The document discusses the importance of pilgrimages in the Middle Ages and the significance of sites like Santiago de Compostela. It describes the religious mentality of the time and the dangers of pilgrimages given the lack of infrastructure. However, people were devoted to traveling long distances on foot to sites housing important relics in hopes of miracles or salvation. Monasteries like Cluny played a key role in supporting pilgrims and spreading culture along pilgrimage routes in Spain. Military orders also helped protect travelers.

1. THE HEIGHT OF THE PILGRIMAGE
Peregrino = per ager = el que va por el campo = viajero

2. QUESTIONS
Why was so important to mamake pilgrimages in the Middle
Ages?
What was there to make such a dangerous thing worth it?
-
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3. MENTALITY
 RELIGION is everywhere, is the basis of all behaviour
 Life is just a passage to the real life in Heaven.
 Saints can intercede on our behalf; even things that
used to belong to a Saint can be “powerful”= RELICS

4. WHAT IS A RELIC?
 Pieces of the body, generally bones but also
clothes, hair, blood, even the male foreskin …

5. A CHURCH WITH A RELIC
 Attracts more people
 The more important the Saint the more powerful the
relic
 Having a relic was really important for a church. There
were even some fights and relics being stolen by
neighbor churches!

6.  THE 3 MOST IMPORTANT PLACES FOR CHRISTIANS
 JERUSALEM
Life & dead of Jesus

7.  ROME
Saint Peter, Saint Paul
& the Pope

8.  SANTIAGO
St. James Tomb

9. A PILGRIMAGE TO SANTIAGO WAS DIFFERENT
 FINIS TERRAE: It was in the “end of the known
world”
 It was the frontier with Islam
It was a risky business

10. A PILGRIMAGE WAS SOMETHING SERIOUS
 No roads
 Different money
 Different languages
 No maps
 Most of the time crossing war zones
 No bridges
 No proper shoes or clothes
 No police
 ….

11. THEN, WHY??
1.- Devotion.
2.- Praying for a Miracle.
3.- Adventure & business.
4.- Penance.
5.- For money.
6.- To help somebody else.
7.- The false pilgrimage.

12. SYMBOLS OF A PILGRIM
 Bordón o báculo: palo de madera para andar y
defenderse.

13. SYMBOLS OF A PILGRIM
 Broad-brim hat

14. SYMBOLS OF A PILGRIM
 Pumpkin

15. SYMBOLS OF A PILGRIM
 Cape, cloak

16. SYMBOLS OF A PILGRIM
 Bag

17. SYMBOLS OF A PILGRIM
 SCALLOP:

18. THE XIth CENTURY

19. CHRISTIAN KINGS HELP THE PILGRIMAGE
THEY BUILD
 MONASTERIES
 HOSTELS
 HOSPITALS
 ROADS
 BRIDGES

20.  No taxes for pilgrims
 New laws to protect them
 The Order of Santiago
 The Pope granted Santiago with the Holy Years

21. CODEX CALIXTINUS
THE FIRST GUIDEBOOK

22.  It’s a compilation of five books relating to St James
and the pilgrimage
 It’s called Calixtinus because it is prefaced by a letter
attributed to Pope Calixtus II
 Was written in the XIIth century
 It’s also called LIBER SANCTI IACOBI

23. BOOK V: LIBER PEREGRINATIONIS
Written by a French monk (Aymerich Picaud)
 1- de los caminos a Santiago
 2- de las jornadas del camino de Santiago
 3- de los nombres de los que repasaron el camino
 4- de los tres buenos edificios del mundo
 5- de los hombres que repararon el camino
 6- de las aguas amargas y dulces del camino
 7- de las cualidades de las tierras y gentes del camino
 8- de las visitas a los cuerpos de santos del camino
 9- de la calidad de la ciudad y la iglesia de Santiago
 10- de la distribución de las limosnas del altar de Santiago
 11- del digno recibimiento a los peregrinos

24. The Codex was stolen in 2011
from the archive of the Cathedral of Santiago
and found about a year later in a near basement.
An ex-electrician of the Cathedral was imprissioned.

25. MILITARY ORDERS
PRAY & FIGHT

26. MILITARY ORDERS
The principal feature of the military order is the combination of
military and religious ways of life.
Military orders appeared following the First Crusade (1099 d. C.)
They protected the Holy Places and the pilgrims as well as fighting
invading Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula.

27. KNIGHTS TEMPLAR
The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon

28. KNIGHTS TEMPLAR
So called because their original site was the old
Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem
Rapidly assumed extensive feudal powers. They
became extremely rich, acting as bankers for kings

29. E ND KNIGHTS TEMPLAR
THE of the
In 1305 Pope Clement V, based in France, and the Templar
Grand Master Jacques de Molay discussed charges that had
been made two years prior by an ousted Templar.
Clement sent King Philip IV of France a written request for
assistance in the investigation.
(what a clever swine)

30. E ND KNIGHTS TEMPLAR
THE of the
King Philip was already deeply in debt to the Templars
Hebegan pressuring the Church to take action against the
Order
On Friday, October 13, 1307 Philip ordered de Molay and
scores of other French Templars to be simultaneously arrested.

31. E ND KNIGHTS TEMPLAR
THE of the
The Templars were charged with numerous offences
(including apostasy, idolatry, heresy, obscene rituals and
homosexuality, financial corruption and fraud)
Many of the accused confessed to these charges under torture
After more bullying from Philip, Pope Clement then issued the
papal bull Pastoralis Praeeminentiae, which instructed all
Christian monarchs in Europe to arrest all Templars and seize
their assets.

32. E ND KNIGHTS TEMPLAR
THE of the
Pope Clement finally agreed to disband the Order
 Grand Master Jacques de Molay and Geoffroi de Charney,
Preceptor of Normandy, insisted on their innocence
Both men were declared guilty of being relapsed heretics, and
they were sentenced to burn alive at the stake in Paris on March
18, 1314.

33. JACQUES DE MOLAY
the legend
He called out from the
flames that both Pope
Clement and King
Philip would soon meet
him before God.

34. Pope Clement died only a month later, and
King Philip died in a hunting accident before
the end of the year…

35. ORDER OF SANTIAGO
THE MILITARY ORDER OF SAINT JAMES OF THE SWORD
1175

36. ORDER OF SANTIAGO
-Was originally a small military brotherhood based near Caceres
in Extremadura.
-Their initial purpose was to provide protection for the pilgrims
traveling to and from the tomb of Saint James at Compostela
-They too provide hospital services to sick pilgrims.
-Like the Templars, the Order of Santiago rapidly assumed
extensive feudal powers.

37. When acquiring new estates, whether by gift or conquest, the Order
would typically establish some kind of defensible buildings

38. The area around would necessarily be dedicated to the production of
food for the garrison
and networks of villages and peasant communities would be joined
by primitive roads radiating from the centre.

39. THEIR SYMBOL WAS THE SWORD-CROSS
Sword representing:
- The martyrdom of Santiago
- The fight for Christ
Its origin:
Crusaders used to carry a “cross-knife”
they could use anywhere just by
stabbing it to the floor.

40. NOBILITY
To qualify for membership candidates had to prove four noble
quartering
Today the Grand Master of the Order is the King of Spain

41. MONASTERIES
"Ora et labora"

42. MONASTERIES
 The word monastery comes from
the Greek word μοναστήριος -monasterios
“to live alone”
 Abbot (Arameic abba, father)
 They were centers of intellectual
progression and education.
 The monastery is the keeper of knowledge
during the Middle Ages

43. MONASTERIES
 Saint Benedict, founder of western monasticism.
 His "Rule of Saint Benedict" was adopt by most of the religious
communities throughout the Middle Ages.
 Organises the monastic day into regular periods of communal
and private prayer, sleep, spiritual reading, and manual labour
 Ora et Labora

44. MONASTERIES
 The Horarium
 Matins - 12 pm Religious office
 Lauds - 3 am Morning office & sleep
 Prime - 6 am Wash & office. Instructions for the day.
Private Mass or spiritual reading or work
 Terce - 9 am Office & High Mass
 Sext - 12 am Office, midday meal & Rest
 None - 3 pm Office, farming & housekeeping work
 Vespers - 6 pm Evening prayer
 Compline - 9 pm Night prayer & sleep

45. MONASTERIES
 Monasteries offered respite for weary pilgrim travelers, monks
were obligated also to care for their injuries or emotional needs.
 Over time, people started to make pilgrimages to monasteries
instead of just using them as a stopover.
 Families would donate money, land or a son in return for
blessings.
 MONEY = POWER

46. THE IMPORTANCE OF MONASTERIES
 They kept the knowledge in their scriptorium.
 They spread new forms of art throughout the
Christendom.
 They helped repopulate conquered territories.
 They protected & helped pilgrims

47. Típico Monasterio Benedictino

48. CLUNY

50. THE ROLE OF CLUNY
 The process of repopulating the recaptured areas in the
Iberian Peninsula was assisted by the royal encouragement of
Frankish (French) settlement on privileged terms.
 The French Road
 King Alfonso VI invited the Cluniacs to establish a chain of
religious houses along the Roman thoroughfares that crossed
the reconquered territories.

52. THE IMPORTANCE OF CLUNY
 Consolidate territorial gains and the Christian presence along
the frontier.
 Care for pilgrims.
 Encourage the long journey to the shrine of St James.
 The Monks of Cluny also brought to Spain new solutions in
construction and ideas in art….