. How ready are you?
Explain trench warfare
Explain stalemate
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20. How ready are you?
Explain total war
Explain attrition
21. WAR IN EUROPE
The Changing Face of War
New Types of Fighting
Battles of Attrition (grinding down) – rather
than trying to win a decisive victory the two
sides are trying to grind each other down
(‘bleed the enemy white). You could also think
of the whole war as one of attrition
Total War – when all resources of a country are
organized to win the war – A new concept in
the 20th century -massive materials needed,
money through victory bonds and income tax,
women in factories,
22. How ready are you?
Explain total war
Explain attrition
23. How Ready Are You?
List and explain the significance of 4 new
technologies used in WW I
24. WAR IN EUROPE
New Technology
Tanks – Not used until 1916 (Somme) but
became increasingly effective and ultimately
proved to be one of the reasons for allied
victory
Poison Gas – First used by Germans at Ypres –
nasty but not a major factor in the war
Machine Guns – Hugely important –
responsible for most deaths during the war
Submarines – Germans used these very
effectively until 1917 to destroy GB merchant
ships trying to starve GB into submission
Airplanes – not a big impact – used for
scouting and dogfights
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32. How Ready Are You?
List and explain the significance of 4 new
technologies used in WW I
33. How ready are you?
List and explain the significance of four
battles in which Canadians played a
significant part.
34. Land Battles
Ypres, April 1915
Germans attacked allies with
poison gas
First taste of trench warfare for
Canadian troops
6000 Canadians killed
35. Somme, July 1916
Huge Allied attack which failed
20000 + Canadians killed
90% casualty rate in Newfoundland
regiment
1.25 million casualties in total “das
Blutbad”
23 Canadians “shot at dawn”
36. Vimy Ridge, April 1917
Captured successfully by Canadians alone even
though French and British had failed
Extremely well planned and executed
Turning point in the war – first decisive victory
Became a symbol for Canadian independence and
nationhood
Canadian troops recognized as some of the best
on the western front
Resulted in the Canadian corps being led by a
Canadian, General Arthur Currie, rather than a
British general – we ran our own show after that
37. Passchendale, October 1917
A muddy nightmare
Canadians ordered to attack despite
protests from General Currie
They attacked and took
Passchendale but 16000 died (4 out
of 5) for only 7 km of mud that the
Germans soon won back
38. The Hundred Days
By early 1918 Russia had made peace leaving
Germany with just the Western front to worry
about
The US had entered the war in 1917 but still
needed time to train
Germans tried one last massive offensive and by
summer of 1918 made it within 75 km of Paris
However, they had overextended themselves.
In the next 100 days, with Canadians playing a
huge part, the allies drove them back until they
surrendered
39. How ready are you?
List and explain the significance of four
battles in which Canadians played a
significant part.
40. Essay outline
How significant was Canada’s contribution
to WW I?
I will use random cards to pick one from
each team and I’ll mark it out of six.
41. How ready are you?
Who was Sam Hughes and why was he
significant?
42. IV THE WAR AT HOME
A. Economy boomed because Canada
supplied all kinds of war supplies
Sam Hughes (Minister of Militia and
Defense) in charge of Canada’s armament
industry
Gave lots of contracts for weapons to his
friends who were profiteers people more
interested in making money than making
quality products. Ex. Cardboard soled shoes
Hughes fired in 1916 and government took
over munitions and grain production in
43. How ready are you?
Explain the War Measures Act and how it
was used in WW I
44. B. War Measures Act Passed in 1914
Gov’t could control the economy and
censor the mail
Could arrest people without laying
charges
Recent immigrants from Germany and AH
(enemy aliens) were treated harshly –
had to carry special ID cards and report
to registration officers. 8579 were held in
isolation in internment camps
45. How ready are you?
Explain how the government raised funds
in WW I (3)
46. C. Paying for the War
Because of new weapons, the length of
the war and the large Canadian
contribution, the gov’t needed money
which it raised through:
Victory bonds – bought by Canadians to be
repaid after war with interest
Taxes- introduced income tax as a temporary
measure on the wealthy (3%) and a profit tax
(4%)on businesses
Late in the war borrowing money from the US
47.
48.
49. How ready are you?
This event brought the war to Canada.
50. D. The Halifax Explosion, 1917
A French munitions ship collided
with another ship and blew up in
Halifax harbor
Over 2000 people were killed and
many left homeless
US donated generously to help
rebuild Halifax
51. How ready are you?
What was rationing and how did
Canadians respond?
52. E. Rationing
During the war food and fuel
became scarce and prices soared
because so much was being
exported to Europe
Honour rationing was introduced –
people limited themselves to 1.5 lbs
of butter and 2 lbs of sugar/ month
Mandatory waste reduction was
introduced
53.
54. How ready are you?
Explain how propaganda was used in WW
I
55. F. Propaganda
Propaganda is any strategy to
persuade people to believe
something or act a certain way – it
often distorts the truth or is very
one sided
Used to get people to join the war
and to keep people patriotic about
the war
56.
57.
58. How ready are you?
Explain the conscription crisis in WW I
59. Conscription Crisis
By 1917 voluntary enlistments were not keeping up with
casualties (see graph on page 40 in counterpoints)
PM Robert Borden called for conscription – mandatory military
service for men aged 20 – 35
Most of English Canada supported him while most of Quebec
was against him
Many Quebeckers were not feeling patriotic since they felt
little connection to either France or Britain and they felt that
they were not being treated equally within Canada
There was also the feeling that Canada had done enough,
that we needed our men at home to produce for the war
Borden called an election on the conscription issue but first he
passed two laws – “War Time Elections Act.” - one giving all
men and women overseas the vote, the other giving the vote
to all women directly related to servicemen
He won the election (with only 3 of 65 seats in Quebec) and
conscription was introduced
There were major protests in Quebec and Canada was divided
Over 90% of all conscripts applied for exemptions for medical
and other reasons and only 25000 conscripted soldiers
actually reached France before the war ended
60. How ready are you?
Explain how women’s roles changed in
WW I
61. H. New Roles for Women
Hundreds of women volunteered in the war as
nurses and ambulance drivers
At home many women worked in war production
industries and other jobs vacated by men off at
war – this was a huge change because before
1914 it would have been unheard of to have
women in these kinds of ‘men’s’ jobs
The contribution women were making led them to
organize as suffragettes (women trying to the
right to vote) and by the end of the war most
women over 21 had earned the right to vote in
federal elections
62. How ready are you?
Evaluate the impacts of WW I on Canada?
Essay outline.
63. Effects of the War in Canada
Our great contributions to the war showed that
we were an independent (autonomous) country.
Some changes as a result of the war:
Women got the vote and their roles changed
Troops gained respect
Economy grew
Debt grew so we introduced income tax which we
still have
60000 Canadians killed/ 178,000 wounded
Conscription deepened the differences between
French and English
64. V. LEGACY OF WAR
The Paris Peace Conferences
After Germany surrendered a peace was
dictated to them by the victories countries.
Canada got its own seat at the peace
conference (a big deal for a country many
still saw as a British tag-along before the war
The Treaty of Versailles which came out of
the conference really stuck it to Germany and
many argue it sowed the seeds for the rise of
Hitler and WW II
66. • 1. Which statement best describes Canada’s
entry into World War One?
A. The Canadian government voted to join the war.
B. Canada declared war only after the United
States did.
C. Canada declared war automatically when
Britain did.
D. The Canadian government held a referendum
before declaring war.
67.
68.
69. 6. Which of the following best describes
“a war of attrition”?
A. One side incorporates the defeated
enemy’s artillery.
B. One side uses lightning warfare to
rapidly gain ground.
C. Both sides wear each other down until
one is forced to give in.
D. Both sides build up their armed forces
before engaging in warfare.
70. 7. Why did the government assume
control of munitions and grain production
in 1917?
A. Harvest on prairie farms were declining.
B. Importing of manufactured goods was
growing
C. Profiteering among private businesses
was increasing.
D Losses of convoy ships in the open seas
were mounting.
71.
72. 8. Which right were women
granted as a result of WW I?
A. to vote
B. to work
C. to own property
D. to receive equal pay
74. How ready are you?
List and explain at least 5 events that
show Canada’s increasing autonomy from
1914-2000
75. Steps to Canadian Autonomy
• 1914 – WW I -Canada is automatically at war when
Britain enters WW I.
• 1919 – Paris Peace Conference - Canada gets its own
seat at Paris Peace conference.
• 1922 – Chanak Crisis – British sent troops to Chanak,
Turkey and Canadian PM William Lyon Mackenzie
King said we would only send troops if parliament
agreed – first time Canada refused unconditional
support for British.
76. Steps to Canadian Autonomy
• 1923 – Halibut Treaty – A treaty about fishing
rights signed with the US. First treaty Canada
signed totally on its own.
• 1926- King –Byng Affair – Governor General
(rep of the Queen in Canada) Byng refused a
request from Prime Minister King – fist time
this happened. Led to a change in the role of the
Governor General.
77. Steps to Canadian Autonomy
• 1926 – Balfour Report – recognized that
Canada was autonomous within the British
Empire
• 1931 – Statute of Westminster – Put Balfour
report into law. Meant that Canada was an
autonomous dominion of GB. The only thing
we couldn’t do was amend our own constitution
78. Steps to Canadian Autonomy
• 1939 – WW II – Canada enters WW II after a parliamentary vote
a few days after Britain. Showed independence in contrast to
WW I
• 1965 – Flag - Canada gets a new Flag after much debate –
Another sign of autonomy, especially because the symbol has no
ties to Britain
• 1982 – Constitution - Canada patriates (brings home) its
Constitution which includes the right to amend (change) our
own constitution without the permission of Britain.
79. How ready are you?
List and explain at least 5 events that
show Canada’s increasing autonomy from
1914-2000
80. How ready are you?
Explain the economic cycle.
Include recession, recovery, prosperity
and contraction in your explanation.
81.
82. How ready are you?
Explain the economic cycle.
Include recession, recovery, prosperity
and contraction in your explanation.
83. How ready are you?
Explain supply and demand
Explain GDP
Explain inflation
84. Economics 101
Supply and demand – The concept that explains how
much things will cost. If demand (how bad people want
something) is high and supply (how much of it there is)
is low then the price is likely to be high and vise versa.
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – The total $ value
of goods and service produced by a country and its
citizens
• Inflation – the fact that goods and services tend to cost
more year after year. Measured as a percentage (Ex.
Canada had 2% inflation in 2006 means that the cost of
everything added together went up by 2% last year)
85. How ready are you?
Explain supply and demand
Explain GDP
Explain inflation
86. How ready are you?
List and explain five major causes of the
Great Depression in Canada.
87. CAUSES OF THE GREAT
DEPRESSION
1. Over Production:
During the 1920s many industries were
expanding and new factories were built
They made on overload of goods, which in
turn made owners panic and lay off their
workers
This made sales slow down even more
because workers didn’t have money to
spend.
88. CAUSES OF THE GREAT
DEPRESSION
2. Canada’s reliance on exporting staple
products:
Canada’s economy depended on exporting
staple products (timber, crops, minerals)
meaning if other countries suddenly needed
fewer staples our economy would be in trouble.
Thus when the price of wheat dropped from
$1.00/ bushel to 33c/ bushel the prairie
provinces were devastated, especially when on
top of that there was drought and windstorms.
89. CAUSES OF THE GREAT
DEPRESSION
3. Canada’s dependence on the
United States:
Canada especially depended on exporting
to the US (40% of exports) meaning that
if the US economy failed, ours would too.
90. CAUSES OF THE GREAT
DEPRESSION
4. Stock Market Crash
Oct 29th, 1929 the stock markets in New York
and Toronto crashed meaning that the value of
many companies shares traded went down by a
lot. This happened because the prices had been
driven to artificial highs through speculation
(people borrowing money to buy stocks and
trying to sell them for profit quickly). Once
prices corrected themselves a little lots of
investors got nervous and started to sell leading
prices to drop further and so on.
91. CAUSES OF THE GREAT
DEPRESSION
5. Economic Protectionism and Tariffs
Through out the 20’s there was an increasing
trend towards protective tariffs. Tariffs are
duties (money) collected on goods coming into a
country.
At the beginning of the Depression, PM Bennett
tried to “blast a way into world markets,” by
increasing tariffs by 50%. This didn’t work well
because the other countries retaliated and
Canadian producers lost even more markets
abroad.
92. CAUSES OF THE GREAT
DEPRESSION
6. International Debt after WW I
Everyone owed the US money after WW I
and they needed to sell stuff to the US to
be able to pay it back. When the US
became protectionist that was harder to
do.
93. 7. Drought on the Prairies
The Prairies were particularly hard hit
because in addition to the above
mentioned factors they were hit by years
of drought (called the dustbowl). Since
their economies were particularly
dependent on farming it was the worst
place to be during the depression.
94.
95. How ready are you?
List and explain five major causes of the
Great Depression in Canada.
96. How ready are you?
How did the Canadian government first
under McKenzie King (until 1930) and
then under Bennett (from 1930- 1935)
respond the Great Depression?
97. Government Responses to the
Great Depression
• At the start of the depression the attitude
of the government was that people had to
tough it out and that things would get
better. Prime Minister (PM) McKenzie King
(a Liberal) specifically denied any help to
provinces with Provincial Governments run
by the Conservative party. He was
replaced by RB Bennett after the 1930
election. The government tried to help
through the following:
98. Government Responses to the
Great Depression
• Increased tariffs (protectionism) –
ineffective
99. Government Responses to the
Great Depression
• Cut Government Spending so it’s in
line with government revenue
• ineffective
100. Government Responses to the
Great Depression
• Pogey – Like Welfare except you got
vouchers if you were poor enough.
People were humiliated to obtain their
vouchers. The amounts were very low so
people still starved and suffered disease
• Helped a little but came nowhere close to
addressing all the need.
101. Government Responses to the
Great Depression
• Unemployment Relief Camps – Set up in
1930 for single unemployed men by PM R.B.
Bennett. They got 20c/day and room and
board.
• Helped a little but again nowhere near what
was needed.
• Racism in the governments relief efforts –
Chinese in Vancouver got no relief at first and
then were expected to be fed on ½ of what I
white person would get. Aboriginals on
reserves were supposed to live off $5/ month
102. Government Responses to the
Great Depression
• Bennett’s New Deal – During the 1935 election
Bennett (conservative) promised a New Deal if he was
elected which would include:
– Progressive taxation (the more you make the higher
percentage of taxes you pay)
– Introduction of a minimum wage
– Unemployment insurance
– Health insurance
– Revised old age pension
– Regulated wheat prices
• Although Bennett lost the election to McKenzie King
(Liberal) and these measures were not implemented
right away, they show a shift in the attitudes of the
government and signal the beginning of change
103. How ready are you?
How did the Canadian government first
under McKenzie King (until 1930) and
then under Bennett (from 1930- 1935)
respond the Great Depression?
104. How ready are you?
How did people respond to the Great
Depression (3)?
105. People’s Responses to the Great
Depression
1. Riding the Rails- People rode on railway cars
searching for work and later because there was
nothing to do.
2. On-to-Ottawa Trek- In 1935, unemployed relief camp
workers men from boarded trains from Vancouver to
Ottawa demanding work with wages. When they
reached Regina, the police stopped them and the
Regina Riot broke out.
3. Diversion- Finding stuff to get their mind of the
depression. The Dionne Quintuplets were born in 1934
in Ontario and turned into a tourist attraction.
106. How ready are you?
How did people respond to the Great
Depression (3)?
107. How ready are you?
What were the short and long term
impacts of the Great Depression?
108. Effects of the Great Depression
New Political Parties
• The popular laissez-faire (free market
capitalism) approach wasn’t working so
there was room for new ideas to be heard and
to flourish.
– Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) –
This Socialist political party was formed in 1932 by
JS Woodsworth in Saskatchewan. It was a
response to the hardships of the Great Depression.
– Social Credit – “Bible Bill” Aberhart led this new
party in Alberta that believed the government should
give $125 to each citizen (a social credit) to kick
start the economy.
109. Effects of the Great Depression
The Changing Role of Government
• This is the most long lasting effect. The depression
was so bad, and the traditional laissez fair approach to
economy so ineffective, that governments started
embracing Keynesian economics. Keynes’ idea was
that the gov’t should borrow money in tough times
(deficit financing) to fund huge employment projects
that would benefit society as a whole (like a new hydro
dam). A key change here is that rather than leaving the
economy alone (laissez-fair) the government should
actively steer the economy and thereby hopefully
minimize the bad times on the economic cycle.
110. Effects of the Great Depression
The changing role of government.
• The depression also made the governments
realize that they had to take a more active role in
helping those in need during tough times
through things like unemployment insurance,
welfare, sick benefits, child benefits, pensions,
etc. All of these social program either directly or
indirectly originated in the Great depression.
111. How ready are you?
What were the short and long term
impacts of the Great Depression?
113. Welfare State defined:
• A country in which the government assumes a
large measure of responsibility for the social
welfare of its members through programs like
unemployment insurance, medicare and welfare
114. How ready are you?
List and explain at least four examples of
Canada becoming welfare state.
115. Becoming a Welfare State
• Canada gradually became a welfare state in the
27 years following the great depression. (1939-
1966) During the depression, governments
began to realize that they had to take a more
active role in helping those in need during tough
times through things like unemployment
insurance, welfare, sick benefits, child benefits,
pensions, etc. Some of the major social
programs introduced from 1939-1966 were:
116. • 1940 – McKenzie King (PM) introduced
Unemployment Insurance (now called
employment insurance).
• 1945 – McKenzie King’s government
introduced Family Allowances (baby
bonuses).
117. More Social Programs
• 1962 – Saskatchewan Premier, Tommy Douglas introduced free
public health care in his province despite strong opposition
from its doctors.
• 1966 – Pearson (PM) Canada Pension Plan is introduced
• 1966 – Canada Assistance Plan- federal government gives
money to provincial governments to help fund social assistance
programs for needy people – ex. Social assistance available to
single parents and physically disabled people
• 1966 – Medical Care Act – free public medicine for all
Canadians was introduced by the Pearson government. By this
time Tommy Douglas was the leader of the federal NDP and his
party helped push the government to implement this most
popular social program
118. More Social Programs
• 1966 – Canada Assistance Plan- federal government
gives money to provincial governments to help fund
social assistance programs for needy people – ex. Social
assistance available to single parents and physically
disabled people
• 1966 – Medical Care Act – free public medicine for
all Canadians was introduced by the Pearson
government. By this time Tommy Douglas was the
leader of the federal NDP and his party helped push
the government to implement this most popular social
program
119. 1976-1990
• By the late 1970’s and early 1980’s the federal
government was running into money problems and
began cutting some of Canada’s social program
effectively eroding the welfare state
• The conservative government led by Brian Mulrony
elected in 1984 initiated a period of restraint – cutting
back of social programs to decrease government
spending. During this time some provinces introduced
medicare premiums and other user fees, the family
allowance was cut and fewer workers were covered
under unemployment insurance.
120. How ready are you?
List and explain at least four examples of
Canada becoming welfare state.
122. What was a key demand of the Winnipeg
General Strike leaders?
a) the right to universal health care
b) The right to collective bargaining
c) The right to collect unemployment
insurance
d) The right to participate in the free
market economy
123.
124.
125. 9. Which newspaper headline reflects the
concept of inflation?
A. “Price of oil soars”
B. “Banks lower interest rates”
C. “Brokers panic as stock prices fall”
D. “Oversupply of grain threatens wheat
sales”
126. 10.Which of the following was a cause of
the October 1929 stock market crash?
a) tariffs
b) crop failures
c) buying on margin
d) assembly line production
127. 11. Which factor contributed to the start
of the Great Depression in Canada?
A. overproduction of products
B. continued demand for consumer goods
C. increased dependence on government
programs
D. decreasing duties on exports entering the
United States
128.
129. 13. What was Prime Minister King’s economic
policy at the start of the Great Depression?
a) Daily allowances for the unemployed would be
available.
b) Social welfare was to be the responsibility of the
provinces.
c) Work camps would be opened to create jobs for
the unemployed.
d) Provinces with Conservative governments could
expect federal support.
130. 14. Which statement describes conditions
on the Canadian Prairies during the Great
Depression?
A. Gas prices rose to record highs.
B. Drought-resistant crops provided high
yields.
C. Weather conditions caused many farms
to be abandoned.
D. A strong manufacturing sector allowed
the Prairies to prosper.
131. 15. Which political party supported the
idea of giving twenty-five dollars a
month to Canadian citizens during the
Great Depression
a) Liberal
b) Union Nationale
c) Social Credit
d) Co-operative Commonwealth Federation
132.
133. 18. Laissez-faire means
A.The creation of Social Programs to look
after the needy
B. Free markets without regulation
C. Command economy
D. Imposing heavy duties on trade
135. World War II
• Axis Powers
– Germany – Hitler
– Italy – Mussolini
– Japan – Tojo, Emperor Hirohito
• Allies
– Britain - Chamberlain, Churchill
– USSR – Stalin
– USA – Roosevelt
– Canada – Mackenzie King
– Others: France, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa
137. WWII Breaks Out
September 1, 1939
Canada Sept. 10, 1939
• Poland invaded
• Phony War
• Norway, Denmark,
Belgium, France
• France falls
– Dunkirk Evacuation
• Britain (and colonies)
Stands alone vs.
Nazi Germany,
Italy, and Japan
Hitler needs to take out
threat of Britain so that
he can turn his attention
to USSR.
138.
139. How ready are you?
List and explain five examples of Canadian
contributions to the war effort.
140.
141. How ready are you?
Evaluate Canada’s contribution at Hong
Kong
142. Canadians at Hong Kong
• In the Pacific Japan attacked Pearl Harbour in
December of 1941 and hours later took over the British
colony of Hong Kong which had 1975 Canadians
protecting it. All of these soldiers were either killed or
taken prisoner and held for the rest of the war in
horrible conditions.
• Significance: First major action for Canadian troops in
the war. Sent a message to Canadians at home.
143. How ready are you?
Evaluate Canada’s contribution at Hong
Kong
144. How ready are you?
Evaluate Canada’s contribution to the
Battle of Britain
145. Battle of Britain
• Germany attacks
Britain by air and is
ultimately defeated – a
turning point in the
war
• Canada helped by
training most of the
pilots through the
Commonwealth Air
Training Program
• Some Canadian pilots
flew for the RAF
146. How ready are you?
Evaluate Canada’s contribution to the
Battle of Britain
147. How ready are you?
Evaluate Canada’s contribution to the
Bomber Command.
148. Bomber Command
• Britain’s and Canada’s air force combined to fly
bombing missions into Germany throughout the
war.
• Throughout the war they targeted German war
production
• Later in the war they also bombed German cities
• Over 10,000 Canadians were killed as part of
Bomber Command
• Significance: Successfully disrupted German war
production which made a big difference in the long
run
149. How ready are you?
Evaluate Canada’s contribution to the
Bomber Command.
150. How ready are you?
Evaluate Canada’s contribution to the
Battle of Dieppe.
151. Dieppe
• August 19, 1942 CEF lands
5,000 troops on beach at
Dieppe.
• Bad planning, bad luck, and
late changes to the plan lead
to……
• 900 dead, 1,000 wounded,
1,900 captured….major failure
• ISSUES:
• Conscription
• Expendability
• Lessons for D-Day?
152. How ready are you?
Evaluate Canada’s contribution to the
Bomber Command.
153. How ready are you?
Evaluate Canada’s contribution to the
Italian campaign
154. The Italian Campaign
• By 1943 the allies were ready to push back the Germans
from the South and they invaded Italy with Canadians
playing a major role.
• They first took Sicily and then landed on the Italian
mainland eventually pushing the Germans (who were
defending Italy) further North.
• Significance: Was an important step towards the
liberation of Europe and kept many German troops
away from France making the landing there easier for
the allies.
155. How ready are you?
Evaluate Canada’s contribution to the
Italian campaign
156. How ready are you?
Evaluate Canada’s contribution to the
Battle of the Atlantic.
157. The Battle of the Atlantic 1940-1944
• Germans were trying to cut off supplies to Britain from North
America and did so very successfully using submarines (U-Boats)
until 1941.
• By 1941 the allies began sailing in convoys (groups of ships
protected by destroyers). The Canadian Navy helped a lot by
using small warships called corvettes.
• They also started using sonar (like underwater radar) to find the
German U-boats.
• By 1943 the allies had won the battle of the Atlantic in large part
due to Canada’s contribution – by the end of the war Canada
had 370 ships and 100000 personal in the navy.
• Many Canadians also served on the merchant ships which was
dangerous work.
• Significance: With their contribution to the Battle of the
Atlantic, Canadians ensured supplies for Britain and the ultimate
invasion of mainland Europe.
158. How ready are you?
Evaluate Canada’s contribution to the
Battle of the Atlantic.
159. How ready are you?
Evaluate Canada’s contribution to D-Day
(Normandy invasion).
160. D-DAY – Normandy Invasion
• By 1944 the Allies were ready to gain France back from the
Germans. After planning for over a year they launched a
huge attack using naval and aerial bombardment of the
Normandy region of France eventually capturing five
beaches.
• One of the beaches, Juno beach, was captured by the
Canadians (14000 soldiers)
• The Canadians continued to push the Germans back through
France and liberated Holland by May 1945
• Significance: The Normandy Invasion was the final turning
point in the war after which the Germans were in constant
retreat. Canadians made a significant contribution to it
although in the big picture it was minor (14,000 Canadians
1,000,000 Allied soldiers in total for this operation).
161. How ready are you?
Evaluate Canada’s contribution to D-Day
(Normandy invasion).
163. How ready are you?
What was Canada’s most important
contribution to WW II?
164. How ready are you?
List and explain four ways that WW II
impacted Canada on the home front.
165. How ready are you?
How did women contribute to WW II and
how did the war impact them?
166. The Role of Women
• During WW II Canada created women’s branches
in the army and 46000 women served overseas as
cooks, nurses, pilots, mechanics, radar operators
and welders.
• At home women again worked in factories to help
supply the war.
• They were encouraged to work through tax breaks
and day care.
• Still they were paid less than men for doing the
same jobs and expected to go back to being
housewives after the war.
167. How ready are you?
How did women contribute to WW II and
how did the war impact them?
168. How ready are you?
Explain how Canada contributed in non-
military ways.
169. Production (“The Arsenal of
Democracy”)
• The war ended the depression because Britain
needed supplies and weapons
• Because Canada was a safe place with lots of
natural resources we supplied the war be creating
bombs, bullets, ships, planes, amoured cars. This
was a major contribution to the war effort.
• As in WW I, the gov’t took an active role in
increasing production through the War Supply
Board
• Food was rationed (gas, coffee, tea, butter, milk,
sugar and meat)
170. How ready are you?
Explain how Canada contributed in non-
military ways.
171. How ready are you?
Explain the second conscription crisis.
172. Conscription Crisis # 2
• 1940 – King’s gov’t passed the National Resources Mobilization Act
(NRMA) which gave them special emergency powers to mobilize all
the resources of the nation to defeat the enemy
• 1942 – King held a plebiscite (vote on an issue) asking Canadians to
release his gov’t from their promise not to invoke conscription.
• 1944 – Although King had tried to avoid sending conscripts overseas,
13000 were sent but only 2000 made it to the front lines.
• 80% of English Canada supported conscription while over 70% of
French Canadians did not.
• This strained French-English relations again but not as badly as during
WW I
173. How ready are you?
Explain the second conscription crisis.
174. Propaganda
• Just like in WW I the government created
posters and films to convince Canadians of
the importance of the war and the evil
nature of the enemy.
175. How ready are you?
Evaluated the treatment of enemy aliens
in Canada during WW II.
176. Japanese Internment
• After Pearl Harbour, people in Canada feared that Japanese Canadians
might supply Japan with secret information or even help them invade
Canada
• Starting in 1942 all Japanese Canadians were stripped of their rights
and required to carry ID cards at all times.
• They were given a choice to go back to Japan or to relocate away from
the West coast.
• 22000 Japanese Canadians were sent to internment camps, 14000 of
whom were born in Canada
• All of their possessions were sold cheaply and the money went to pay
for “storage and handling” charges.
• After the war they were released from the camps.
• In 1988 the federal gov’t apologized and gave $21,000 to each
survivor.
177. Other Enemy Aliens and
Discrimination during WW II
• German Canadians and Italian Canadians
had to register as well and a small
percentage were interned.
• There was significant prejudice against
Jews during this time. Jewish refugees were
refused entry and some Canadians refused
to hire Jewish judges, lawyers, professors
and teachers.
178. How ready are you?
Evaluated the treatment of enemy aliens
in Canada during WW II.
179. How ready are you?
Evaluate the impacts of WW II on Canada
Essay outline
180. How ready are you?
How did WW II affect Canada after the
war?
181. Effects of WW II on Canada
• Economic
• The war got Canada out of the depression
• Shifted the nature of Canada’s economy towards more
industrial production and manufacturing.
• Political
• Canada gained an international reputation as a middle
power.
• Our troops were recognized for their contributions.
• Social
• Blacks and aboriginal peoples contributed to the war and
hence progressed in status.
• Women achieved greater recognition.
• Canada became more tolerant (less racist) and accepted
more refugees.
• Canada experienced a baby boom and lots of new
immigrants (including war brides) from Europe.
183. • 1. In 1939, why did Canada declare war on
Germany one week after Great Britain?
A. The Canadian armed forces training was
incomplete.
B. Germany had yet to launch an attack on Great
Britain.
C. The United States had not yet declared its
position on the war.
D. The House of Commons had to vote on whether
Canada should participate
184. Use the following information to answer question # 2
Canadian Forces in WW II Battles
1. D-Day
2. Battle of Hong Kong
3. Dieppe
2. What is the correct chronological order of these events?
A. 1, 2, 3
B. 1, 3, 2
D. 2, 3, 1
C. 2, 1, 3.
185. • 3. During WW II the Canadian government
interned
A. German Canadians.
B. Japanese Canadians.
C. French Canadians.
D. Italian Canadians.
186. • 4. McKenzie King called a referendum in
1942 about the issue of
A. conscription.
B. women’s rights.
C. Canada staying in the war.
D. an alliance with the U.S.
187. • 5. Which of the following was introduced
during WW II in Canada
A. relief.
B. unemployment insurance.
C. universal health care.
D. women’s right to vote.
188. • 6. Canada contributed to the allied war
effort by
A. training pilots.
B. sending armed forces.
C. producing planes for the war effort.
D. all of the above.
E. only B and C are true.
189. • 7. Which of the following is the best
example of a WW II military success for
Canada?
A. Dieppe.
B. Hong Kong.
C. D-Day.
D. Battle of Stalingrad
190. • 8. Which of the following is the most
accurate statement about WW II
A. The allies were successful early on but
not towards the end.
B. The allies were defeated early on but
came back to win the war.
C. Hitler had a bad start to the war.
D. The allies won the war easily from start to
finish.
191.
192. Long-term
Causes of
WWI
WWI Breaks
Out All Over
Canadian
Battles of
Note
Miscellaneous Treaty of
Versailles
200 200 200 200 200
400 400 400 400 400
600 600 600 600 600
800 800 800 800 800
1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
