Development Of Elementary Aged ( Children. Ryan Smith

Development Of Elementary Aged ( Children. Ryan Smith
Ecological Development of Elementary Aged ASD Children
Ryan Smith
SWRK / 501
October 5, 2014
Allen Lipscomb
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder that starts effecting children at a young age. ASD is often misdiagnosed as pediatric
bipolar disorder because they share similar symptoms. As these children with ASD become teenagers they are faced with having to deal with the
normal hormones of puberty but lack the communication skills to verbalize their concerns. There is no known cure for ASD but it is treatable and the
children can progress with early intervention being key (National Autism Association, 2014). Interventions such as Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA),
Developmental Intervention Model (DIM), and Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication of Handicapped Children (TEACCH)
are a few interventions that help these children progress in life.
ASD is a neurological disorder, and children who are diagnosed as autistic are often considered to have a severe disability, but the range of ability
within this syndrome is broad (Westling & Fox, 2000). ASD affects one in sixty–eight children and boys are four times more likely than girls to have
this disorder. Characteristics of this disorder can vary from mild to severe and may include the following characteristics: communication problems, for
example, with the use or comprehension of language, difficulty relating to people, things, and
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Pervasive Developmental Disorder Paper
Abstract
Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDDs) is a collection of disorders characterized by gross deficits in many areas of cognitive, emotional, and
social development which results from severe and pervasive impairment of social interaction and communication skills. One out of every ten children
in the U.S. is affected by a PDDSs disorders. (Chad & Raymond, 2013). The purpose of this paper is to examine the historical background and the
neurological basis to the disorder, providing up–to–date information on the full range neuropsychological assessment, and Psychological Treatment and
finally as the efficacy of the Neuropsychological Assessment/Treatment and Psychological assessment and treatment available to help children... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Educational treatment of autistic children. In: Rutter ML, editor. Infantile Autism: Concepts, Characteristics and Treatment. Baltimore: Williams and
Wilkins; 1971. pp. 258–88.
Shuvabrata Poddar, Noufal T. Hameed, Jyoti Mishra Pandey,1 Sayantanava Mitra,2 and Urbi Mukherjee. Psychological interventions inpervasive
developmental disorder: An overview .Ind Psychiatry J. 2014 Jul–Dec; 23(2): 94–100.doi: 10.4103/0972–6748.151671 PMCID: PMC4361986 Albany,
NY: New York State Department of Health; 1999. New York State Department of Health Early Intervention Program. Clinical Practice Guideline,
Autism/Pervasive Developmental Disorders: Assessmentand Intervention for Young Children.
Stevens MC, Fein DA, Dunn M, Allen D, Waterhouse LH, Feinstein C, et al. Subgroups of children with autism by cluster analysis: A longitudinal
examination. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;39:346
–52.
Szatmari P, Bartolucci G, Bremner R, Bond S, Rich S. A follow
–up study of high–functioning autistic children. J Autism Dev Disord. 1989;19:213–25
Hauser–Cram P, Warfield ME, Shonkoff JP, Krauss MW, Sayer A, Upshur CC. Children with disabilities: A longitudinal study of child development
and parent well–being. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 2001;66:i–viii.

Autism Is A Complex Disability Essay
Autism is a complex disability, as the way it manifests in each child differs in severity across numerous characteristics. Children diagnosed with autism
qualify to receive special services and a "free, appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment" under the federal legislation, Individuals
with Disabilities Education Act (Hunt & Marshall, 2012, p. 15). Autism was added to IDEA in 1990 as a new disability category. The legislation defines
autism as "a developmental disability significantly affecting verbal and nonverbal communication and social interaction, generally evident before age 3
that adversely affects a child's educational performance" (Hunt & Marshall, 2012, p. 301). The "Rules for the Provision of Special Education" from the
State Superintendent of Public Instruction of Washington state also outlines eligibility and individualized education programs for children diagnosed
with autism (Rules for the Provision of Special Education, p. 11 & 46). Furthermore, the DSM diagnoses autism when a child shows "qualitative
impairments" in social interaction, communication, and "restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests and activities" (Hunt &
Marshall, 2012, p. 302).
In 2011, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention found that on average, 1 in 10 children each year are diagnosed with autism spectrum
disorders (Hunt & Marshall, 2012, p. 304). However, the number of children diagnosed with autism in recent years is

Autism Spectrum Disorder Case Study
According to the CDC, one in sixty–eight children are identified as being affected with autism spectrum disorder also referred to as ASD. It is non–
discriminatory in that it occurs in all racial, ethnic and socioeconomic groups. It does, however, occur more often in boys than it does in girls. The
statistics are 1 in 42 for boys, whereas the occurrence is 1 in 189 when concerning girls. Dental professionals need to be able to recognize and
accommodate the immediate needs of the autistic community as effectively and safely as possible, but in order to do this, awareness of barriers that
may be present and the unmet needs of the child when they come in the office as well as how to handle these situations when they are presented must
be understood.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A child with ASD may have impaired executive function problems, attention problems, aggression towards the hygienist and the team as well as
difficulties in communication and language disabilities/barriers. These may pose a problem with oral healthcare both at the dental office and at the
patient's home. It is essential that the importance of effective oral hygiene is reinforced to the caregiver as well because dental professionals only
see the patient once every six months. Ultimately, a lot of the weight of proper oral healthcare for the patient is resting on the caregiver's shoulders.
A Caregiver's education level on the importance of oral hygiene as well as their oral hygiene habits are also a potential barrier for the patient with
ASD. If the caregiver has strong oral hygiene habits, it can most likely be assumed that the patient that is in their charge will also. Conversely, if the
caregiver places little importance on their oral health, it will most likely be evident in the patient's oral

Pervasive Development or Autistic Spectrum Disorders Essay
Definition of Pervasive Development Disorder:
Any of a group of disorders of infancy, childhood, or adolescence that are characterized by distortions in the development of the basic psychological
functions such as language, social skills, attention, perception, reality testing, and movement. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse
/pervasivedevelopmentaldisorder
Pervasive developmental disorder was first used in the 1980's to describe this class of neurological disorders that can impair social and communication
skills and repetitive behaviors. PDD itself is not actually a disorder. It's a description. It is somewhat of an umbrella of multiple disorders that can
spread throughout a number of impairments in social interactions as well as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
None of the above pragmatic dysfunctions are measured on traditional language assessment instruments because traditional tests focus mostly on
linguistic structure and meaning rather than on pragmatic language use (Anderson, Lord, & Heinz, 2005; Bishop, 1998; Bishop & Baird, 2001; Young
et al., 2005). Thus, when a high–functioning child with ASD demonstrates intelligence scores in the normal range and obtains scores within normal
limits on traditional language measures, it is difficult for parents and professionals to document the need for intervention even though the child's
dysfunctional social language skills are evident in conversation and place him or her in jeopardy for full participation in school and community
environments (Kamhi, 1998; Young et al., 2005). Children and adults with any spectrum ofautism have many struggles with pragmatics of language.
Social interactions have proven to be very difficult for someone not understanding how to respond while having conversation with another peer.
Most children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have delays in language development relative to their nonverbal mental age (Stevens et al., 2000;
Tager–Flushberg, 1988; Tager–Flusberg & Sullivan, 1998) and approximately half of young children with autism fail to acquire speech as their primary
mode of communication (Prizant, 1996).

A Difficult Challenge For Caregivers Of Young Children...
Facing a difficult challenge for caregivers of young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) isn 't easy, yet it 's hard due to the fact of deciding
on the proper treatment plan for the child. Programs emphasizing usage of structured settings, tight stimulus control, and adult–directed instruction are
labeled as current evidence that supports the early educational interventions which is based on the developmental and applied behavioral–analytic
principles leading to the models that focus on opportunities of naturalistic delivery of learning within child–led routines. Nevertheless, calibration with
intervention gains of treatment approaches from substantial to modest and resulting in treatment approaches to be variable. Limitation is... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Testing the effect of every possible combination of evidence–based interventions and every possible factor that might be related to outcomes is
logistically unfeasible. Therefore, a research program informed by theory–driven hypotheses is crucial for facilitating a rational use of research
resources in these areas (Vivanti, 2017, p.114–115). The ASD is an early intervention field due to having a relevant obstacle in the research agenda at
a "pre–paradigmatic" stage (Kuhn, 1962)–which is a stage where practices are informed by competing meta–theoretical orientations (e.g., behavioral
theory, cognitive theory, and developmental theory) operate in consonance with disparate vocabularies and criteria used for appraising evidence
(Ingersoll, 2010; Smith, 2014). Different treatments of individualization and combination have to generate testable prognosis, current frameworks of
"pre–paradigmatic" should be developed into full–fledged scientific theories which utilize parameters and constraints to formulate treatment targets and
therapeutic change of hypothesized nature. In this research, the hypothesis of treatment used will oblige the reformulation of rationales treatment in
four sets of explicit terms of explanatory/predictive statements which are (1) logical coherence, (2) falsifiability, (3)

Emotional Therapy
When a child is diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the parents face numerous questions about what that means for their child's life. With
a growing prevalence rate of ASD, many parents face the similar struggle in determining what type of treatment will provide the best outcomes for
their child. Two popular treatment choices are applied behavioral analysis (ABA) and skills training. According to the National Institute of Mental
Health (2017), ASD is a group of developmental disorders that impacts 1 in 68 children and includes "a spectrum" of symptoms, skills, and levels of
disability. Individuals with ASD may face challenges with social skills, repetitive behaviors, language and communication, and learn differently than...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They hypothesized that the behavioral treatment group would have better outcomes after one year when compared to those in an equally intensive,
eclectic special education treatment group. The study consisted of 25 children age four to seven who had a diagnosis of childhood autism from both the
Autism Diagnostic Interview and an independent child clinical psychologist within six months of the start of the study. All participants had an IQ at or
above 50 on the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence–Revised (WPPSI–R) and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development–Revised
(BSID–R). A person in the field of ASD research, who was independent of the study, then assigned the children to either the behavioral treatment or
eclectic treatment. Both groups received treatment in public elementary schools and were assigned to a special education teacher and at least one aide.
The groups averaged 28.52 hours per week of treatment at school. The children assigned to the behavioral treatment had an emphasis on the
"implementation of experimentally validated teaching approaches based on operant conditioning principles such as shaping, chaining, discrimination
training, and contingency management," (Eikeseth et al., 2002). In the eclectic treatment, children received individualized intervention that utilized

Argumentative Essay On The Causes Of Autism
There have been many institutes questioned, such as the Institute of Medicine, the Centers for Disease Control, and the Food and Drug Administration.
These agencies have found no linkage between vaccines and autism. These agencies have conducted thousands of studies and have found no proof that
autism can be blamed on a child's immunizations. Opponents of these studies would like parents of autistic children to believe that the results have
been influenced. Some groups would like the rest of us to believe that the government and the drug companies are influencing the outcome of the
reports. The Measles Mumps and Rubella vaccine receives the most study, this is because the link between the vaccine and the onset of many children
having autistic symptoms. This link may be just a coincidence. The time most children receive their measles mumps and rubella shot is around three or
four years of age the same time many parents suggest that their child starts
6
having autistic symptoms or behaviors. People on both sides of the autism and vaccine debate want a clear answer to the question "WHAT Causes
Autism?" Many parents think that medical studies are not asking the correct questions about autism. In a study, done by phone in 2007, parents were
contacted if they had children between the ages of four and 17. The survey done by Generation Rescue they compared rates of autism and other
neurological disorder in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sadly, there is NO cure for autism. It requires structure, routine, and patience's. Each child that receives the diagnosis of autism is different and will
have different needs that must be met and understood. With that being said there is no cure all or one–size fits all treatment. Treatment like autism is
very different from one person to the next. No two people with autism will act, look, or react in the same way. Just like their treatment will differ from
person to person. (Ezine

Essay about The Rise of Autism
Autism has become one of the top disabilities in California's developmental system. Today, the rise of autism is increasing by 10– 17 percent each
year. (Madeleine 3) "The disease was first identified by child psychologist Leo Kanner in 1943 at Johns Hopkins University" (Little 2). Autism is a
disorder that is usually detected within the first three years. According to the Autism Society of America, 1 in 166 individuals are diagnosed with
autism, making it more common than the pediatric cancer, diabetes, and AIDS combined. Boys are four times more likely to have it than girls. People
with autism have a hard time communicating verbally and physically. They have special ways of gathering and reacting to information presented to
them. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This program is available in two forms: home–based and school–based. Both of these programs offer help with speech, physical or occupational
therapy. Autistic people from the age of 3 through the age of 21 can receive a free educational program. This program addresses a wide range of skill
development, such as: language, behavioral issues, academics, self–help skills, social skills, and leisure skills. (Pericak 5) Many treatment approaches
have developed different ways of dealing with the challenges of autism. First, there is the theory of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), which consists
of giving a child a specific task, which teaches skills from basic ones to more complex ones, such as social interaction. Children taking this approach,
work 30–40 hours a week with a trained professional. (West 66) It may be emotionally difficult for the child, and his/her parents to dedicate so much
time, yet it is worth it. However, it has been proven that ABA methods have shown consistent results in teaching new skills and behaviors to children
with autism. (West 68) Second, there is a program called, Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication Handicapped Children
(TEACCH) that uses a teaching approach to instill the idea that the environment should be adapted to the child; not the other way around. "The child's
learning abilities are assessed through the Psycho Educational Profile (PEP), and teaching strategies are

Autism Case Study Psychology
One in every forty–five children in the United States battle day–to–day with the grueling traits of having autism spectrum disorders (Autism Speaks
2015). Autism is an extremely broad behavioral disorder that affects a person's social and communication skills. Each person who has autism battles
with different aspects. Each case of autism is contrasting, and that person needs specialized help to make it possible for them to excel in life.
Although Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) cause a daily struggle, it is immensely possible for a person with autism to live an ordinary life. My
first cousin Dawson has struggled with autism since he was three years old. However, he was not correctly diagnosed with autism until he was seven
years of age. He ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He would do whatever he could to escape the loud noise. His family had to quit going to church, and they had to stop going out in public because
he would go crazy if anyone talked to him. Dawson would walk out of class if it began to get noisy, and his mother was continually having to pick
him up from school. He began to have horrible anxiety issues which led to three lockdowns at school because he would try to leave. Dawson has a
calming method called "stimming." Stimming is a method that an autistic person uses to calm themselves down by physical movement. Dawson's
method is always pacing and skipping. When he gets nervous or is concentrating really hard, he paces. When Dawson is happy, he skips. He has
gone through an excess amount of occupational therapy that has helped him control his pacing while at school. In order to make sure Dawson stays
as calm as possible at school, he has an individual education plan (IEP). In Dawson's personal IEP, behavioral accommodations are included that must
be met to keep him calm and productive. This list allows him to do specific things not normally allowed by the teachers. In class, he has a designated
area in the back of the

Structured Work System
The research involved a primary and a secondary aim which were evaluated in two studies. The primary aim of the study focused on structured
teaching and its effects on 4 child behaviors including, engagement, task completion, stereotypic behavior, and escape attempts in preschoolers with
disabilities. The secondary aim was to evaluate how graduated guidance was used in teaching the children to use the structured work systems. There
were a total of three preschool–age participants with developmental disabilities involved. In the first study two participants engaged in three tasks in
both a withdrawal design and in a structured work system. In the second study one participant engaged in three interlocking puzzles in both a multiple
baseline... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They mentioned the Treatment and Education of Autistic and related Communication handicapped CHildren program (TEACCH) and its model. It is
stated that most of the TEACCH model has been explored as a comprehensive program and some of its practices and individual components have
undergone little research. The two components that have been experimentally tested are visual activity schedules and structured work systems. The
authors build a research foundation by introducing previous research on structured teaching. In a study conducted by MacDuff, Krantz, and
McClannahan in 1993 on structured work systems, demonstrated increased engagement and decreased disruptive behaviors when utilizing visual
schedules. The authors mention that several investigators have received similar, positive results when testing the advantages of structured learning. A
study conducted by Hume and Odom in 2007 was detailed as well. Hume and Odom's study used a withdrawal design to examine the effects of
individual work systems on on–task behaviors, task completion, number of play materials used, and reduction of teacher prompts. They concluded that
individuals with autism could benefit from individual work systems. Finally, the authors state their purpose of replicating Hume and Odoms's study in
hopes of expanding what is known of structured work systems and

Does Janie Should Be Diagnosed As Asperger 's Syndrome Essay
Case Study
According to the extensive amount of information provided in this case study about 6 year–old Janie, I have come to the conclusion that Janie should
be diagnosed as having a mild form of Autistic Spectrum Disorder formerly known as Asperger's syndrome. Under the Autistic Spectrum Disorder
Asperger's syndrome is one of four pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) that all fall under the Autistic spectrum. (Dombeck, 2008).ASD is a
neural development disorder that is rarely diagnosed before the age of three (Roddick, 2014).ASD causes impairments in social skills and
communication in different levels (Roddick, 2014).Those with ASD that are able to function at a normal level usually fall towards the end of theautism
spectrum near the disorder known as a milder form of autism, Asperger's. Janie displays a number of symptoms that are specifically common to
ASD. One of the main symptoms being that Janie shows delays in motor developments such as walking and toilet training, however she has shown
no language deficits or cognitive problems so far. This is extremely common in children with ASD (Asperger's syndrome). They often take longer to
reach physical developmental milestones, but children with this syndrome usually are of average intelligence or in some cases, above intelligence.
(Silberman, 2001).This discovery of cases with children having normal or above average IQ's led to the phrase that Asperger's is basically a
"high–functioning" form of autism, because

Essay Exploring Autism in Children
Exploring Autism in Children
Susan was a normal, happy, active infant. Her parents were so relieved that all her checkups at the pediatrician's office indicated that her growth and
development were above average. At 6 months she could sit up and crawl and at 10 months she was walking. She seemed to babble more than her older
brother did at the same age and was talking at 16 months. All the milestones in her early development were ahead of schedule.
One day when she was 18 months old, her mother found her sitting alone in the yard spinning the wheels of her wagon with such persistence that her
mom joked with her friends that maybe Susan would be an engineer when she grew up. Susan's mother began to notice many unusual behaviors ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Susan's parents decided to take her to the doctor. She went through many tests and she was eventually diagnosed with Autism. By the time she was
three, there was no language or interaction.
After years of physical therapy, behavioral therapy and speech/ language therapy, Susan is now 15 and enrolled in residential boarding school, where
she receives 24–hour supervision and care. This program is more expensive then a regular school based setting, but has benefited Susan. She has
aides to help her with her daily living skills. Susan is able to hold a job at a sheltered workshop under the supervision of her aide (Neuwirth & Segal).
Autism affects one out of every 500 births and over one million people have Autism in the United States. Autism is four times more common in boys
than girls. If a girl is Autistic, the symptoms are usually much more severe. Girls tend to have more of the symptoms and lower intelligence.
The following paper will describe the Autism Spectrum Disorder, specifically as it relates to young children with Autism. It will also identify different
types of Autism and accompanying disorders. It will describe the history, known causes, characteristics and the hope for the future.
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) defines Autism as "A developmental disability significantly affecting verbal and non
–verbal
communication and social interaction, generally evident before age three that adversely affects

Music And Children With Autism
Informative Speech
Topic: Music and Children with Autism
Purpose: To inform audiences about the effect of music to the children with autism
Thesis: Music effect children with autism in a powerful significant way.
Introduction:
Do you know that 1 in every 68 children in the United States has an autism? (Miriam, 2014)
Boys are more likely to have autism than girl.
What is autism means to us? In 1943, according to Dr. Leo Kannar who was the first described autism as a distinct condition that caused by mother
(WebMD, 2014). Lately, autism defined as a disorder present in childhood. Most of the time children will have different characterized by difficulty in
social skills, communication, lack of relationship with peers or friends and abstract concepts.
The causes for autism are unknown, but scientists' agreement that autism is caused by abnormalities in brain development, neurochemistry, and genetic
factors.
There do have different kinds of treatment can effective in improving children with autism, such as Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA), Treatment and
Education of Autistic Related Communication Handicapped Children (TEACCH), Sensory integration, Speech Therapy, Occupation Therapy, Physical
Therapy and more.
According to Berge form the book Music therapy, sensory integration and the autistic child. Publisher from Jessica Kingsley at London, England in
2002 mentioned that music also is a treatment that utilized brain function, social interaction, and

Understanding Autism Syndrome Disorders Essay
Autism is a behavioral syndrome usually presenting behavior abnormalities before the child is thirty months of age. These behavioral abnormalities
include marked social deficits, specific language abnormalities and stereotyped, receptive behaviors. Although the exact etiology of autism is not
known it is now believed that it is a dysfunction of one or more unidentified brain systems and not the result of parental and environmental influences.
Variations in symptomology and in prognosis among autistic persons depend on both the severity and the extent of the underlying brain dysfunction
(Parritz, Troy 136). Several studies have been conducted including neuron anatomic imaging, microscopic neuroanatomic observations and positron
emission... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is expected that children with autism will struggle with establishing and maintain compensating relationships. Only half of children with autism
who are in comprehensive classrooms are involved in the social networks of their classrooms. It's very difficult for children with autism to be in a
classroom with children who don't have a disorder. Children with this sickness can't function just like everyone else; they need attentive care and
affection. Children with autism are more likely to be isolated across all grade levels because, when they are in a room with too many people it gets
overwhelming to him or her and we as a parent, peer, or teacher have to be understanding about that. The older he or she becomes with this sickness,
the more isolate they become. However difficult interactions like friendship and relationships can be clear that the child and adolescents desire
connections with others. Sadly there is no cure for autism spectrum disorder but there are multiple therapies. The most popular therapy is called ABA
training. This is the most widely accepted autism therapy. ABA is based on the idea that people are more likely to repeat behaviors that are rewarded
than behaviors that are not recognized or are ignored. A trained therapist conducts ABA training. The treatment begins with an assessment by the
therapist. The purpose of the assessment is to determine which skills the child already

Applied Behavioral Analysis
Introduction
Behavior Analysis emphasizes on the values and principles that explain the process of learning through the development of human beings. Behavior
analysis represents scientific approach that understands behavior within the context of occurrence. One of the principles of how learning occurs is
positive reinforcement. In the process of implementing reward after behavior, there is a possibility of repetition of the action in the future. Applied
behavior analysis (ABA) refers to the application of these principles to achieve meaningful and positive change in relation to behavior(Johnny et al,
2011).
Objectives
To enhance understanding of applied behavioral analysis in relation to treatment of individuals with autism
To illustrate why applied behavioral analysis is an effective treatment approach to individuals with autism
To outline and explain importance of applied behavioral analysis to individuals suffering from autism
Thesis Statement: Applied Behavioral Analysis is an effective treatment approach to individuals with autism: ABA is safe, enjoys endorsement from
numerous agencies, and offers development or improvement in communication, social relationships, employment, schools, and self–care.
Main Points of Discussion
Applied Behavioral Analysis is safe and effective
Applied Behavioral Analysis enhances growth and development in communications and social relationships
How Applied Behavioral

Autism And Its Effects On Children Essay
In the United States 1 in 68 births results in an Autism diagnosis (Autism Society). In this time period, at the moment, there are new medical
discoveries every day. These breakthroughs range from new diseases prevention methods, to new cures for previously "terminal" illnesses. So,
because our society is constantly changing, evolving, and improving, it is absolutely necessary to keep up with the awareness of these new
discoveries. One disorder that has existed for years, but has recently gained a lot of awareness is Autism. Autism is defined as "a disorder in brain
development that ultimately affects its victims' everyday social interaction" (Autismspeaks.org) . Signs and symptoms of Autism are usually shown
in early childhood, and are easily detected by parents, if they are aware. However, if a parent or guardian notices any signs, they should take action
immediately. How fast they take action in this situation could make or break the future of their child. Many symptoms have been connected to
autism, and they are seen the best in these areas; behavior, social skills, and speech. A child's guardian can observe these symptoms in these areas to
further increase the accuracy of the diagnosis. The average adult lacks the professional training that psychologists and behaviourists have, so they may
only be able to zero in on high frequency behavior (Zwaigenbaum 2008). Children with autism tend to act out more than their peers in school or
daycare and are more prone to frequent

Deafness And Autism Essay
Deafness and Autism, two distinctively different disorders and disabilities; however common in nature. With Deafness and Autism come challenges
and obstacles that have to be faced and ought for to ensure an overall quality of life for the individual. When these two attributes are combined within
one individual communication and social interaction can be altered. Understanding the difference between the two disabilities and learning how to
equip the individual with the proper tools for communication will result in the manifestation of an enjoyable life; however, it will take time a diligence
and the help of family and professionals to accomplish.
Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (Autism Spectrum Disorder) have noticeable ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Deafness and Autism share similar characteristics; however, can be confused with each other if not diagnosed correctly and in a timely manner. The
most important of issue is knowing if the child has a hearing loss or not because I can potentially mask the signs of Autism and a child can be
misdiagnosed (Syzmanski & Brice 2008). For example, if a child is not responding it could because of their hearing loss not Autism. This can lead to
isolated play, especially if they do not have sign– language developed. Moreover, if sign language is not developed then this can lead to a decrease in
social interaction with any individuals leading to a greater isolation. Deafness and Autism are usually both diagnosed within the first two to three years
of age. Since they are diagnosed around the same time that is where confusion can set in. The symptoms can be similar; however, it is differentiating
between whether the child is deaf or has autism or both. Some deaf children are misdiagnosed with Autism because a hearing screening was not given
until later in years which showed hearing loss. Additionally, there is not a plethora amount of research to discuss when it comes to deaf individuals
with autism. According to Szymanski, Patrick (2008) and the Gallaudet Research Institute (2005):
"In the survey for 2006– 2007, researchers reported that there were

Etiological Factors
Etiological Factors Every one in one–hundred and fifty children in the United States are affected by a disorder which has no known etiology and no
cure (Ryan, Hughes, Katsiyannis, McDaniel & Sprinkle, 2014). This disorder is known as Autism Spectrum Disorder and it has become the "fastest
growing disability in the United States" (Ryan et al., 2014, p.94). Autism Spectrum Disorder is a neurodevelopment disorder characterized by "sensory
processing problems and social and language difficulties" (Steurnagel, 2005, p. 138). Autism Spectrum Disorder has a significant impact on many areas
of functioning and the degree of impairment differs from person–to–person, which is why the diagnosis is considered to be on a spectrum (Bradford,
2010). Current ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Research into the prognosis, outcomes and effective interventions for adults is very limited (Howlin & Moss, 2012). Research has shown that as adults,
"many people with ASD, including those of normal IQ, are significantly disadvantaged regarding employment, social relationships, physical and mental
health, and quality of life" (Howlin & Moss, 2012). Among adults living with ASD studied, fewer than twenty percent were living independently or
semi–independently, less than half are engaged in some form of work or educational program and an average of fourteen percent were rated as being
married or being in a long–term intimate relationship (Howlin & Moss, 2012). Early language development and IQ are reliable indicators in
determining positive outcomes for adults living with ASD, however many individuals with "high IQ or language ability still do poorly in
adulthood" (Howlin & Moss, 2012). Research has shown one of the greatest indicators of positive outcomes for adults living with ASD is their
level of support. A "high level of community support" has shown to influence prognosis for adults with ASD and those who experience this were
"more likely to be employed, to have formed close relationships and to rate their outcomes as good or very good" (Howlin & Moss, 2012). There is a
significant need for additional ongoing research into the lives of those diagnosed, as well as research into effective

Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorders Essay
Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorders Autism has been on the rise in the past 20 years, and is getting dangerously close to reaching epidemic
proportions (Zelan, 1). Statistically, Autism rates have been rising in the United States with Autism now effecting 1 in every 150 children ages 10 and
younger (Zelan, 1). Autism can occur in any race and does not gender discriminate, though boys are four times more likely to have Autism than girls
(Castrogiovanni). The causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of Autism are the main aspects that most interest researchers today. If studies
continue to have good results, the quality of life for Autistics could improve exponentially. Autism is a developmental disorder that has baffled
researchers for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is no current test to determine if anyone in the family has the autistic "gene", but studies are still underway (Fredericks, 33). An excess of
testosterone in utero may be a link to or cause of Autism. The child would, in theory, be "too male". Babies with too much testosterone during
development may have a higher risk of developing Autism (Fredericks, 38). At one point, Autism was thought to be caused by the live vaccines
given in childhood, such as MMR. The idea was that the multiple, live vaccines triggered Autism in children who may have a genetic
"predisposition" for it. The case was closed several years ago due to a lack of usable information (Fredericks, 39). Though there is no noted cause,
Autism has several marking symptoms. An extreme lack of social skills is usually the biggest and most apparent marker of Autism. The lack of
social skills can be as severe as no speech whatsoever, but can be as mild as awkwardness in social situation and failure to develop relationships
(Autism, Communication). Babies with Autism do not seem to want human contact or interaction. They may cry when they are picked up, refuse
cuddling, or they may not lift arms indicating wanting to be held (Fredericks, 16). Obsessing or being hyper focused on an object or subject can also
be an obvious social marker of Autism. Sensory

Education Of Autistic And Related Communication...
Abstract
Autism is a developmental disorder that is having a great effect on our nation. Something must be done to slow the rising instances of cases of autism.
Treatments and interventions must be implemented into a child with autisms life. Without these interventions the level of autism in a child will
increase (Francis, 2005). The Treatment and Education of Autistic and related Communication Handicapped Children (TEACCH) method and Early
Intensive Behavior Interventions (EIBI) method are two well–known methods that help decrease the severity of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in a
child (Francis, 2005). The two interventions differ in the age that they are implemented (MacDonald, Parry–Cruwys, Dupere, & Ahearn, 2014).
TEACCH ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The two most useful and known interventions are the TEACCH method of intervention, which stands for the Treatment and Education of Autistic and
Related Communication Handicapped Children (Francis, 2005). The other treatment method is the EIBI, Early Intensive Behavior Interventions. Both
of these methods are known for decreasing the effects but neither are foolproof methods (MacDonald, Parry–Cruwys, Dupere, & Ahearn, 2014).
Limiting the effects that Autism has on the body and limiting the effects that Autism has on the individuals social life, are the main focus for many
doctors and therapists (Francis, 2005). The two methods differ drastically in the age group that the focus on. This is where controversy is known to
exist. The TEACCH method focuses on the intervention of school age children, elementary through high school (Francis, 2005). The EIBI method
focuses on intervention in the toddler age (2–3) (Matson & Konst, 2013). The two interventions show major aid to decreasing the effects that ASD has
on the body and has shown the change the lives of children with autism throughout the world (Francis, 2005).
Methods
The TEACCH method is based on a Psychoeducational approach (Francis, 2005). The method is focused on the culture of autism, how people think,
learn, experience the world with ASD (Francis, 2005). The main

The Neurodevelopmental Disorders ( Asd )
The neurodevelopmental disorders, according to the DSM 5, are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. The disorders typically
manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of
personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is newly classified as such; it was once classified as
"Asperger's Syndrome." ASD is a severe neurodevelopmental impairment. The disorder limits the functioning capabilities of children and their
capacity to communicate as well as interact with others. ASD effects how children perceive the world around them; socializing with others happens to
be the most vital piece of development. Onset for ASD can occur as early as infancy, some children, however, may develop normal and then begin to
suddenly withdraw and become unusually aggressive with those around them, they also begin to lose vocabulary and language skills they've once had.
Other medical conditions may be comorbid with ASD; for example, epilepsy, intellectual and structural language disorders, mental disorders, sleep
disorders, and avoidant–restrictive food intake disorders, (DSM 5, pg. 59).
The history of ASD; the word "Autism" was first used by a Swiss psychiatrist by the name of Eugen Bleuler. He began using the term to describe one
group of symptoms for schizophrenia patients, (Wolff, 2004). "Autism" is a Greek word that comes from

Child Diagnosis
Child Diagnosis The author of this paper is asked to diagnose a child's condition based on a series of symptoms. The author is also asked to provide
treatment options and an overall treatment plan for the disordered diagnosed. The child in question is almost certainly autistic based on the totality of
symptoms that exist and the author of this paper will justify this diagnosis and what should be done in response to the disorder being present.
Diagnosis There are a number of tell–tale signs that point to this child having autism. First, Asperger's should be disqualified because children with
Asperger's are generally blabby and will not shut up and that is not an issue that this child has. That being said, Asperger's patients generally
dislike any break in routine or structure that the child is accustomed to and this is definitely true of the patient in this case but Asperger's is simply
a milder form of autism and it is clear that this child's case is much more advanced (WebMD, 2012). Two facet of this child's behavior that screams
autism is the habit of being in his own world and hating it when anyone disrupts it as well as lining up his blocks and other toys in very distinct rows
and patterns and this is something he does over and over again. This is a telltale sign of autism. His attachment to certain items is a huge red flag as is
his general lack of engagement with children around him in social situations. Granted, a two–year old will only have progressed so

Autism Spectrum Disorder : A Lifelong Neurodevelopmental...
Autism spectrum disorder is a lifelong neurodevelopmental mental health disorder. Most autistic patients show some of the symptoms at a very early
age. Around 1 in 68 children in the world are autistic and it is more frequent in males than females. ("Facts About ASDs", 2016) Those who have autism
spectrum disorder mostly have restricted hobbies or activities, repetitive behaviours and lack of imagination; many of them have shown signs of low
intelligence. Also, they do not understand social cues, sarcasm, others' emotions, intentions and have difficulties in socializing and communicating.
(Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders IV, 2013) At present, there is no cure forautism spectrum disorder. However, due to the
uniqueness of this illness, where the symptoms and severity of each patient can vary tremendously, treatments have to be tailored to the needs of each
individual with care. There are now different kinds of methods strategically targeting different types of needs in order to lower the impact of symptoms
and aid autistic individuals at different ages in adapting to the "outside world". Interventions can differ in terms of involvement and commitment of
parents and caregivers; cost of time (how many hours of training a week); the theoretical background; and some even require a change in patient 's'
dietary habits. (SEIDA et al., 2009) "Despite the different method of the interventions, it tend to incorporate a mix of behavioural, developmental, and

Analysis Of Marion Dadds And Susan Hart
This paper from Doing Practicioner Research Differently, by Marion Dadds and Susan Hart, explores the way in which a researcher (Joseph Geraci)
has entered into the world of several individuals living with autism, and has spent time observing and working with them in order to gain a better
understanding of what it is like to live with autism, and the reasons behind why autistic individuals behave in some of the ways that they do.
The underpinning philosophical basis for the methodological approaches the research adopts.
By definition, an underpinning philosophy means the foundation beliefs/the system on which the research is based around. In the case of Joe Geraci 's
research, his main methods of data collection were those of observation and conversation. In research, observations can either be overt or disclosed
(that is, the participants know they are being studied) or covert/undisclosed (where the true identity of the researcher is kept secret from the group, a
deception)
In general, observations are in fact a relatively cheap method of data collection to carry out, and the researcher needs few resources. However, what
they are is very time consuming for the researcher.
In 1995, Bassey said that the main purpose of research is to 'create new knowledge and understanding for us, to help us know something we did not
previously know ' (Bassey, M – 1995), which is what Geraci as a researcher is hoping to achieve here by experiencing his subjects ' behavior first–hand
in

There have been texts written about acts of filial piety....
There have been texts written about acts of filial piety. Some are from long ago and some are very recent. One of the older texts is by Guo Jujing, a
scholar from the Yuan Dynasty, which was a dynasty from 1272– 1368 AD. His book, The Twenty–Four Paragons of Filial Piety, contains multiple
stories and situations in which filial piety was present. In the very first story, there is a son named Shun, who lives in a family that does not get
along with each other, but he still treats them with the greatest respect. The emperor, Emperor Yao, is told about all of Shun's acts of filial piety and
has nine of his own sons go help Shun with the work he has to do everyday. When the emperor had retired from ruling all of China, he gave the title of
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is also believed that the actions and choices of the parents affect whether or not their children are born with one or multiple disabilities. A roller
coaster of extreme emotions, an unhealthy diet, or eating prohibited foods can cause disabilities to the baby when born. These beliefs merely
contribute to the discrimination against disabled people. Yet despite the discrimination these beliefs cause, they are traditions and are engrained into
the minds off all Chinese people who are not disabled. Helen McCabe writes, in "Parent Advocacy in the Face of Adversity:Autism and Families in the
People's Republic of China", about the lives of autistic children and their families, as well as the educational and life struggles both the parents and
children face because of genetics. She adds even more discriminatory labels onto the points Walden discusses, arguing that many people refer to
autistic children as "children with mental retardation" (McCabe). Disabled people are merely handicapped and may not be as capable of as many
things as a lot of people are. Calling this particular group mentally retarded only adds to the challenges imposed on autistic individuals. While many
people are working towards better living situations for autistic children, categorizing them into this very offensive phrase harms them rather than helps
them. The people who say mentally

Irving Independent School District V. Tatro Case Study
Special education programs and services are available in many school and are fast growing. In a high school, a principal named Debbie Young has
been presented with a situation with the parents of a special education student. Mrs. Young has been a special education teacher and assistant principal
in a progressive and affluent school district in the South. Mrs. Young was approached by the parents of Jonathan a severely disabled tenth grader
whose parents want him to attend one of the schools in the district. He is profoundly mentally disabled, has spastic quadriplegia, and has a seizure
disorder. Mrs. Young refuses his parent's request because of the huge expenses and the school is not an appropriate place for Jonathan. Board of
Education v. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Garrett F. (1999), is a case presented to argue that Debbie Young's decision to refuse Jonathan to attend one of the schools in the district is wrong. In
the case of Cedar Rapids Independent School District v. Garrett F. (1999), Garrett is a student who is quadriplegic and is ventilator dependent,
therefore, he requires an individual nearby to attend to certain physical needs while he is in school. His parents provided nursing services at school
until he entered fifth grade. They then requested that the school district to provide the services. The school district declined. The parents filed a suit
against the school district. In the end, the court agreed with the parents. It was granted that nursing services were not related services, instead excluded
medical services. Meaning that the student needed these services to attend school. This case would help Jonathan's parents to prove that Mrs. Youngs
refusal of Jonathan was not right. Students with special needs have rights and protections under IDEA which means that there must be some services
provided to for them if its needed for them to attend school. In their IEP, that is prepared for each student to receive special education services, a
school must provide these services to help the students attend school and receive an appropriate

Martial Arts
Nick Souvannalay
Mr. Kite
Junior research
April 2, 2012
Martial Art A Way To A Better Life
Most people think that martial arts is all about kicking, punching and screaming really loud. Then those people will usually perform the stereotypically
karate pose, the crane stance. But martial arts is not all about kicking, punching, screaming really loud, making unusual sounds or beating people up.
Instead martial arts focuses on the well–being of people. Martial arts can be broken up into five very important terms; discipline, respect, confidence,
self–esteem and belief. "It teaches you so many things patience, discipline, anger management, responsibility, self–control." (Edythe Abduallah,
president of FCCJ's downtown campus, source 8, page ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They exhibited better balance and motor coordination, eye contact improved and play skills were further developed. Greater self–esteem was also
reported, with the added bonus of these kids being able to defend themselves, if needed." (University of Wisconsin, source 1, page 36, paragraph 1.)
Martial arts assist children on the autism spectrum because friend ships are formed around a shared activity and that sense of belonging can be the
greatest reward of all for them. Martial arts also help children on the autism spectrum because the release of energy in a safe and ritualized environment
can bring a child to a new sense of calm. Also martial arts assist children on the autism spectrum with the ability to concentrate and focus their attention
in a consistent and highly structured environment. Additionally, parents find that new skills carry over in to home and at school.
Spending time assessing each student to determine what is uniquely motivating

Essay on Programs for the Treatment of Autism
Programs for the Treatment of Autism
Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder first termed by a man by the name of Kanner in 1943. He described a group of children as having
severe language, behavior, and social interaction difficulties. These descriptors are what have come to be the core elements of autism today. Autism is
characterized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (4th ed.) by a continuum of abnormal development in social interaction and communication
combined with a restricted repertoire of activities and interests. Children with autism are typically diagnosed by the age of two, with the prognosis
generally being poor. The American Psychiatric Association's 1994 estimated prevalence is about 1 per 1,000... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Both children in the experimental group and control 1 received intensive one–to–one treatment beginning at average ages of 34.6 and 40.9 months
respectively and continuing for two or more years. Children in the experimental group received at least 40 hours of treatment per week, whereas
children in control 1 received 10 hours or less per week. Children in control 2 were not treated by the YAP personnel, but were given an unspecified
form of treatment (Gresham et al., 1999). At the end of the project, 47% of the children in the experimental group were reported as having
"recovered." This indicating that their IQ scores were in the normal range (M=7, Range=94–120), they had passed the first grade in a regular education
classroom, and they showed continuing increases in social, emotional, and educational functioning. Lovaas also reported that the school staff
described these children as indistinguishable from their normal peers. No children from control 1 and only one child from control 2 reached this point
of "recovery" (Gresham et al., 1999). Although the YAP appears to have been successful, there are many methodological issues to be considered. Most
importantly is the lack of random selection, being a threat to both internal and external validity. For example, we cannot prove that the improvements
were a direct cause of the treatment and had nothing to do with the children being from the same area. This study has not been able to be

Autism Essay
Garrett Green
Mr. Van Boening
English 12 Block 8
6 October 2014
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autistic children experience the world a lot more differently than others. For example, children with autism are not capable of using words, and have a
hard time communicating in general by any means. Specific sounds, like loud crashes and yelling, would bother an autistic child that wouldn't normally
bother a child that wasn't autistic. We need to learn more about autism so we can handle it, as it is the fastest growing developmental disease in the
United States.
Autism affects 1 in 150 children in the United States alone, as well as children all over the world. The rate at which the disease is growing is the
fastest ever recorded. Rising at a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
population every minute. Autism can also cause Tuberous Sclerosis; a disease that causes non–cancerous tumors to grow in the brain and other organs.
One to four percent of children with autism have this disease, which is approximately anywhere from 31,903 to 127,612 children. Autism really is the
fastest growing disease due to the increasing population numbers and the children that already have the disease. ("Facts & Statistics", par. 2,4,5,6)
Early diagnosis and treatment helps young children with autism develop to their full potential. The primary goal of treatment is to improve the overall
ability of the child to function.
Symptoms and behaviors of autism can combine in many ways and vary in severity. Also, individual symptoms and behaviors often change over time.
For these reasons, treatment strategies fit to individual needs and family resources. But children in general with autism respond best to highly
structured and specialized treatment. A program that addresses helping parents and improving communication, social, behavioral, adaptive, and
learning aspects of a child 's life will be most successful. ("ASD Treatment & Management, par. 1, 2)
While there is no actual cure for ASD, doctors can prescribe medicine and recommend a number of classes to take to help cope. One of those classes
being, Behavioral Training & Management. Behavioral training and management uses positive reinforcement, self–help, and social skills training to
improve behavior

Inclusion and Autism in Main Stream Schools
Apart or A Part?
Inclusion and Autism in Main Stream Primary Settings.
The number of pupils with autistic spectrum conditions (ASC) being educated in mainstream settings is increasing (Humphrey 2008). Inclusion in
main stream education can be extremely beneficial for pupils on the autism spectrum (Great Britain. Department for Children, Schools and families,
2009), however there is growing concern about the educational experiences of pupils with ASC. Only 12% of parents with children in an unsupported
mainstream primary school are very satisfied (Barnard et al 2000).
Almost half of the schools staff where pupils with ASC attend feel that a significant number of the pupils are not getting the specialist support they
need and over ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
De Santos and Daly (2008) suggest that parents considered inclusion to be of upmost importance and that inclusion can work and is happening,
however there are still occasions whereby inclusion is not working and could be improved.
Parents perceived that inclusion offered the best outcomes for children with ASC with realistic experiences of preparation to live more independently
as adults, allow autism to become more widely recognised, enables children to feel part of a peer group and wider community, inspires confidence and
happiness reducing anxieties and offers fuller opportunities to better education experiences (Charman, 2011., Wittemeyer, 2012., De santos and Daly,
2008.,Barnard et al, 2000).
When parents were asked what kind of school they would ideally like their children with ASC to attend neither special, resource bases or mainstream
took preference (Batten et al, 2006).
Despite some high profile Inclusion debate relating to the type of setting in which children with ASC should be educated , it is expertise in autism that
is important to parents (Batten et al, 2006).
The continuing trend to greater inclusion is welcomed in principle by teachers. It is widely agreed by teachers that to exclude certain children from
main stream social and academic education can not only be harmful to the future outcomes of those

Essay about The Signs and Effects of Autism
The Signs and Effects of Autism
Autism is a rare disease that has been noticed for centuries. The purest form of autism (high IQ and almost normal behavior yet still self–contained)
occurs in about "one in 2,000 people". When the many other forms of autism are added in, the ratio is "one in 750". Autism is found in every race,
ethnic group, nation, and social standing, although "males outnumber females by four or five times" ("Autistic Disorder" – 2). Autism is a broad range
of disorders that stretch from mild to severe. There are many theories on the cause of autism, but no definite solution. Because of the broadness of the
disease, there are many types and categories. The effects of autism are frustrating, and hard to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Evidence that genetics is an important, but not exclusive cause, of so–called primary autism includes a three to eight percent risk of recurrence in
families with one affected child" (Rapin, Isabelle – 100). Autism isn't just one disease but a category of complicated syndromes. Three of the most
definable syndromes are Rett's, Asperger's, and Landua–Kleffner. Rett's syndrome is only found in females and most are retarded. This syndrome
develops between the ages of six months to eighteen months. Rett's begins with a normal state of development, then the victim regresses in skills such
as speech, hand movements, and social skills, along with other signs of central nervous system dysfunction. Females with Rett's are most prone to
having seizures. Asperger's syndrome is affective in both males and females. After the first few years of life, victims will lose everything they have
learned, but will eventually progress again. People with Asperger's appear to have more verbal and recognition skills. They also usually show strong
interest in subway, bus, and train schedules and maps.
Asperger's syndrome is probably the closest to "primary autism". Landua–Kleffner syndrome is also found in males and females. Victims with this
–2–
disorder appear normal until between the ages of three to seven, which is when regression is noticeable. They lose the ability to talk and show

Depth Look At Autism Spectrum Disorder
In Depth look at Autism Spectrum Disorder
Leydi A. Zapata
Columbia Basin College
In Depth look at Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism Spectrum Disorder, or ASD, is a complex developmental disorder which is usually diagnosed during the first 3 years of life. The disorder is
characterized by severe difficulty or inability in communicating, socializing, forming relationships with others, and responding appropriately to the
environment. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM–IV, ASD was one of the diagnosis covered under the
Persuasive Developmental Disorders category. The other diagnoses that were part of this category included Rett's Disorder, Childhood Disintegrative
Disorder, Asperger's... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Autism has become one of the fastest growing developmental disorder in the recent years. In the year 2000, the prevalence of ASD was 1 out of 150
school–age children (Schaefer, 2016, pg***). According to the latest data by the Center of Disease Control, or CDC, it is estimated that the incidence
is now 1 in every 68 children that is diagnosed with autism in the United States. It is also estimated that autism is approximately 4.5 times more
common among boys (1 in 42) than among girls (1 in 189) (CDC, 2014).
Risks and Predisposing Factors
From the time autism was identified in the 1940s, several theories have tried to explain its etiology. The earliest theories proposed as origin of autism
was framed in the context of the early psychiatric models in the 1940's, and believed that autism was "an acquired condition associated with children
raised by cold, emotionally–distant mothers" (Schaefer, ***). Another early hypothesis proposed as being a risk for developing autistic disorder was
the use of the measles–mumps–rubella vaccine or the preservative thimerosal, but this hypothesis has been disproved (Anagnostou, Zwaigenbaum...., pg
510). It is now known that autism is a condition with a strong genetic basis, with more than 80% heritability (Meng–chang pg 903), but just like almost
every medical condition known to man, it has several genetic and environmental risk factors. As mentioned earlier, autistic disorder is 4.5 times more
common in males than females, which

Understanding Spesific Needs in Health and Social Care
Introduction
The aim of this essay is to analyse the concepts of health, disability, illness and behaviour and also investigate how health and social care services and
systems support individuals with specific needs and look at different approaches and intervention strategies available to support individuals with
specific needs, lastly will explain what challenging behaviour is and explain strategies available for those working with people with specific needs
LO1.1
Health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1974). During
the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion in 1986, the World Health Organisation said that health is "a source for everyday... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Early part of the 20th century epilepsy was linked with insanity; people believed that the Holy Spirit was working them. In Third World cultures
epilepsy continue to be defined in super natural terms. Recently a community study in Nigeria found that after heredity, witch craft was the cause of
epilepsy amongst the lay populace (Awaritefe et al, 1985). Danesi (1984) has revealed that most Nigerians with epilepsy experience it as highly
stigmatizing and something to be hidden from others but through medical discoveries and medical advances we know that epilepsy is caused by
abnormal neurological activity that occurs as a result of damage or result to the brain. Epilepsy is now controlled by carbamazepine tablets and
sodium valproate which controls the seizures however, what we all know is subject to reinterpretation. At any time new technological advances, new
medical discoveries, new ways of looking at the structure and functioning of the body or brain could replace the current orthodoxy and epilepsy could
come to be seen in a completely different light.
Department of Health (1999) launched a strategy to ensure that doctors and nurses have the skills they need to use to make the best use of new
technology introduced into the NHS.
The right to freedom from discriminations for people with a range of disabilities, including those with a learning disability, has been enshrined in the
1995 Disability Discrimination Act which says employers

Special Education: Article Analysis
Synopsis of Article
This article discusses whether or not special education teachers, as well as general education teachers, are prepared to teach students with autism.
According to the article, autism is ranks at the sixth most commonly classified disability in the United States. There is a very wide spectrum for autism
which include disorders like Asperger's and pervasive developmental disorders not otherwise specified (PDD–NOS). 1 out of 150 American children
will be born with autism (Autism Society of America, NDb).
A study was done over a five–year period from 2002–2007, to observe the increase of students with autism within the Western Suffolk BOCES region
in Long Island, New York. Based on these observations, it was found that the number... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Based on what I have learned from reading this article and what I have learned in my classes, it is extremely important to be a highly qualified teacher.
If being knowledgeable about ABA makes a teacher highly qualified, then I think more colleges and universities should include these classes into their
curriculum.
The article talks a little about general education teachers and how they rarely receive any training on ABA. I think that all future educators should be
required to take a class that at least discusses ABA and how to use it in the classroom. General education teachers will havespecial education students in
their classroom at some point during their career and they will have to co–teach with a special education teacher so I think it is good for both teachers
to be well–informed about ABA. Overall, I thought that the information provided in this article was informative and it helped me to understand more
about ABA. It is shocking to me than many educators are not taught about ABA when it can be so useful to not only teach students with autism but
also special education students in general. I am very glad that I have the opportunity to learn about using ABA in the classroom because it will be very
beneficial to me in my future career because I want to teach students with learning behavior disorders and moderate–severe disabilities at the elementary

Autistic Children in Mainstream Schools
"The current prevalence rates of Autism Spectrum Disorders range from 0.5 to 6.7 per 1,000 among children ages 3 through 10 years" (Shtayermman
88). With this dramatic change in the frequency of autism comes the development of special education schools and, in turn, a rise in the presence of
autistic children in a general classroom setting. While many think that a child with Autism Spectrum Disorder, or ASD, in attendance at a regular school
would be beneficial to the child in question, there are instances where it would be unwise to place them in such an environment. Considering the
characteristics of children with ASD, the victimization they go through in a regular classroom, and the lack of knowledge amongst teachers, the
experiences ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since they have difficulty in understanding the rules of conversation when they are speaking, there is an inability to link phrases together, sometimes
repeating words or expressions out of context. Along with communication with others, children with ASD find it difficult to understand group
interactions. This is often the reason why many of them are without friends; there is a preference of remaining aloof in the mind of a child with autism.
The quality of life for a child with autism in mainstream schools is definitely at odds with how the school itself is structured. Due to changes in
educational policies over the last decade, there are increasing numbers of children with ASD that are being educated in a regular classroom setting.
Many may deem this inclusion as being positive for those students, but there are faults that accompany these types of circumstances, the reason being
that many schools do not have the capacity to keep pace with such changes in order to include children with ASD. Many teachers find it tough to merge
the academic talents of students with autism with their often severe difficulties in interacting with others socially. Those who have been diagnosed
with ASD have a preference for routine, consistency and low sensory stimulation, making tough seeing that they would be expected to deal with the
noisy, busy and chaotic environment of mainstream schools (Humphrey, Symes 80).

Autism: The Role Of Communication In Children
Communication is a highly defined word that includes "talking" or "words". That being the key component of talking, is a key component of
communication. Communication is the use of both nonverbal and verbal behaviors to be able to tell others what you want, to express feeling, to share
ideas and to solve problems big and small. Communication begins long before we learn to talk. In the first few months of life, babies show their interest
in communicating by listening to the sound of the human voice. Being able to communicate will not only send clear messages, but be able to
understand others message's as well. The most intensive period of speech and language development is during the first three years of life, a period
where the brain is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It will not always be easy or obvious as to why the child is behaving in that particular way, and can be hard to control the situation without knowing what
lies behind it, what strategies to use, and how to communicate with the child. Since there is limited verbal communication of the child, the child may
for example not be able to express their feeling of frustration except in the outburst of unwanted behavior. In many occasions, when children with autism
act out, its often because the other person is not picking up on there nonverbal cues, and throwing a tantrum might be the only way of communicating
their frustration. Communicating with the child in situations like this can be challenging, but you do not need to talk with the child in order to
communicate with them. You can communicate by simply by the way you look at the child, the way you touch him, and by the tone of your voice and
body language.
Some children with autism communicate well to drama and role play activities to help them learn greetings, turn talking in conversations and watching
for cues in social groups. Role playing in the classroom gives the child opportunities to observe acceptable social interactions. In a mainstream setting,
it is important for the child to work on his pragmatics. An example could be: pairing up the student with a peer to help with social skills and in other
settings such as the cafeteria or

Causes And Effects Of Autism
When someone mentions electric shock therapy what comes to your mind? Is there a connection somewhere in your family tree to 'Fragile X'? Are
there toxins in the air that are more dangerous than we think? Can watching too much television while you are pregnant actually be harmful to your
unborn baby? What could all of these questions possibly have in common? The answer is Autism.
Imagine the overwhelming joy of holding your healthy newborn child and counting ten perfect fingers and toes. It is hard to believe, when you look
at his big blue eyes and dimples, that he could ever be anything less than perfect. But two years later, you hear the words "your child has autism", and
can't help wondering if you are responsible in some way.
Thesis Statement
There is growing evidence that the rapid rise in reported cases of autism is caused, and influenced equally, by genetic and environmental factors.
Environmental factors include a broad range of influences as varied as parental age, birth complications and maternal nutrition at conception, vaccines
and exposure to pollution during early brain development. Most genetic factors are considered in combination with environmental ones. It is believed
that over time genetic changes brought on by the environment are passed on to future generations predisposing them to disorders as autism. While
thousands of dollars and countless studies claim to have found a concrete link between environmental and genetic factors and the new

Coping Mechanism of Families with Autistic Children
CHAPTER 1
The Problem and Its Background
Introduction
Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder that affects the brain's development of social and communication skills and said to be a
behaviorally–defined condition. (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) a person with autism has to deal with great consequences due to the different adjustments
they have to follow. Along with the stress felt by the autistic person, their families are the ones who should handle the responsibilities in raising their
autistic children. Since they have to raise the children with a disability, a big burden corresponds to the adjustment they have to initiate to their autistic
child and for the whole family as well. Their responsibility is even more difficult since there are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With these two principles constantly followed, the family functions well and accordingly and benefits the whole family and each member. But raising a
child with autism can create great emotional stress and can fully affect the family's system and interaction because of the problems related to autism.
For the family to form their organized family life cycle they must go through different adjustments and adaptation for the family's development,
applying the third principle that says that any system functions as an organized whole.
Research Paradigm
Raising a child who has been diagnosed with autism can be a very challenging role for any family. Since they are the ones who are primarily
responsible for dealing with the needs of the child with a disability, they also have to deal with great stress regarding the autistic child. The presence of
a child with a disability may involve some difficult adjustments for the rest of the family.
Different effects are implied to the whole family, changes in family roles are highly affected and because of this they have to reorganize the family's
functioning and activities. Autism affects the enormously, they are challenged physically, mentally, emotionally and financially as well. Everyday
things have to be carefully planned and executed. Families are somehow put into

Development Of Elementary Aged ( Children. Ryan Smith

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Jana Clark

More from Jana Clark (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Development Of Elementary Aged ( Children. Ryan Smith