Canada: just and caring society planner

1. Social Studies 11 Review
1. Evaluate Canada’s progress
towards becoming a just and
caring society from 1914-
2000.

2. Brainstorm
Just and Caring Not Just and
caring
Immigration/ Multiculturalism
–changes from racist country
(Komagata Maru, head tax,
Japanese internment, St. Louis)
to a multicultural one
(immigration act changes in
60’s-80’s , multiculturalism act).

3. Brainstorm
Just and Caring Not Just and
caring
Women – go from second class
citizens (no vote) to legally
equal. – Nellie McClung – vote/
Emily Murphy – persons case.
Women still underrepresented
in politics and paid less in some
professions.

4. Somewhat just and caring
Aboriginals – horrible history – Indian
Act/ assimilation/ residential schools.
Some improvements – apology, treaty
negotiations. Still things are bad on
reserves – poverty, loss of identity, health
issues (life expectancy ex).

5. Somewhat just and caring
Quebec
Many French have felt alienated – ex.
Conscription Crises (WW I/ II) Constitution
signing in 1982 – Quebec doesn’t sign.
Attempts to get them to sign (Meech Lake/
Charlottetown) fail. Separation referendums
show alienation. Things better now (Bloq
Quebecois down to 4 members) but not perfect.

6. Somewhat just and caring
Development of Welfare State – Before
depression more of a survival of the fittest
attitude – change to belief in looking after
those who need help – ex. Unemployment
insurance, Canada Pension, Medicare all
passed 40’s to 60’s. Much more caring
but still people in poverty – homelessness

7. Working Thesis
From 1914-2000 Canada has become a
mostly just and caring society.
Although far from perfect, Canada has
developed into just and caring country in the
20th century.

8. Canadian Unity (French English
Issues and Regionalism)
Big Question:
 What was the impact of the conscription crises,
Quebec nationalism, bilingualism, and
regionalism on Canadian unity?
Little Question # 1
What was the impact of the conscription crises
(that’s plural for crisis) on Canadian unity?

9. Canadian Unity (French English
Issues and Regionalism)
Big Question:
 What was the impact of the conscription crises,
Quebec nationalism, bilingualism, and
regionalism on Canadian unity?
Little Question # 1
What was the impact of the conscription crises
(that’s plural for crisis) on Canadian unity?

10. WW II Conscription Crisis
 1940 – King’s gov’t passed the National Resources
Mobilization Act (NRMA) which gave them special
emergency powers to mobilize all the resources of the nation
to defeat the enemy
 1942 – King held a plebiscite (vote on an issue) asking
Canadians to release his gov’t from their promise not to invoke
conscription.
 1944 – Although King had tried to avoid sending conscripts
overseas, 13000 were sent but only 2000 made it to the front
lines.
 80% of English Canada supported conscription while over
70% of French Canadians did not.
 This strained French-English relations again but not as badly
as during WW I

11. Big Question:
• What was the impact of the conscription crises,
Quebec nationalism, bilingualism, and
regionalism on Canadian unity?
• Little Question # 2
• What was the impact of the Duplessis era and
the quiet revolution on Canadian unity? (both
are examples of Quebec nationalism)

12. 1944 -1959 Duplessis Era
 Maurice Duplessis was the
Union Nationale Leader in
Quebec
 Kept Quebec Catholic,
French and old fashioned
 Was corrupt
 Brought in a Quebec Flag
which symbolized
connection to France rather
than Canada

13. 1960-1966 – The Quiet Revolution
Liberal, Jean Lesage became premier of Quebec
 He pushed for greater power for Quebec within
Canada (increased Quebec nationalism)
 The quiet revolution secularized Quebec (Catholic
Church out of politics), strengthened the welfare
state, invested in public education, unionized the civil
service and nationalized power production.
 “Maitrez chez nous” (Masters in our own house.
Wanted Quebeckers to control their own economy so
he nationalized Hydro companies into Hydro
Quebec.

14. Big Question:
• What was the impact of the conscription crises,
Quebec nationalism, bilingualism, and
regionalism on Canadian unity?
• Little Question # 3 - What was the impact of
the 1963 Royal Commission on Bilingualism
and Biculturalism and the Official Languages
Act (1969) on Canadian Unity?

15. 1963 Royal Commission on
Bilingualism and Biculturalism –
 Revealed that Francophones lacked influence
in the federal gov’t, had fewer educational
opportunities and could not be served
adequately by the federal gov’t in French

16. 1969 – Official Languages Act
 PM Trudeau introduced it making
Canada officially bi-lingual
 Gave all Canadians the right to
deal with the federal government
in French or English and requiring
all products to be labeled in both
official languages.
 Many Canadians embraced it (ex.
French Immersion)
 Others thought it was stupid and
pandered to Quebec at the
expense of more important
concerns.

17. Big Question:
• What was the impact of the conscription crises,
Quebec nationalism, bilingualism, and
regionalism on Canadian unity?
• Little Question # 4
• What was the impact of the October (FLQ)
Crisis on Canadian Unity? (the FLQ is an
example of extreme Quebec nationalism)

18. 1970 – October Crisis (FLQ Crisis)
 The Front de Liberation du Quebc (FLQ) was a
Quebec separatist group founded in the early 1960’s
committed to an independent Quebec and willing to
use violence to achieve this goal.
 On Oct 5, 1970 they kidnapped British Trade
Commissioner James Cross and demanded cash, a
reading of their manifesto in public, release of FLQ
prisoners jailed for terrorist bombings and plane
tickets to Cuba.

19. 1970 – October Crisis (FLQ Crisis)
 October 17 -1970 - Laporte’s dead body was found
in the trunk of a car. Trudeau (PM) responded by
reading the FLQ manifesto and saying he would
transport five FLQ terrorists to Cuba. James Cross
was released and they were allowed to go to Cuba.
 The War Measures Act (October 1970) – The gov’t
also invoked the War Measures Act which gave the
gov’t power to take away certain civil rights from
people for 90 days. As a result thousands of searches
were conducted and 400 people were arrested. This
was quite controversial. (“Just watch me.”)

20. Big Question:
• What was the impact of the conscription crises,
Quebec nationalism, bilingualism, and
regionalism on Canadian unity?
• Little Question # 5
• What was the impact of Bill 101 on Canadian
Unity?
• (Hint: Bill 101 is an example of
unilingualism…I’m not sure if that’s a word
but you get the point… well maybe some of
you do)

21. 1976 – The Parti Quebecois (PQ),
 lead by Rene Levesque
came to power in
Quebec. They are a non-
violent separatist party –
aimed to gain Quebec
independence legally.

22. 1977 – Bill 101
 Introduced by Levesque – French is the
language used by gov’ts , courts and
businesses in Quebec and that commercial
signs be displayed in French only. Also made
it harder for parents to put kids into English
schools in Quebec

23. Big Question:
 What was the impact of the conscription crises,
Quebec nationalism, bilingualism, and
regionalism on Canadian unity?
 Little Question # 6
 What was the impact of the two referendums,
patriation of Canada’s constitution and
subsequent constitutional reform on Canadian
Unity?

24. 1980 – Referendum # 1
 – Quebec held a referendum to join in
sovereignty association with Canada. This
would have meant that Quebec would collect
its own taxes, social policies, citizenship and
immigration but would maintain close
economic ties with Canada. Qubeckers voted
no by a 60%-40% margin

25. 1982 – Constitution Act
 The 10 premiers and PM Trudeau tried to agree on Canada’s own
constitution to bring it home from Britain (to make us completely
autonomous). The document was changed at the last minute by 9
premiers without Quebec’s Levesque present. He felt betrayed and
didn’t sign.

26. 1987 – Meech Lake Accord
 The 10 premiers and PM Mulroney met and
agreed on a new constitution to include
Quebec. However, they had to convince
their provincial legislatures to sign it. It
included a distinct society clause for
Quebec. Lots of Canadians were worried
about giving special status to Quebec and
Aboriginals felt they should have special
status too. Ultimately, Manitoba refused to
sign (Elijah Harper) the accord so it failed.

27. 1992 – Charlottetown Accord –
 The 10 premiers and PM Mulroney
met and agreed to an accord that
included aboriginal self-gov’t,
distinct society for Quebec, Senate
reform, universal health care and
environmental protection. It was put
to a nation wide referendum and
failed. This means that Quebec has
still not signed the constitution in
2007.

28. 1995 – Referendum # 2
 Parti Quebecois was in
power in Quebec again
and they hold
referendum # 2 this time
going for full
separation. The no side
wins with a 50.6% to
49.4% margin.

29. Big Question:
What was the impact of the conscription crises,
Quebec nationalism, bilingualism, and
regionalism on Canadian unity?
Little Question # 7
What was the impact of the National Energy
Program and the collapse of the Cod fishery on
Canadian Unity? (Both are regional issues)

30. Regionalism
 Regionalism can be defined as the differences in wishes and needs that
exist between the Eastern, Central, and Western regions of Canada. At
different time during the 20th Century certain regions or provinces have
felt alienated within Canada – like the Federal Government was not acting
in the best interests of certain regions or provinces.

31. 1930’s
 New political parties like the CCF and Social
Credit were a response to regional concerns (in
this case Western Alienation).

32. 1972 -1986 – Alberta Oil Issue
 World Oil prices rose so Trudeau froze the price
energy companies could charge for oil to other
Canadian. Since most of these companies were in
Alberta, that province felt like it was getting ripped
off. In 1980, Trudeau went even further by
introducing the National Energy Program (NEP)
which kept oil prices artificially low for Canadian
companies and double taxed oil trying to lower
inflation and improve the economy. Albertan’s were
furious and there was even talk of separation.

33. 1992 – Collapse of
Newfoundland’s
Cod Fishery
 The Federal government
was in charge of
managing fishing and
they allowed the resource
to be so overexploited
that the Cod fishery in
Newfoundland collapsed
completely, devastating
the economy. The fish
still have not recovered.
Again the feeling is that
the federal government
doesn’t know how to deal
with regional issues
because it’s out of touch
with reality away from
Central Canada.

34. How ready are you?
1. Which statement best describes the Quiet
Revolution?
A. a protest against the policy of bilingualism
B. a movement that modernized Quebec society
C. an attempt by leaders to enhance the role of
the Catholic Church
D. a campaign that sought the independence of
Quebec from Canada

35. 2. Which of the following was an objective of the Quiet
Revolution?
A. to solidify the role of the Roman Catholic Church in
Quebec
B. to seek a stronger Francophone presence in Quebec’s
economy
C. to ensure education was available to everyone in
English and French
D. to achieve special status with the federal government
for all provinces

36. 3. Why was the October Crisis a concern to Canadians?
A. It illustrated the full extent of the Governor
General’s power.
B. It marked the first time the War Measures Act had
been used in Canada.
C. It demonstrated how polarized the country was on
Aboriginal land claims.
D. It showed how far extremist groups would go to
achieve Quebec’s sovereignty.

37. Use the following information to answer question 4.
October Crisis
1. War Measures Act imposed
2. FLQ manifesto broadcast
3. James Cross kidnapped
4. What is the correct chronological order for these events?
A. 1, 2, 3
B. 2, 1, 3
C. 3, 1, 2
D. 3, 2, 1

38. 5. Which of the following best describes the major
conclusion of the 1963 Royal Commission on
Bilingualism and Biculturalism?
A. Minorities were unfairly treated by provincial
governments.
B. French Canadians were unfairly treated by
government services.
C. English Canadians were unfairly treated by the
Quebec government.
D. All minorities received fair treatment from
government services in Quebec.

39. 6. All of the following statements support Quebec’s
sovereignty-association in 1980 except
A. Canadian currency would be used in Quebec.
B. Quebec and Canada would participate in Free Trade.
C. Quebec would receive taxes from the federal
government.
D. the Supreme Court would have representatives from
Quebec.

40. 7. Which of the following is a correct pairing?
A. Pierre Trudeau — created Bill 101
B. James Cross — kidnapped by the FLQ
C. Jean Chrétien — leader of the Parti Québécois
D. René Lévesque — implemented the War
Measures Act

41. 8. What was the outcome of Bill 101?
A. It made French the only official language in
Quebec.
B. It allowed commercial signs to have English
and French.
C. It made French and English the official
languages in Quebec.
D. It allowed school children to choose the
language of their instruction.

42. 9. Which provision of the Meech Lake Accord
led to its failure?
A. the distinct society clause
B. veto power over constitutional change
C. control of Supreme Court appointments
D. authority over provincial economic policy

43. 10. All of the following provinces agreed to the
Canadian Constitution Act of 1982 except
A. Alberta.
B. Quebec.
C. Nova Scotia.
D. British Columbia.

44. Little Question #1
• How did the Indian Act affect Aboriginal
People in Canada and how did they
respond to it?

45. Forced Assimilation
 By the Mid 1800’s the official government policy
with Aboriginal Peoples was forced assimilation
which means: the process whereby a minority
group is forced to adopt the customs and
attitudes of the prevailing culture
 The general idea was to treat Aboriginal Peoples like
children until they had “grown up” to behave like
“civilized” Canadians. To this end the government
introduced the Indian Act in 1876.

46. Indian Act- 1876 to present (most of what you read
below was changed in the 1960’s) –
 This was the legal support for
the government’s
assimilationist policies
 gave ‘Indians’ ‘Special
Status’- exempted them from
paying income and sales tax
on reserves
 banned all Aboriginal
Peoples dances and
ceremonies like the potlatch
and the Sundance.
 restricted Aboriginal Peoples from voting in Federal and
Provincial elections.

47. Indian Act Continued
 gave an Indian Agent (white guy) control over money,
activities and movement of Aboriginal Peoples on
reserves
 set up an elected band council on each reserve which
was subordinate to the agent
 If ‘Indians’ wanted to vote they had to give up their
‘Indian Status’
 Other ways to lose ‘Indian Status’ were: for an
‘Indian’ woman to marry a non-Indian, to live off
reserve, to join the military or to get higher education.

48. Impacts of the Indian Act:
 Marginalization
 Dependency

49. Two Big Questions
1. Describe the challenges faced by
Aboriginal Peoples People in Canada
during the 20th century with reference to
the Indian Act, residential schools,
reserves, self-government and treaty
negotiations.
2. What were the responses of Aboriginal
Peoples to these challenges?

50. Une Petite Question # 2
• How did residential schools affect
Aboriginal People in Canada?

51. Residential Schools
 The Indian Act also set up
residential schools. These live-in
missionary schools forced
Aboriginal Peoples’ children to
attend for 10 months of the year
away from their families. At the
schools Aboriginal Peoples
children were taught European
traditions. They were forbidden to
speak their own language or
practice their own culture. There
have been increasing reports of
mental, physical and sexual abuse
at these schools. The effects of
these schools were devastating for
Aboriginal Peoples in many ways:
(destruction of lives and
communities)

52. Reserves
By 1880 the government
established reserves for
“Indians”-separate pieces of
government owned land
designed to protect
“Indians” from whites,
allow for easy government
control, free open land for
settlers. As more settlers
came, the government took
back some these reservers.

53. Two Big Questions
1. Describe the challenges faced by
Aboriginal Peoples People in Canada
during the 20th century with reference to
the Indian Act, residential schools,
reserves, self-government and treaty
negotiations.
2. What were the responses of Aboriginal
Peoples to these challenges?

54. Pregunta pequeno # 3
• What challenges were faced by
Aboriginals in Canada from 1914 -1945?
How did they respond to these
challenges? How did the Canadian gov’t
respond?

55. 1914-1945
 The policy of assimilation and the ban on potlatches
were in full force. The number of residential schools
steadily increased in the 1920’s and 1930’s.
 Aboriginal Peoples responses (20’s): challenged
potlatch ban, cut-off lands (lands taken out of reserve
land by gov’t) and Aboriginal Peoples title
(according to our laws the land actually belongs to the
Aboriginal Peoples) – Gov’t response: Did nothing to
improve the situation

56. Two Big Questions
1. Describe the challenges faced by
Aboriginal Peoples People in Canada
during the 20th century with reference to
the Indian Act, residential schools,
reserves, self-government and treaty
negotiations.
2. What were the responses of Aboriginal
Peoples to these challenges?

57. Kleine Frage # 4
• What challenges were faced by
Aboriginals in Canada from 1945-1970?
How did they respond to these
challenges? How did the Canadian gov’t
respond?

58. 1945-1970
 Finally, in 1948 the government of Canada
started to change to the Indian Act.
 1948 - The ban on Aboriginal Peoples dances
and ceremonies is removed
 1951 – Aboriginal children allowed to attend
public schools
 1960 - Aboriginal Peoples are allowed to vote
in federal elections

59. 1945-1970
 Residential Schools start to get phased out.
 1969 – White paper - Trudeau (PM) and
Chrétien (Minister of Indian Affairs) propose a
new policy of making FN totally equal to the
rest of Canadians – no more special treatment
(more assimilation). Aboriginal Peoples
responded angrily (ex – National Indian
Brotherhood) and asked for Self- Government
and it got dropped

60. Two Big Questions
1. Describe the challenges faced by
Aboriginal Peoples People in Canada
during the 20th century with reference to
the Indian Act, residential schools,
reserves, self-government and treaty
negotiations.
2. What were the responses of Aboriginal
Peoples to these challenges?

61. Tanong maliit # 5
• What challenges were faced by
Aboriginals in Canada from 1970-2000?
How did they respond to these
challenges? How did the Canadian gov’t
respond?

62. 1970-2000
 • 1977 - Aboriginal Peoples people manage, through
protest to stop the creation of a major pipeline
through Inuit territory
 • 1982 - Aboriginal Peoples rights affirmed by federal
government in Charter of Rights
 • Band councils get more decision making rights on
reserves
 • 1990 – Oka stand off – Quebec Mohawks blockade
road to prevent golf course construction on sacred
land. Police officer is killed, army called in and
Aboriginal Peoples across Canada demonstrate in
support.

65.  • 1992 - B.C. starts officially negotiating treaties with
50 bands in the province.

66. Two Big Questions
1. Describe the challenges faced by
Aboriginal Peoples People in Canada
during the 20th century with reference to
the Indian Act, residential schools,
reserves, self-government and treaty
negotiations.
2. What were the responses of Aboriginal
Peoples to these challenges?

67. 1970-2000
 1998 - Supreme Court of Canada ruled that Aboriginals could
claim ownership of land if they could prove they continually
and exclusively occupied before the Can gov’t claimed the
land in the Degamuluukw case
 1998 – Federal Government apologizes for residential school
abuses and announces a 350 million dollar healing fund for
residential school survivors
 1999 – Nunavut created (3rd territory) Inuit get self- gov’t
over natural resources, education and justice system
 1999 - Nisga’a treaty ratified giving the Nisga’a $190 million
+ land + some self gov’t + resource rights – other aboriginal
nations are asking for similar things in their treaties
 2008 – PM Stephen Harper and opposition leaders officially
apologize for residential schools.

68. How did the roles of women in Canada
change throughout the 20th century
Women

69. WW I -1914-1918
 Hundreds of women volunteered in the war as
nurses and ambulance drivers.
 At home many women worked in war production
industries and other jobs vacated by men off at
war – this was a huge change because before
1914 it would have been unheard of to have
women in these kinds of ‘men’s’ jobs.
 The contribution women were making led them to
organize as suffragettes (women trying to the
right to vote) and by the end of the war most
women over 21 had earned the right to vote in
federal elections.

70. 1920’s
 Women did jobs that were previously for
men and had some increased control of
their own lives.
 Clothing styles changed. ( they wore
bathing suits, and shorter skirts).
 Still most married women were home with
the kids and legally had few rights if
divorced – ex. Husband gets all common
property and the kids.

72. 1920’s
Prohibition (the banning of alcohol)
 Most women believed that alcohol was evil
because it led to women/child abuse, accidents,
poverty, neglecting families, diseases,
abandoning wives and death.
 The Women’s Christian Temperance Union
(WCTU) succeeded in getting alcohol banned in
most of Canada during WW I.
 By 1921 it was legal in most provinces again but
illegal in the US until 1933
 Canada supplied “bootleg” alcohol to U.S.
 1921 Agnes Macphail became Canada’s first
female member of Parliament.

73. 1929 The Famous Five and Persons Case
 Famous Five were Emily Murphy, Nellie McClung,
Henrietta Muir Edwards, Louise McKinney and
Irene Parlby
 Asked Supreme Court of Canada to consider the
rule: Does the word “person” in section 24 of
British North American Act (BNA Act – our
constitution at the time), include females?
Supreme court said no so they took it to the
British Privy Council (at that time above the
Supreme court) who said they were right and
thus in 1929 women officially became “persons”
meaning they could become senators in Canada
 None of the Famous Five could earn honor of
serving the Senate
 Cairine Wilson was appointed the first woman
senator in 1930

75. 1930’s
 Little Change in women’s roles
 Women who were working blamed for
taking men’s jobs
 Women hit especially hard by poverty
because they were usually in charge of
children

76. WW II – 1939-45
 Women again worked in factories and
many served overseas this time in military
roles as well.
 1940 – Women get the vote in Quebec.

77. Post War – 1945-1959
 1945 – Free daycare and tax breaks that had
encouraged women to work during the war were
removed.
 1947 Married women are fired from federal
government jobs to make room for returning
soldiers.
 1956 –Federal government passed pay
equity legislation for women working for the
government – meant that women would get paid
the same as men for doing the same work.
 1959 – Restrictions on married women working
for the federal government are removed.

78. 1960-1979
 1960’s and 1970’s - Women’s Liberation Movement –
The second wave of feminism.
 In the 1960’s women’s activist were demanding a greater
role in society. In 1970 the Royal Commission on the Status
of Women issued a widely read report that asked for
 Greater representation of women in positions of power –
politics/ business
 Paid maternity leave
 Legalization of abortion
 The right to choose to work outside the home
 Day care provided by the government
 Government should work towards overcoming
discrimination

79. 1960-1979
 1960 – The Pill goes on sale in Canada leading in part to
the sexual revolution
 1960 - Voice of Women (VOW) formed to fight against
nuclear weapons in Canada.
 1971 – National Action Committee of Women - The
Royal Commission led to the formation of the NAC (The
National Action Committee of Women which was a
pressure group (also called special interest group) which
lobbied the government to implement the
recommendations.
 1976 – By this time the federal government and six
provinces have passed maternity leave legislation
 During this time period the number of women working
outside of the home increased steadily

80. 1980-present
 1982 – Charter of Rights and Freedoms (part of
Canada’s new constitution) includes the following: “Every
individual is equal before and under the law and has the
right to equal protection of the law and equal benefit of the
law,” and “Notwithstanding anything in this Charter, the
rights and freedoms referred to in it are3 guaranteed
equally to male and female persons.”
 1988 – Abortion - citing the Charter of Rights and
Freedoms, the Supreme Court strikes down the federal
abortion law – this makes abortion legal in Canada.
 1992 – No-means-no law - There must be clear, explicit
and voluntary agreement to take part in sexual activity on
the part of both people involved.
 Beside each bullet label it as social political or economic (or
more than one if

81. 1980-present
 1993 – Kim Campbell becomes first female
Prime Minister
 2001 – Women now entitled to 15 weeks of
maternity leave and 35 weeks of parental leave.
They can get paid from employment insurance if
they were employed before giving birth.
 2001 –Still a wage gap - Average annual
earnings for full time workers in Canada:
 All education levels: Men $49198/ year
Women $34,642
 With University degrees: Men $71,957
Women $48,257

82. An important understanding
 : All of the above gains for women came through
efforts by citizens (mostly women) pushing
through various means to create legal, social and
political change. I see them as a shining example
of our democracy working (albeit slowly) and find
them inspirational when I think about trying to
make a positive change in the world in some
other way. It reminds me of the quote: “Never
doubt that a small group of committed citizens
can change the world; indeed it’s the only thing
that ever has.” Margaret Mead

83. Immigration
Describe Canada’s policies towards immigrants,
refugees, and minorities in the 20th century.

84. 1914- 1945
1914 - Immigration Act changed to close Canada to people coming
from enemy countries. Focus on people from the US and Great
Britain.
1929-1939 (Great Depression)
 Racism in the government’s relief efforts – Chinese in Vancouver
got no relief at first and then were expected to be fed on ½ of
what I white person would get. Aboriginals on reserves were
supposed to live off $5/ month.
 Because things were desperate, people looked for scapegoats
(someone to blame). Jews were discriminated against (anti-
Semitism) – they were barred from some professions and many
employers wouldn’t take their applications
 10000 immigrants were deported during the Depression
 1931 – the government halted all immigration.
1939 – The St. Louis, a ship carrying Jewish refugees from Germany
was denied entry into Canada. The ship had to return to Germany
and many of those on board would die in concentration camps.
 During WW II Japanese Canadians are interned (put into camps)
because some people fear that they are spies. Their possessions
are confiscated and never returned.

85. 1946-1970
 1946 – Canada accepted 165000 refugees (displaced
persons) from Europe – concentration camp survivors and
those uprooted by the war.
 1956 – Canada accepts 40000 Hungarian refugees who fled
as a result of the failed uprising against the Soviets in
Hungary.
 1967 – Immigration Laws change – A points system is
introduced – immigrants get points for having family in
Canada, education, training, skills, etc.- Discrimination
against immigrants based on race, religion, creed, or colour
was officially ended.
 1968 – Canada accepts 10000 Czechoslovakian refugees.
 The majority of immigrants during this time period still
came from Europe.

86. 1971- present
 1971 - Multiculturalism becomes Canada’s official policy.
 1977 - Canadian Human Rights Act - outlaws racial
discrimination.
 1978 -Immigration Act – Established the objectives of Canada’s
immigration policy as: improving Canada economically, socially,
demographically and culturally; family reunion; nondiscrimination;
helping refugees. To this end three classes of immigrants were
accepted: independent, family and refugee. The points system is
used for the independent group which makes up the majority of
immigrants.
 1982 – The Charter of Rights and Freedoms introduces rights
for minorities “Every individual is equal before and under the law
and has the right to the equal protection and equal benefit of the
law without discrimination and, in particular, without
discrimination based on race, national or ethnic origin, colour,
religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability.”

87. 1971- present
 1987 Canadian Multiculturalism Act – recognized all
Canadians as full and equal participants in Canadian society.
The act stated that, “all citizens can keep their identities,
can take pride in their ancestry and have a sense of
belonging… through multiculturalism, Canada recognizes
the potential of all Canadians, encouraging them to
integrate into their society and take an active part in its
social, cultural, economic and political affairs.”
 1987 Immigration Act is changed to add a 4th category
of entrepreneur to try to encourage investment and job
creation.
 1988 - Federal government apologizes to Japanese for
internment camps and pays $21000 to each survivor.
 2006 - Federal government apologizes to Chinese for head
tax and pays $20000 to each survivor
 During this time period more immigrants started coming
from Asia (by far the largest increase), Latin America and
Africa and fewer from Europe. By 2003 over 60% of all
immigrants came from Asia.

89. The Development of
A Welfare State

90. Welfare State defined:
• A country in which the government assumes a
large measure of responsibility for the social
welfare of its members through programs like
unemployment insurance, medicare and welfare

91. Becoming a Welfare State
• Canada gradually became a welfare state in the
27 years following the great depression. (1939-
1966) During the depression, governments
began to realize that they had to take a more
active role in helping those in need during tough
times through things like unemployment
insurance, welfare, sick benefits, child benefits,
pensions, etc. Some of the major social
programs introduced from 1939-1966 were:

92. • 1940 – McKenzie King (PM) introduced
Unemployment Insurance (now called
employment insurance).
• 1945 – McKenzie King’s government
introduced Family Allowances (baby
bonuses).

93. More Social Programs
• 1962 – Saskatchewan Premier, Tommy Douglas introduced free
public health care in his province despite strong opposition
from its doctors.
• 1966 – Pearson (PM) Canada Pension Plan is introduced
• 1966 – Canada Assistance Plan- federal government gives
money to provincial governments to help fund social assistance
programs for needy people – ex. Social assistance available to
single parents and physically disabled people
• 1966 – Medical Care Act – free public medicine for all
Canadians was introduced by the Pearson government. By this
time Tommy Douglas was the leader of the federal NDP and his
party helped push the government to implement this most
popular social program

95. 1976-1990
• By the late 1970’s and early 1980’s the federal
government was running into money problems and
began cutting some of Canada’s social program
effectively eroding the welfare state
• The conservative government led by Brian Mulrony
elected in 1984 initiated a period of restraint – cutting
back of social programs to decrease government
spending. During this time some provinces introduced
medicare premiums and other user fees, the family
allowance was cut and fewer workers were covered
under unemployment insurance.