14. PPllaannnneedd UUNNIIFFOORRMMIITTYY!!!!
11.. GGrriidd PPaatttteerrnn llaayyoouutt
ooff aallll tthheeiirr cciittiieess::
- Divided into 12 precise
segments by main roads 30’
wide
- Cities were wwaalllleedd- 1 mile
east to west, and 1/2 mile
north to south
22.. SSttaannddaarrddiizzaattiioonn::
IIddeennttiiccaall rraattiioo ffoorr
kkiillnn--ddrriieedd bbrriicckkss
49. UUppaanniisshhaaddss
SSaaccrreedd HHiinndduu LLiitteerraattuurree
– More than 200 are known
– Vedanta – “end of the Vedas”
– Predate the Common Era
““SSiittttiinngg ddoowwnn nneeaarr”” a
spiritual teacher, or GGUURRUU
BBrraahhmmaann –– uunniivveerrssaall ssppiirriitt
“The ultimate, both transcendent
and immanent, the absolute
infinite existence, the sum total
of all that ever is, was, or shall
be.”
AAttmmaa((nn)) –– iinnddiivviidduuaall sseellff //
ssoouull // ““bbrreeaatthh””
Cities; Surat as major port in Mughal period; Goa – Vasco da Gama – Portuguese colony for 450 years!
US – 3 million; India close to 12 million
Garden of eden- great soil, warm temps, fresh water – 5-7 rivers in Indus System- good hunting & fishing.
Stretches into Afghanistan
Tradition of wearing bangles from Mohenjo Daro to present – of any material including glass, gold…
More cities, and larger cities than other civs
Lined with Gypsum – moisture barrier. Stairs go down from both sides. What was it used for?
Mohenjo Daro
Pottery over long distances? How did they get it to Mesopotamia?? Wouldn’t it break?!
The Port of Lothal has never been excavated – why not?
Same time period as buildings stopped being cared for so well… administrative decline?
Why would nomadic pastoral peoples MIGRATE to the Indus Valley region? What would make YOU give up your hunting / grazing ground and strike out into the unknown?
YEARS of MILK, BUTTER, CHEESE – Dried Dung for fuel – Leather, horn, stomach, MEAT!
Passed down thru priests – hymns, prayers for religious rituals / Entertainment / … British took them as HISTORY. Is this possible??
Can we find “History” in sacred scriptuer? Hindu is not what adherents to the belief system originally called themselves.
Noticable gap between Vaisya and sudra – who were NOT Aryan. The first three are called “twice born” – refers to male children.: the first birth is physical, while the second birth is a 'spiritual' one.[1] The second 'birth' occurs when one uptakes fulfilling a role in society, at the time of (Upanayanam) initiation ceremony.
They became PART – maybe the dominant part? – of Indus Valley society. What happened to the Harappans? Intermarry? Leave?
a collection of Vedic texts[1] which contain the earliest emergence of some of the central religious concepts of Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. Known as Vedanta ("the end of the Veda"). Considered by Hindus to contain revealed truths (Sruti) concerning the nature of ultimate reality (brahman) and describing the character and form of human salvation (moksha). Passed down in oral tradition.
More than 200 Upanishads are known, of which the first dozen or so are the oldest and most important and are referred to as the principal or main (mukhya) Upanishads. The mukhya Upanishads all predate the Common Era,