1. CHAPTER 1:CHAPTER 1:
BEGINNINGS TO 1763BEGINNINGS TO 1763
EXPLORATION & THEEXPLORATION & THE
COLONIAL ERACOLONIAL ERA

2. THE AMERICAS, WEST AFRICA,THE AMERICAS, WEST AFRICA,
AND EUROPE – SECTION 1AND EUROPE – SECTION 1
► Ancient CulturesAncient Cultures arrivedarrived
about 22,000 years agoabout 22,000 years ago
via a land bridgevia a land bridge
► Earliest settlers wereEarliest settlers were
huntershunters
► Agriculture thrived startingAgriculture thrived starting
about 5,000 years agoabout 5,000 years ago
► Some Natives remainedSome Natives remained
NomadicNomadic
► Maya, Aztec, and IncaMaya, Aztec, and Inca
societies flourishedsocieties flourished

3. NATIVE AMERICAS IN 1400SNATIVE AMERICAS IN 1400S
► Native AmericanNative American
societies in Northsocieties in North
America were asAmerica were as
varied as thevaried as the
geographygeography
► TheThe Pueblo (SW)Pueblo (SW) andand
Iroquois (NE)Iroquois (NE) were twowere two
famous tribesfamous tribes
► Most of the tribes inMost of the tribes in
America had commonAmerica had common
religious views, tradereligious views, trade
patterns & valuespatterns & values

4. WEST AFRICAN SOCIETIES OFWEST AFRICAN SOCIETIES OF
THE 1400STHE 1400S
► Long established,Long established,
sophisticated societiessophisticated societies
existed in Western Africaexisted in Western Africa
► TheThe Kingdom of SonghaiKingdom of Songhai
controlled trans-Saharacontrolled trans-Sahara
tradetrade
► Kingdom of BeninKingdom of Benin andand
KongoKongo were two famouswere two famous
dynastiesdynasties
► Village and family bondsVillage and family bonds
formed the basis of lifeformed the basis of life

5. EUROPEAN SOCIETIES OF THEEUROPEAN SOCIETIES OF THE
1400S1400S
► European villages hadEuropean villages had
a long tradition ofa long tradition of
social hierarchysocial hierarchy ––
complete with nobles,complete with nobles,
merchants & peasantsmerchants & peasants
► ChristianityChristianity played aplayed a
critical role – religiouscritical role – religious
leaders had powerleaders had power
► The ReformationThe Reformation in thein the
early 1500s led to aearly 1500s led to a
split in the churchsplit in the church
Martin Luther

6. EUROPEAN EXPLORATIONEUROPEAN EXPLORATION
► The countries ofThe countries of
Portugal, Spain,Portugal, Spain,
France and EnglandFrance and England
explored in the lateexplored in the late
1400s for1400s for God, Gold,God, Gold,
and Gloryand Glory
► Improved mapmaking,Improved mapmaking,
better sailboats,better sailboats,
compasses,compasses,
astrolabes, Princeastrolabes, Prince
Henry– all led to betterHenry– all led to better
explorationexploration

7. SPANISH NORTH AMERICA –SPANISH NORTH AMERICA –
SECTION 2SECTION 2
► Columbus crosses theColumbus crosses the
AtlanticAtlantic in October of 1492in October of 1492
and lands in San Salvadorand lands in San Salvador
(“Holy Savior”)(“Holy Savior”)
► He spent about 3 monthsHe spent about 3 months
exploring Islands in theexploring Islands in the
BahamasBahamas
► Europeans used advancedEuropeans used advanced
weapons to force localsweapons to force locals
into labor:into labor: PlantationPlantation
SystemSystem
► Disease devastated NativeDisease devastated Native
populationpopulation

8. IMPACT OF COLUMBUSIMPACT OF COLUMBUS
 On Africans-On Africans- BeforeBefore
slave trade ended in theslave trade ended in the
1800s, 10 million Africans1800s, 10 million Africans
takentaken
 On Europeans-On Europeans- BiggestBiggest
voluntary migration involuntary migration in
world historyworld history
 On Trade-On Trade- ColumbianColumbian
ExchangeExchange meant newmeant new
goods & products flowedgoods & products flowed
between continentsbetween continents

9. The Columbian Biological Exchange
Old World to New
World:
New World to Old
World:
Diseases: Smallpox
Measles
Chicken Pox
Malaria
Yellow Fever
Influenza
The Common Cold
Syphilis

10. The Columbian Biological
Exchange
Old World to New
World:
New World to Old World:
Animals: Horses
Cattle
Pigs
Sheep
Goats
Chickens
Turkeys
Llamas
Alpacas
Guinea Pigs

11. The Columbian Biological
Exchange
Old World to New
World:
New World to Old World:
Plants: Rice
Wheat
Barley
Oats
Coffee
Sugarcane
Bananas
Melons
Olives
Dandelions
Daisies
Clover
Ragweed
Kentucky Bluegrass
Corn (Maize)
Potatoes (White & Sweet Varieties)
Beans (Snap, Kidney, & Lima
Varieties)
Tobacco
Peanuts
Squash
Peppers
Tomatoes
Pumpkins
Pineapples
Cacao (Source of Chocolate)
Chicle (Source of Chewing Gum)
Papayas
Manioc (Tapioca)
Guavas
Avocados

12. SPAIN CLAIMS A NEW EMPIRESPAIN CLAIMS A NEW EMPIRE
► Spanish explorersSpanish explorers
(Conquistadors)(Conquistadors) seizedseized
much of the Americasmuch of the Americas
► CortesCortes conquered theconquered the
Aztecs in MexicoAztecs in Mexico
► PizzaroPizzaro conquered theconquered the
Incas in PeruIncas in Peru
► Exploitation of localExploitation of local
populations was significantpopulations was significant
–– Encomienda SystemEncomienda System

14. SPAIN EXPLORES SOUTHWESTSPAIN EXPLORES SOUTHWEST
AND WESTERN AMERICAAND WESTERN AMERICA
► Mid-1500s, Spain exploredMid-1500s, Spain explored
much of what is today themuch of what is today the
SW & West of the USASW & West of the USA
► New Mexico settled byNew Mexico settled by
Spanish priest whoSpanish priest who
converted Nativesconverted Natives
(Pueblos)(Pueblos)
► Texas area had 30Texas area had 30
expeditions in 16expeditions in 16thth
centurycentury
► California was site ofCalifornia was site of
numerousnumerous missionsmissions
California
Missions

15. EARLY BRITISH COLONIES –EARLY BRITISH COLONIES –
SECTION 3SECTION 3
► Beginning in the earlyBeginning in the early
1600s, the English1600s, the English
established colonies alongestablished colonies along
the eastern coast of Norththe eastern coast of North
AmericaAmerica
► 1607: Jamestown1607: Jamestown was firstwas first
to be settledto be settled
► John Smith led this groupJohn Smith led this group
of settlersof settlers
► Colony struggled at first,Colony struggled at first,
then was saved bythen was saved by
Tobacco cropTobacco crop

16. PURITANS CREATE A “NEWPURITANS CREATE A “NEW
ENGLAND”ENGLAND”
► The 16The 16thth
centurycentury
Reformation caused aReformation caused a
split in the Christiansplit in the Christian
Church; Catholics andChurch; Catholics and
ProtestantsProtestants
► One extreme group ofOne extreme group of
Protestant reformers –Protestant reformers –
thethe PuritansPuritans sought tosought to
cleanse or “purify” theircleanse or “purify” their
religion of all traces ofreligion of all traces of
CatholicismCatholicism
PURITAN, OR
“PILGRIM”

17. COLONISTS MEETCOLONISTS MEET
RESISTANCERESISTANCE
► New England ColonistsNew England Colonists
(Puritans) soon conflicted(Puritans) soon conflicted
with the Native Americanswith the Native Americans
over land & religionover land & religion
► King Philip’s WarKing Philip’s War waswas
fought in 1675 betweenfought in 1675 between
the Natives and Puritansthe Natives and Puritans
ending a year later withending a year later with
many dead and themany dead and the
Natives retreatingNatives retreating

18. SETTLING THE MIDDLESETTLING THE MIDDLE
COLONIESCOLONIES
► Dominated by DutchDominated by Dutch
and Quaker settlers,and Quaker settlers,
the Middle Coloniesthe Middle Colonies
were founded in thewere founded in the
mid-1600smid-1600s
► William PennWilliam Penn ledled
Quakers as theyQuakers as they
colonizedcolonized
Pennsylvania andPennsylvania and
DelawareDelaware

19. ENGLAND’S COLONIESENGLAND’S COLONIES
PROSPERPROSPER
► Throughout the 1600s andThroughout the 1600s and
1700s, more British1700s, more British
Colonies were establishedColonies were established
► By 1752, the EnglishBy 1752, the English
Crown had assumed moreCrown had assumed more
& more responsibility for& more responsibility for
the 13 coloniesthe 13 colonies
► Mercantilism & NavigationMercantilism & Navigation
ActsActs were two such wayswere two such ways
that the Englishthat the English
government controlled thegovernment controlled the
coloniescolonies
King
George
III

20. MERCANTILISM: AN
ECONOMIC SYSTEM IN
WHICH NATIONS SEEK
TO INCREASE THEIR
WEALTH BY OBTAINING
GOLD & SILVER AND
WITH A FAVORABLE
BALANCE OF TRADE
MERCANTILISM

21. NAVIGATION ACTSNAVIGATION ACTS
► 1651- England’s1651- England’s
Parliament passed aParliament passed a
series of laws known asseries of laws known as
thethe Navigation ActsNavigation Acts
► These laws restricted theThese laws restricted the
colonies shipping & tradecolonies shipping & trade
► Ships, destinations, crews,Ships, destinations, crews,
goods: All strictly regulatedgoods: All strictly regulated
by the Englishby the English
► The colonies wereThe colonies were
developing a spirit of self-developing a spirit of self-
determination. Therefore,determination. Therefore,
they were NOT happy withthey were NOT happy with
these restrictionsthese restrictions

22. THE COLONIES COME OF AGE –THE COLONIES COME OF AGE –
SECTION 4SECTION 4
► New England, MiddleNew England, Middle
Colonies, and the South –Colonies, and the South –
all developed distinctall developed distinct
economies and societieseconomies and societies
► In the South, ruralIn the South, rural
PlantationsPlantations with a singlewith a single
cash crop were commoncash crop were common
► Small Southern farmersSmall Southern farmers
(Germans, Scots, Irish)(Germans, Scots, Irish)
and African slaves madeand African slaves made
up the majority of peopleup the majority of people Southern Plantation

23. THE MIDDLE PASSAGETHE MIDDLE PASSAGE
► During the 17During the 17thth
century,century,
Africans endured aAfricans endured a
transatlantic crossingtransatlantic crossing
from Africa to the Northfrom Africa to the North
American ColoniesAmerican Colonies
► Cruelty characterizedCruelty characterized
the months long journeythe months long journey
– 13% died on route– 13% died on route

24. AFRICANS MAINTAIN PARTS OFAFRICANS MAINTAIN PARTS OF
THEIR CULTURETHEIR CULTURE
► Despite enslavement,Despite enslavement,
Africans coped with theAfricans coped with the
horrors of slavery viahorrors of slavery via
music, dance, andmusic, dance, and
storytellingstorytelling
► Slaves also resisted theirSlaves also resisted their
position of subservienceposition of subservience
by faking illness, breakingby faking illness, breaking
tools, or work slowdownstools, or work slowdowns
► Others were more radicalOthers were more radical
and tried escape & revoltand tried escape & revolt

25. NORTHERN COLONIESNORTHERN COLONIES
COMMERCE THRIVESCOMMERCE THRIVES
► The development of cities,The development of cities,
expansion of trade, andexpansion of trade, and
diverse economiesdiverse economies
gradually made the Northgradually made the North
radically different from theradically different from the
SouthSouth
► Philly was the 2Philly was the 2ndnd
largestlargest
British portBritish port
► Farming differed from theFarming differed from the
South: smaller, moreSouth: smaller, more
diverse crops in Northdiverse crops in North
LIBERTY
BELL

26. THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THETHE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE
GREAT AWAKENINGGREAT AWAKENING
► 1700s: An intellectual1700s: An intellectual
movement known as themovement known as the
EnlightenmentEnlightenment began inbegan in
Europe and a religiousEurope and a religious
movement known as themovement known as the
Great AwakeningGreat Awakening startedstarted
in the Coloniesin the Colonies
► The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment
emphasized reason,emphasized reason,
science, and observationscience, and observation
and led to the discovery ofand led to the discovery of
natural lawsnatural laws
► Copernicus, Galileo,Copernicus, Galileo,
Franklin and Newton wereFranklin and Newton were
key figureskey figures

27. RELIGIOUS REVIVAL: THE GREATRELIGIOUS REVIVAL: THE GREAT
AWAKENINGAWAKENING
► A series of religiousA series of religious
revivals aimed at restoringrevivals aimed at restoring
devotion & piety sweptdevotion & piety swept
through the colonies in thethrough the colonies in the
mid-1700smid-1700s
► Jonathan EdwardsJonathan Edwards was awas a
Puritan priest from NewPuritan priest from New
England who wasEngland who was
instrumental in theinstrumental in the
movementmovement
► Fire & Brimstone style ofFire & Brimstone style of
worship; large, emotionallyworship; large, emotionally
charged crowdscharged crowds
► Like the Enlightenment theLike the Enlightenment the
movement stressed themovement stressed the
importance of theimportance of the
individualindividual

28. FRENCH AND INDIAN WARFRENCH AND INDIAN WAR
► Competition in NorthCompetition in North
America led to a warAmerica led to a war
(1754-1763) between old(1754-1763) between old
rivalsrivals France and EnglandFrance and England
► The French in NorthThe French in North
America were tradesmenAmerica were tradesmen
(furs) not long-term(furs) not long-term
inhabitantsinhabitants
► Ohio River valley was theOhio River valley was the
site of the conflictsite of the conflict
► The Colonists supportedThe Colonists supported
the British while thethe British while the
Natives supported theNatives supported the
FrenchFrench
FRENCH INDIAN WAR BY
NAT YOUNGBLOOD

29. BRITAIN DEFEATS AN OLDBRITAIN DEFEATS AN OLD
ENEMYENEMY
► While the French had earlyWhile the French had early
victories, the British led byvictories, the British led by
William PittWilliam Pitt andand GeorgeGeorge
WashingtonWashington eventuallyeventually
defeated the Frenchdefeated the French
► Treaty of Paris ends theTreaty of Paris ends the
war in 1763war in 1763
► Brits claim most of NorthBrits claim most of North
America including FloridaAmerica including Florida
(from French ally Spain) &(from French ally Spain) &
CanadaCanada
► Native Americans alsoNative Americans also
realized a French loss wasrealized a French loss was
a Native American lossa Native American loss
WILLIAM PITT ON A
COIN

31. PROCLAMATION LINE OF 1763PROCLAMATION LINE OF 1763
► To avoid further costlyTo avoid further costly
conflicts with Nativeconflicts with Native
Americans, the BritishAmericans, the British
government prohibitedgovernment prohibited
colonists from settling westcolonists from settling west
of theof the AppalachianAppalachian
MountainsMountains
► The ProclamationThe Proclamation
established a line alongestablished a line along
the Appalachian thatthe Appalachian that
colonists could not crosscolonists could not cross
(They did anyway)(They did anyway)