The document provides an overview of America and its involvement in World War I, including:
1) Before entry, many Americans volunteered to serve in European militaries or with organizations like the Red Cross, while the US economically benefited from trade with the Allies.
2) Key factors leading to US entry included attacks on American ships, the sinking of the Lusitania, renewed German submarine warfare, and the Zimmerman Telegram.
3) After declaring war in 1917, the US military rapidly expanded through conscription and volunteers, the economy was transformed to support the war effort, and American troops arrived in Europe in 1918 helping ensure an Allied victory.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
2312 Ground US in WWI and Interwar
1. America and the Great War
Today we will:
Look at the US before entry
After US entry
The end of the war
Next time we will:
Begin looking at the Interwar period
2. Why did it take so long to enter the war?
8am
To save resources (goods, money, labor force) – 10
We didn’t want enemies – 3
Not our problem – 3
1:40pm
To save resources (goods, money, labor force) – 7
Not our problem – 4
We were making money – 3
We didn’t want enemies – 1
It was too difficult to fight a war overseas – 1
3. The Outbreak of War
Americans were probably more surprised by the outbreak of war than Europeans
Europeans had decades to get used to the idea of conflict between the major
powers, and newspapers often played upon the feeling that war would come soon
Wilson’s government was particularly concerned, with good reason, about the large
number of immigrants in the US that would have strong feelings, one way or the
other.
Many German-Americans supported the German Empire
Many Irish-Americans were not fans of Great Britain (in fact an Irish revolutionary period
occurred simultaneously to the war years)
English-Americans favored the British, of course
Wilson seeks to avoid possible split loyalties, and wants to keep the US neutral,
however, in private he wants to support GB and France as much as possible
4. The Economics of War
Since the European powers thought this would be a short war they had not
adequately prepared for an extended conflict
After 7 to 8 months of fighting, they were starting to run short on supplies and war
materials, but also food (for everyone)
The US is able (as a neutral country) to legally trade with both sides
Manufacturing of munitions, weapons, and supplies skyrockets (surpassing GB)
Farmers income increases by 25%
US banks and the US government lend money and credit to the Europeans
In some ways this is betting on both sides, but more was always bet on the Allies
William Jennings Bryan (our old populist friend) actively tried to prevent even commercial
involvement with the war, and was probably the most pacifist person in the government – he
would later leave his position as Wilson’s Sec. of State over this issue
While able to trade with any country, overwhelmingly we traded with the Allies
This is mostly because of our historical connection to GB, but also because GB would use
warships to halt and search commercial ships crossing the Atlantic
5. Factors contributing to skyrocketing trade with
Allied powers
Relationship with GB
The policy of GB seizing goods bound for
Central Powers
The blockade of the Baltic and North Seas by GB
All that being said, American companies
continued to operate within the Central
Powers, even as animosity toward American
support for the Allies continued to grow, and
when America entered the war
6. Before Entry
Even before the US entered the war there were many Americans involved
Some 45,000 Americans volunteered serve in Europe
In the British, Canadian, and French militaries (including 300 pilots)
Native Americans (around 4000) joined the Canadian Expeditionary Force
Teddy Roosevelt’s son Kermit joined the British Expeditionary Force
American Red Cross sent doctors and nurses
7. American Entry: Key Factors
The British decision to search and seize ships from neutral countries and to
establish a blockade
This hastened the use of U-boats by the Germans who began attacking all ships in
waters around the British Isles, including passenger vessels
While Wm. J. Bryan was Sec. of State he felt that both were violations of previous wartime
norms and encroached on sovereignty, Wilson really only ever called out the Germans
May 1915, the Lusitania was sunk, it was a passenger liner, 1198 people died, including
128 Americans
The Germans had claimed the ship was armed, that it secretly carried Canadian troops, and that
it secretly had weapons and munitions in its hold (two of these were actually true).
Ships with Americans aboard were sunk again in Sept. 1915, and Mar. 1916, with the
Germans pledging to stop after each time
After the Lusitania, Wilson asked the Depts. of the Army and Navy to develop plans
for a $1 billion dollar expansion
This was opposed by pacifists, and by war mongers (who felt it was not ambitious
enough)
8. American Entry: Key Factors (cont.)
In 1916 a number of acts of sabotage are directed at US munitions and war material
distribution locations
Crippling of ships, setting fires, etc.
In July 1916 in Jersey City on the New York Harbor German agents blew up the Black Tom
munitions depot, a huge shipping center where, at one point, ¾ of all munitions to Europe
were shipped from
7 people died, hundreds were injured, the explosion was so large it blew out windows in Times
Square, and woke people up in Maryland and Philadelphia
This was followed by more attacks in 1917 in New York and California
In 1916 Congress passed the National Defense Act, which would increase the army from
90,000 to 223,000 over five years
January 1917 – Germans renew unrestricted submarine warfare
February 1917 – Zimmerman telegram, promising Texas, NM, and AZ to Mexico
March 1917 – Five US ships were torpedoed, this is the last straw for Wilson
April 2, 1917 – Wilson calls on Congress to declare war, which they do to a standing ovation
9. “My message today was a message of death for our young men. How strange it
seems to applaud that.”
– Woodrow Wilson after asking Congress for a declaration of war.
“You can no more win a war than you can win an earthquake. I want to stand by my
country, but I cannot vote for war.”
– Jeannette Rankin, Representative from Montana, the first woman elected to the House.
10. Going to War
When war was declared, there were only 127,000 men in the US Army
May 1917 – Selective Service Act – registers men for the draft
Many rush to enlist before being drafted
Immigrants make up a huge amount of those that volunteer
40% of the first 100,000 new troops were Polish, though Poles only represented 4% of the US population
Hundreds of thousands of African-American join the military and serve in segregated units
Mostly away from the front lines and in support positions
David Barkley Hernandez – first Mexican-American to be awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor
Died in 1918 shortly before the war ended, he had enlisted in San Antonio, TX and had to drop his last name
The economy and industry is transformed to support the war
Women and Persons of Color are recruited to fill the jobs of men that left to go to war
Over 400,000 African-Americans leave the South for factory jobs in the North and Midwest
Federally initiated wartime propaganda is widespread
Civil liberties are curtailed, the Espionage Act of 1917
Immigration is severely restricted, Immigration Act of 1917, bars all Asian immigrants except
the Japanese and Filipinos, puts literacy tests in place for those over 16
11. The (brief) Role of US Troops
American troops arrive at the Western Front just as a renewed German push towards Paris
slows down, May 1918
This was perfect timing, as French and British forces were exhausted and extremely diminished
(sometimes even revolting against their commanders)
The influx of 650,000 fresh, newly (barely) trained soldiers created an immediate shift in
momentum, crushing the German advance and bringing a surrender on November 11
12. I Have a Rendezvous with Death
By Alan Seeger
I have a rendezvous with Death
At some disputed barricade,
When Spring comes back with rustling shade
And apple-blossoms fill the air—
I have a rendezvous with Death
When Spring brings back blue days and fair.
It may be he shall take my hand
And lead me into his dark land
And close my eyes and quench my breath—
It may be I shall pass him still.
I have a rendezvous with Death
On some scarred slope of battered hill,
When Spring comes round again this year
And the first meadow-flowers appear.
God knows ’twere better to be deep
Pillowed in silk and scented down,
Where love throbs out in blissful sleep,
Pulse nigh to pulse, and breath to breath,
Where hushed awakenings are dear...
But I’ve a rendezvous with Death
At midnight in some flaming town,
When Spring trips north again this year,
And I to my pledged word am true,
I shall not fail that rendezvous.
13. Spring in War-Time
By Sara Teasdale
I feel the spring far off, far off,
The faint, far scent of bud and leaf—
Oh, how can spring take heart to come
To a world in grief,
Deep grief?
The sun turns north, the days grow long,
Later the evening star grows bright—
How can the daylight linger on
For men to fight,
Still fight?
The grass is waking in the ground,
Soon it will rise and blow in waves—
How can it have the heart to sway
Over the graves,
New graves?
Under the boughs where lovers walked
The apple-blooms will shed their breath—
But what of all the lovers now
Parted by Death,
Grey Death?
15. Wilson’s Fourteen Points
President Wilson’s plan for a post-war peace. A “new world order.”
When did he first present these ideas?
What international organization did he call for the creation of?
Called for no more secret treaties
Open navigation of the seas and open trade
Readjustment of (some) colonial/imperial borders
Reduction of arms to fit domestic safety
Russian, Belgian, and French territories restored
”National” self-determination of groups in:
Austria-Hungary
Former Ottoman Empire
Balkans
Independent Poland
An association guaranteeing the independence of all states (political and territorial)
16. Paris Peace Conference
President Wilson attended himself (rather than send diplomats)
Why is this significant?
What did other world leaders do?
Which countries were in attendance?
Which countries actually had a say?
What could you do if you didn’t have a say?
What were viewed as the major causes for the war, and how did world leaders seek
to prevent them from happening again?
Belgium
Brazil
Canada (UK)
China
Cuba
Czechoslovakia
France
Greece
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Italy
Japan
Liberia
Lithuania
Montenegro
Nicaragua
Panama
Poland
Portugal
Romania
San Marino
Saudi Arabia
Siam (Thailand)
United Kingdom
United States
Yugoslavia
Who wasn’t invited?
17. Treaties
The allied powers drafted a number of treaties ending the war
Versailles – Germany
Massive monetary reparations, billions of dollars
Saint-Germain – Austria
Officially acknowledged the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
Neuilly – Bulgaria
Trianon – Hungary
Sevres – Turkey
Officially dissolved the Ottoman Empire
Replaced by the Treaty of Lausanne
Did the US ratify the Treaty of Versailles?
What happened to Wilson’s 14 points?
22. Influenza Reaches America
Widespread flu pandemic begins during WWI in Europe
Spanish Flu
When the war ends, the flu is carried back to the US by
returning soldiers
Sweeps across the nation
675,000 Americans died by the end of the pandemic in 1919
Globally, up to 50 million dead, 500 million infected
War: 16-20 million dead
Camp Funston
23. Labor and Economics
What happens when soldiers return home?
What happens when wartime production slows down?
What could unhappy workers do after the war that they couldn’t
do during it?
Cost of living was double that of 1916
Wages had not kept up with wartime inflation
Nearly 4 million workers participated in over 3,000 strikes
24. Racial Unrest and Violence
Context: The Great Migration
Large numbers of African-Americans moved from the southern US to urban centers in
northern states, the Midwest, and to a lesser extent the west. This began in 1916
White soldiers returned home from the war to find their former jobs filled by
African-Americans and other persons of color
Soldiers of color returned from the war as proud veterans
Urban communities had also changed demographically
These changes sparked racial violence against men and communities of color, and
occasionally those communities fought back
The “Red Summer” of 1919 saw at least 25 race riots in cities across the nation in
which 250 people died
This occurred while white supremacist groups grew stronger and lynchings grew
more prevalent in the southern states
25. From the Russian Revolution to the
(original) Red Scare
After the period of revolutions in Russia in 1917 and the creation of the Soviet Union,
communism and less radical forms of socialism became increasingly popular in America
and Europe
This was due in part to the economic hardships of the time
It was also actively encouraged by Soviet communist leadership
A plot (or plots) involving letter bombs (most of which were intercepted, but 8 did
explode) was used as a catalyst to crack down on “radicals” of any kind
Known (and suspected) communists, socialists, anarchists, and members of the
Industrial Workers of the World (a union) were persecuted
A. Mitchell Palmer (the US attorney general) had been targeted by one of the bombs,
and tasked his new director of the FBI, J. Edgar Hoover, to organize raids on “radical”
meetings.
These “Palmer Raids” and the Red Scare resulted in the arrest and incarceration of
thousands, including some who had been elected officials
26. Connecting the Dots
While the end of the war did mean the return of “peace” in America, violence did
continue in Europe (primarily in Eastern Europe) after treaties were signed
Though the US did not suffer casualties during the war on the same level as other
countries, the Spanish Flu pandemic resulted in a massive loss of life and health
paranoia stateside
The combination of economic hardships, demographic changes, and the return of
soldiers brought social unrest and violent racial conflicts to a head
This, combined with the fear of communism, socialism, and anarchism, inspires the
first Red Scare in the US
President Wilson was out of the country for 6 months during the Paris Peace
Conference; returns and travels the country trying to gain support for ratification
While on tour he suffers a massive stroke, leaving him partially paralyzed and
effectively unable to lead the country; ratification of Versailles fails
27. Final Thoughts
Take out a sheet of paper.
What was the greatest change in the US because of WWI?
Turn it in on your way out.
For next time:
Read Chapter 23
More from the Interwar Period
Have a good weekend!