The Apology Of The Holocaust

The Apology Of The Holocaust
On February 13th, 2008, indigenous and aboriginal people across all of Australia were deeply moved and in tears; The Prime Minister of Australia,
Kevin Rudd, had finally apologised the Stolen Generations in his 'sorry' speech. The Apology was an important step towards rebuilding respectful and
new relationships between indigenous and non–indigenous Australians, and to honour and apologize to stolen generations. Many Australians believe
that respectful relationships are essential if we are to solve persistent problems. But poll results can sometimes show otherwise. We will see how the
media saw the 'sorry' apology, how aboriginal and non– indigenous people felt and how they received the apology and also check out poll results. We
will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a result, in 1995, the Keating labour government established the national inquiry into the separation of aboriginal and Torres Strait islander children
from their families through the human rights and equal opportunities commission. It took 535 aboriginal and Torres Strait islander peoples and groups
as well as 56 church and government organisations to get a federal response.
1997 was the year the national inquiry into the separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait islander children from their families released its findings in its
Bringing them home report. Its findings revealed that many officials and organisations of the time believed that they were doing the right thing by
removing children forcibly, that some institutions provided caring institutions for the custody of children. Although, it is also recognised that most
children were severely traumatised by the forced removal. Abuse, neglect and cruelty was just some of the conditions faced by these kids and their
experiences have effected their adult lives, including having trust in police, schools and government welfare. The bringing them home report found that
these conditions have had a lasting impact on Aboriginal and Torres Strait islander Peoples. The Bringing them home report recommended an
acknowledgement of the government responsibility and formal apology from Australian parliaments, non–government organisations, police forces and
churches should be made for their roles in the
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People With Disabilities In Australia
People with Disabilities
Mental and physical disabilities are often not well understood. With lack of understanding comes discrimination against people with disabilities.
However a growing trend of awareness from the media, advocate groups and development of legal mechanisms have helped provide justice to these
people and continues to improve the situation. 18.5% of Australia's population (4.2million Australians) has adisability. This is a surprisingly large
number, however only about 6% of the population has a severe disability. According to the World Health Organization "Disabilities is an umbrella term,
covering impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions." In the past we have had trouble understanding disabilities, particularly
mental ones, causing a lot of discrimination and stigma against people. Education and the workplace are areas in which legal mechanisms have proven
to be effective when providing justice for people with disabilities. Although an area which is still improving is law enforcement surrounding people
with mental illness.
Mental illness covers a range of illnesses involving a person's mental state. Even with increased knowledge and understanding today people with
mental health issues may still be discriminated against and, as a result, many cases are undiagnosed as people are afraid of being stigmatized. Despite
this approximately 1 in 5 Australians will experience a mental illness each year. With mental illness covering a

Evaluation of Bali Bombings Legal Responses
TERRORISM: LEGAL AND NON–LEGAL RESPONSES
Evaluate the effectiveness of the legal and non–legal responses to the Bali Bombings
The 2002 Bali Bombings were a series of suicide bombing attacks on the popular western tourist district of Kuta, Bali – an island of Indonesia. The
attack occurred on October 12, 2002 and took the lives of 202 people; 88 of which were Australian nationals. This response will evaluate the legal and
non–legal responses to the Bali Bombings according to the following criteria: resource efficiency, accessibility, enforceability, responsiveness,
protection of individual rights, meeting society 's needs and the application of the rule of law, and aims to answer the question that, in this case, has
justice been ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the following days, the AFP conducted thorough forensic investigations into the source of the bombings, as well as the scenes of the crimes. The
forensic material was then processed in Australia after an emergency amendment to the Crimes Act, 1901 (Cth) was passed. This speedy response
from the nations federal politicians allowed the processing of forensic data from offshore (Bali) in the highly sophisticated labs located in Australia.
This quick response is what ensured the integrity of the forensics and ultimately what allowed the bombers to be arrested. With the support of
forensic examination, the investigation progressed quickly. This led to the arrest by the INP of the first suspect, Amrozi bin Nurhasyim (Amrozi),
on November 5, 2002, and the subsequent identification of other suspects. A second joint INP and AFP investigation team was formed to pursue the
remaining suspects, which led to the arrest of Imam Samudra and a number of other suspects on 21 November 2002. This was followed by the
arrests of Ali Ghufron (Muklas) on December 4, 2002, and Ali Imron on January 12, 2003. The rapid legal responses from the AFP and the
Parliament is what allowed the arrest of the bombers, in what was a greatly effective response.
Not only was the AFP 's response a legal one, but also a non–legal one. A major operation was then undertaken

Essay On Aboriginal People
During my interview with Margaret West of Bourke, NSW– I was able to gain first–hand knowledge and understanding of the issues (healthcare, safety
and education) that were faced by some indigenous people during the 70's and 80's. After the interview concluded, I had enough information to
compare the policies of her generation in contrast to the modern policies that deal with the same issues that were discussed in the interview. During
the interview I was told about the challenges faced in the 70s, which included poor health services to indigenous. Aboriginal Medical Services (AMS),
National Aboriginal and Islander Health Organisation (NAIHO) were then formed to tackle the poor health issues. And when it came to education, it
was also a problem... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example the universal health insurance system, Medibank was introduced to allow mainstream health services more affordable in 1975. Even
though it was terminated in 1978, it was then reintroduced as Medicare in 1984. In the early 1970s Aboriginal people were commonly confronted with
intolerance, prejudice and racism at every level of the nation's criminal justice system. Aboriginal adults were eleven times more likely to be
imprisoned than other Australians, and youth twenty times more likely to be detained. In 1972 the Whitlam government eradicated the white Australia
policy and introduced a policy of self–determination, and in 1975, the racial discrimination Act was put in effect and it was designed to acknowledge
the prior ownership of Australia by the Indigenous people. In January 2011 Australia was reviewed by the UN Human Rights Council and in June 2011
Australia provided its response to the 145 recommendations made by the Human Rights Council and amend their policy towards the indigenous people.
The Racial Discrimination Act 1975 has been fully reinstated in relation to the Northern Territory Emergency Response December 2010. Putting of
indigenous women in decision making positions for more recognition and to improved there

Counter Terrorism Actions Of Australia And France
1.1 Aim
The aim of this report is to discuss counter–terrorism actions in Australia and
France and demonstrate their effectiveness.
1.2 Parameters
This report will be focused on actions and reactions of two countries, Australia and
France, after the 9.11 terrorist attacks in America. Background knowledge and
information will be discussed and analyses of two countries' strategies and
responses will be given, too.
1.3 Definitions
Terrorism is the illegal use of violence against governments and the public
and cause panic.
1.4 Thesis
Terrorism attacks are occurring every year and have caused large numbers of
casualties. Despite governments around the world trying to suppress and

prevent terrorist attacks, it seems to that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2.2 Australia
On 15 to 16 December 2014, 18 people were taken as hostages by an Iranian–born
man called Man Haron Monis with a shotgun in the Lindt Chocolate Cafe in center
Sydney for 17 hours (BBC, 2014). The hostage–taker commanded the manager of Lindt
Cafe, Tori Johnson, to phone 000 and told that they are under attack (The Australian,
2015). During the negotiation with the police, Monis ordered hostages to hold flags
which were written a creed in Arabic letters on against windows and he demanded to
speak to the Australian Prime Minister, but the demand was rejected (ABC, 2015).
Fortunately, three hostages escaped from the fire doors around 3:37 pm, followed by
two hostages escaped from the front entrance around 4:58 pm (ABC, 2015). At 2:14 the
assault happened after Tori Johnson, the manager, was executed by Monis and
confirmed died by a sniper (ABC, 2016). Equipped with M4A1 carbines, commandos
threw 11 flashbangs as they breached in, firing 22 bullets which 7 of them hit on Monis
and fatal (News, 2015). Unfortunately, fragments of bullets killed an innocent hostage
during the fire (News, 2015).
2.3 France
On 13 November 2015, three terrorist teams of ISIL initiated six distinct attacks: two

suicide bombings and four shootings. One of the bombings exploded near the Stade de
France, a football stadium where the president of France was watching the game in and
another one exploded in a restaurant (Reuters,

Justice Systems Compared2 Essay example
Abstract
The United States and Australian laws of criminal procedure show many common features which originate from their common English origin. These
include the presumption of innocence, the neutral role of the trial judge, and the use of the jury trial. However, between the jurisdictions there are also
significant different approaches especially in relation to the treatment of illegally obtained evidence, improperly obtained confessions and entrapment.
The transparency of the jury is also an important distinguishing feature of the United States' system not evident in Australia.
Introduction Australia and the United States of America share a common heritage, close ties to their mother country of England, the same language,
and a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Australian courts have also stopped short of adopting the "fruit of the poisoned tree" doctrine applied by their U.S. counterparts. There has to be a
direct relationship between the illegal or improper conduct and the evidence adduced to justify its exclusion from the court. However, there is some
overlap between fruit of the poisoned tree doctrine and the discretion to exclude confessional evidence for unfairness, especially where the search and
seizure was accompanied by an unlawful arrest.
Thus although Australian courts tend to strictly read statutory provisions enabling search and seizure, they often fail to exclude evidence from criminal
trial that breaches the scope of those provisions. This reflects a realistic view that police investigation should not be overly observed if it produces
appropriate outcomes. In Australia, the need to maintain law and order is given priority over individual rights to privacy.
United States
The bases for the criminal procedure process in the United States are, in some ways, quite similar to those in Australia. As in Australia, the U.S.
criminal justice system also is overwhelmingly state oriented, with relatively few crimes prosecuted in the federal courts. Those cases that are

Australian Federal Police Plan
VALUES OF THE AUSTRALIAN FEDERAL POLICE CORPORATE PLAN
Name/ Ali
ID/
Table of Contents
Contentspage
Introduction 3
Purpose of AFP corporate plan 4
Vision of AFP corporate plan 4
Mission of AFP corporate plan 4
Values of AFP corporate plan 5
Conclusion 8
References 9
Introduction In the following research, the Australian Federal Police( AFP) is going to be discussed emphasizing the importance of its seven values.
Also purpose, vision and mission of the Australian Federal Police plan will be clarified , showing its impact on the country as well as the individuals.
The AFP plan will be analyzed according its main roles in the Australian... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
a true obligation to the success of individuals.

. absolute truthfulness and sincerity in all commitments with people.
. high standard of individual behavior and personality at all times.
. entire responsibility when handling belongings, money and information.
Commitment: what is especial in commitment is the devotion of everybody in the AFP to accomplish something and add avalue . on the individual
level, the AFP demonstrates commitment through:
. achieve each task or do their job enduring responsibility.
. insist on doing every task or activity as soon as it is logically possible.
. do their best willingly to fulfill the vision and the mission of the AFP>
. try hard to attain individual, team and mutual benchmark.
Excellence:
Australian people and the government of the country expect all the time improvements from the AFP in strategy , plan , support and strength.
The AFP thinks that there is constantly an opportunity for perfection . excellence is displayed through the following:
.encourage everyone who work in the AFP to provide a good service to all citizens.
.improve and train employees rather than manage and direct

Afp In Australia
The Australian Federal Police (AFP) and the State Police are the major forces that facilitate for the enforcement of law in Australia. The two forces
operate under the jurisdiction of The Police Federation of Australia, which facilitates for the provision of a lobbying capacity and an additional
research for the bodies. The AFP force investigates crimes against the Law of Commonwealth that occur across the nation, while the statepolice force
enforces state law in their respective states. Additionally, the AFP undertakes roles similar to the State Police, such as community policing in
Commonwealth jurisdictions in Australia. However, despite the distinction and specification of roles within the two policing forces in Australia, law
enforcement ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Commissioner of Police is the director of SAPOL, who reports to Australia's Minister for Police. Concurrently, the Australian Police would be in a
better position to undertake their duties to the country, if they appreciate and acknowledge their historical foundation, and the foundation of the entire
policing body in the country (Murray 2007). Therefore, the agency's appreciation of the historical fact that it is the oldest within Australasia, and that it
initially employed former convicts or soldiers who volunteered to join, would evoke a sensation of willingness to perform in the current policing body
of South Australia (South Australian Police Historical Society 2011). The current body would regain the past spirit of working as volunteers, and
working for among the best–organised policing agencies in the world, which would steer them towards effective facilitation of law and order in the
region (Coumarelos, et al. 2012). Additionally, an appreciation that the current policing agencies, including the South Australian Police, draws from the
United Kingdom's model, would promote willingness to establish cooperation with UK and other agencies in the country, in order to ensure law and
order in in Australia (DeKeseredy & Dragiewicz 2011). Furthermore, an

Counter Terrorism In Australia Essay
Introduction:
Australia's first anti–terror laws were enacted in response to the terrorist attacks of September 11 (Prof Andrew Lynch 2010). In recent years, increasing
Australian involvement in international conflict has seen these laws shift to accommodate alarming trends in home grown terrorism (Australian
Security Intelligence Organisation 2014). Sydney's 2014 terror raids prompted the most significant changes to Australia's counterterrorism legislation in
the last decade (Commonwealth of Australia Department of Defence 2015). Amendments granted law enforcement and intelligence agencies new and
somewhat controversial powers, in the name of national security.
Yet, with no foreseeable end in sight to Australia's 'war on terror', counter... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In particularly Section 116, preventing the Commonwealth government from passing laws that 'prohibit free exercise of religion.' Despite religious
motivations behind recent terror attacks, Commonwealth Parliament has actively implemented mechanisms to decrease the likelihood of unjustified
religious discrimination. Notably, cabinet recently proposed the introduction of a Minister for Muslims. Devising such a position, accommodates
principles of equality before the law embodied in the rule of law by 'encouraging institutional participation, and representation of Muslim needs in
policy development' (Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 2014). Establishing counter–terrorism initiatives in consultation with Muslim communities
reflects democratic principles by incorporating the needs of individuals and groups into political

How Does the Criminal Justice System Respond to White...
HOW DOES THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE
SYSTEM RESPOND TO WHITE COLLAR
AND CORPORATE CRIME?
White–collar crime poses a vexing problem for the criminal justice system (CJS). It is an enormously complex global issue that is growing rapidly and
is a cross–border problem.
White–collar crime is viewed differently in contrast to conventional crime as generally the public associate crime with street crimes such as robbery,
burglary or homicide. Affluent and privileged persons who enjoy an elevated social status and who engage in crimes are rarely considered by the public.
This paper discusses various ways in which the CJS addresses white–collar crime. Firstly, the definition, types and characteristics of white–collar crime
will be examined. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Victims can be an individual, a group of individuals, (such as customers of a bank), or an organization and any of them may experience astronomical
financial losses (Hayes & Prenzler, 2009). Some of the most notorious examples of the harmful effect of white–collar crime is the collapse of the
US company Enron, with losses of over USD$50 billion (Friedrichs, 2004) and in Australia, the collapse of insurer HIH Insurance with losses of over
A$4 billion (HIH Royal Commission, 2003. cited in Hayes & Prenzler, 2009). Research indicates that crimes of this magnitude play a vital role in
causing or contributing
to a range of psychological disorders, including suicide, among its victims. However, it appears that the Australian justice system concerns itself
primarily with the financial losses experienced by white–collar crime victims (ABS, 2006).
The public may not perceive white–collar crimes as criminal due to the 'respectability' or the status of the perpetrators. To establish whether a crime
has been committed can be a costly affair as the crime may be very well hidden or involve convoluted paper–trails. The amount of time and persons
involved in this discovery makes the task onerous. Consequently, it is difficult to measure or prosecute white–collar crime because it is expensive and
is a long drawn out process.
Thirdly, the power and responsibilities of the CJS are divided into three arms that operate autonomously from each other to

Legal Studies Assessment: Human Trafficking and Slavery
Jamie Fitzgerald| Legal Studies Assessment | Human Trafficking & Slavery|
3/26/2011 |
Human Trafficking
Human trafficking is as described by Wikipedia as the illegal trade in humans for the use of sexual exploitation or forced labor.
Human Rights is considered as modern–day slavery. The responses and effectiveness of legal & non–legal responses have varied.
The exact extent of the growth of the industry is unknown due to the illegal methods of trafficking and differentiation in methods.
Human Trafficking is illegal in Australia under Division 270 of the Criminal Code (Commonwealth). An amendment was made in 1999, and it
implemented the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This included * dedicated Australian Federal Police teams to investigate people trafficking operations * a National Policing Strategy to Combat
Trafficking in Women for Sexual Servitude * visa arrangements for potentially trafficked persons * victim support measures to assist victims of
trafficking * Senior Migration Officer Compliance positions in Thailand, China and the Philippines to help prevent trafficking at its source * a targeted
Communication Awareness Strategy providing information about trafficking and the help available * improved legislation to combat trafficking in
persons * increased regional cooperation to combat people smuggling and trafficking in persons * support for the Commonwealth Director to Public
Prosecutions to prosecute trafficking matters, including funding and training * research into trafficking trends in our region, including labour
trafficking, and * return and reintegration support for victims of trafficking returning to their countries of origin.
Below is a table of trafficking visas issued over the past decade
The response to victims was the 'visas' system. The Federal Government also the "Support for Victims of People Trafficking Programs" This was
integrated into the visas system, this program provides individualized case management. A person is identified as eligible by the

Aborigistralian Rights And Civil Rights
"Reconciliation is about unity and respect between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders and non–Indigenous Australians. It is about respect for
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander heritage and valuing justice and equity for all Australians".(Australian Government, 2017) From the late 1950s
both Aboriginal and non–Aboriginal activists came together to fight for the civil rights of Aboriginal Australians and change the laws which
disadvantaged Aboriginal Australians of civil liberties. There were indisputably hundreds of Australians both Aboriginal and white all working together
to help create a more just society for Indigenous Australians in the after World War II period. This consists of Aboriginal people who are trying to
speaking out for their tribes and as well as all Indigenous Australians. It includes church people, doctors, scientists, politicians and public servants.
Civil rights was a big focus in the 1950s and 1960s because in that time people realised that changed needed to happen.
By the 1950s, having lost land and livelihood, many were paupers, living in 'humpies'(National Museum Australia, 2014) which were small shelters
that where located on the edge of town right near rubbish dumps and Aboriginals earring what money they could make as fruit pickers. They were not
eligible for any state benefits or any form of dole which many white British received. State laws in Australia told Aboriginal Australians where they
could live, where they were allowed to

Women's Rights In Australia
Australia was the first country to give women rights in a federal election and also the rights to be elected to parliament a natural basis. South Australia
was first in 1895, the first voting day for South Australia in 1896. In 1877, in South Australia Catherine Helen Spence was the first woman to stand as
a political candidate. Then it was Western Australia in 1899 to vote for woman. In office from 1 July 1947 to 24 May 1971. The Honourable Dame
Annabelle Rankin was the second woman member of the Australian Senate and first woman from Queensland to sit in the Parliament of Australia.
Henrietta Augusta Dugdale was an Australian feminist who started the first femalesuffrage society in Australasia. Her campaigning resulted in women's
rights ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other roles include the Advisory Board of the John Grill Centre for Project Leadership at the University of Sydney.
Christine Nixon was the first female Chief Commissioner in the Australian state police force. But not all doing that she has risen from Constable to
Assistant Commission in the NSW Police to Chief Commissioners of Victoria Police, she was also on the Chair of the Victorian Bushfires
Reconstruction and Recovery Authority for 18 months and now works as a volunteer.
Professor Fiona Wood AM is the 2005 Australian of the year but as well as that she is a burns surgeon and researcher for 20 years and is the Director
of the burns Service of Western Australia, Consultant Plastic Surgeon at Royal Perth Hospital and Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Co
–founder
of the first skin cell laboratory in WA, Winthrop Professor in the School of Surgery at The University of Western Australia, and Cofounder and Chair,
of the Fiona Wood Foundation (formerly The McComb Foundation). In 2002 she invented spray–one–skin for the Bali bombing

The Impact Of Technology On The Financial System
Advancements in technology and the exponential rate at which it is evolving has revolutionized the way the financial system is able to conduct its
activities and connect to the public all around the world. The evolution of technology has greatly contributed to economic developments worldwide,
however, coupled with the increased dependence on technology is the complexity and sophistication of cyber security threats that has resulted in the
rise in cybercrime not just in a technologically driven country like Australia but worldwide.
Australia's financial industry has been referred to as one of the largest and highest–performing industries in the country, and according to the Australian
Institute of Criminology, it also is one of the "more ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2012) (Computer security threats faced by small businesses in Australia. Trends and Issues inCrime and Criminal Justice,(433), 1–6.), the increase in
such exposure, interconnectedness and dependency brings about greater risk of criminal activity.
The increased use and exposure to the Internet has created new opportunities for financially motivated cyber criminals who seek to target unknowing
victims. Organized criminal groups have also been found to take advantage in the advancement of technology to facilitate their illegal activities, to
commit both traditional crimes such as theft and fraud and also new crimes enabled by advancements in technologies. Furthermore, the anonymous
nature of the Internet means that it is difficult and costly to trace down to the source of these crimes. Online criminal offenders range from individuals
to sophisticated criminal networks driven by personal and financial gain. Over the years, banks have introduced many customer centric platforms with
the aim of enhancing efficiency and the way their customers conduct their transactions with convenience (Vrancianu and Popa, 2010, Vranci u, M. &
Popa, L. A 201 . Considerations Regarding the Security and Protection of E–Banking Services Consumers' Interests. The Amfiteatru Economic
Journal,1228: 388–40.)
According to the Australian Federal Police, the top three Internet banking threats are as follows:
Mobile banking
Mobile banking refers to the use of a mobile phone to

The German Shepherd Dog Essay
German Shepherd Dog
The German Shepherd is not only one of the world's most popular companion dogs, but also probably the most widely used breed for service work.
The development of the German Shepherd Dog, along with a number of existing breeds, helped pioneer the modern use of dogs for service and
community work that we can see today. For a breed of dog that has only been officially recognised for just over 100 years, it has made an outstanding
contribution to mankind worldwide.
The origins of the breed came from various sheep dogs found in Germany during the last century. In the second half of the 19th century, dog breed
fanciers began to fix the type of sheep dog found in Germany that would eventually form the basis of the modern ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The success of guide dogs has since been proven worldwide. The United States also later formed a Seeing Eye Dog School using German Shepherds.
This occurred in 1929 in the US State of New Jersey. Although theLabrador retriever does the majority of guide dog work in Australia, the German
Shepherd remains one of the most popular choices for this type of work worldwide.
During the 1920's, canine movie stars such as Rin Tin Tin and Strongheart made the breed extremely popular outside of Germany. Great harm was
caused as unscrupulous breeders, keen to cash in on this newfound popularity, introduced poor breeding practices which, along with some irresponsible
owners, worked against the founding principles of the breed.
Anti German sentiment following the First World War, caused the British to re
–name the breed as the Alsatian Wolf–Dog. Although all dogs are
thought to have evolved from wolves, the name Alsatian Wolf–Dog led some people to believe the German shepherd had been directly bred from
wolves. The truth is that the German shepherd carries no more wolves' blood than any other breed.
The year 1925 saw the breed's official Australian history begin with the importation of Crufts winner Ito of Fallowdale into Australia. Also on the same
boat was Pinkerton Rhoda. As a number of further importations followed, graziers and pastoralists in Australia began to express concerns that the
breed was dangerous. This was partly based on the

Redfern Riot Shouldn't Be Prosecuted
Editorial: Redfern riot shouldn't be prosecuted
THE POLICE criticism toward residents of a small inner–city Sydney suburb of Waterloo must signal the end of society and media depictions that has
created an inability to deem the residents' constant claim of police harassment and violence. It is time we should accept the grim fact that many existing
attitudes towards the most disadvantaged people, Indigenous Australians, are part of this mayhem–like problem.
The public intensely curved its attention toward what happened in NSW on February 15. A 17–year–old Indigenous boy, Thomas Hickey– the most
common being "TJ" – died in hospital, a day after injuring himself whilst chased by the police. This was enough to trigger the community to ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They, indeed, got arrested. The court prevented them from attending the funeral on February 24. It is essentially– if all allegations are correct – no
necessity of prosecution toward this people, as we all know; they were taking decisive action on the prospect of protracted conflict.
One must realize, whether or not the allegations are true, and so yet there is no evidence they are not, there is no excuse that Indigenous had points of
defence. A point of being neglect: Why do they have to feel neglected in their motherland? And a point of suffering: Why should they suffer inAustralia
– a birthplace of their ancestors? Until these questions are precisely challenged, Australian should still believe the grim fact that many existing attitude
toward most disadvantaged people are the main roots of the problem. A fact that if you asked any non–indigenous Australian about the worth of
Indigenous, they will tell straight to your face: they do not have knowledge, they have no contribution to this land; for example in an army – they do
not defend Australia. Some of these manipulations might be true, but, lets me take you back to history when first European boat arrived at the west
coast of Australia; Aborigines stop them from getting on to the land. But, their human nature of feeling the pain of what will happen later in decades–
even millennia – didn't depart, they refuse to let them in. So,

вЂњWhat Role Do Minor Parties Perform in the Australian...
The role of the minor parties within the Australian political system can be as their title suggests, quite minor. On the other hand, a minor party can
influence the political proceedings of this country in more ways than one. Minor parties can highlight socio–economic problems that quite often fly
under the radar of the larger political parties, or simply can broaden electoral debate. Often spawning from a social, or in the case of the Greens, an
environmental movement, minor parties tend to only last through one election, due to a lack of support and relevance in the mainstream social fabric.
The minor parties can become crucial players come election time, due to Australia's law of Compulsory preferential voting. Jaensch (1983, p.21) ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, if the Federal Liberal party needed preferences in marginal seats in Tasmania, a deal could be negotiated with the Greens, which could see
protection of the old growth forest areas of the state. In reality this can backfire, as it did for the Labor party during the 2004 Federal election. Latham
and the Labor party stated they would protect the Old grow forest areas from logging practices, in an attempt to win votes. This lead to a revolt by the
unions, and those involved in the logging industry, claiming that Labor had abandoned them.
The second rule that Sartori created was, "A party qualifies for relevance whenever its existence, or appearance, affects the tactics of party competition
and particularly when it alters the direction of the competition– by determining a switch from centripetal to centrifugal competition either leftward,
rightward, or in both directions– of the governing–oriented parties" (1983, p.19). This rule further highlights the importance of minor party preferences,
and the role they have in the Australian system.
As an extension of Sartori's two criteria for minor party relevance, a third rule is often highlighted due to Australia's application of preferential voting
on the electoral system. This third rule as quoted by Jaensch (1983, p.21) states that "A minor party can be discounted as irrelevant whenever its
preferences

An Analysis of the 2003-4 Australian Budget Essay
This research essay will evaluate and judge certain parts of the 2003–2004 budget put forward by Treasurer Peter Costello and the Howard Government
on Tuesday the 13th of May. It is my opinion that the budget has not been equitable in some areas of fund distribution. The budget will be assessed on
the three following criteria.
The First Criterion: Is the budget equitable to all the areas of our economy?
The Second Criteria: Is the budget equitable to the majority of Australian Citizens?
The Third Criteria: Does the Government Address the Problems of Medicare and Higher Education?
<b>The First Criterion: Is the budget equitable to all the areas of our economy? </b>
Any budget bought forward by the government will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"I am astounded that in a year such as this, with all the Government's chest–beating about our brave soldiers, they have basically forgotten our veterans
again,'' he said.
Along with the $1.65 billion in defense, an extra $411 million has been committed to Australia's national security. The budget also puts $3 billion to
be spent over 4 years on state of the art air–to–air aircraft refuellers and helicopter technology and $156 million to be spent over 4 years in increasing
our SAS task force by 30 personnel. All in all, the Australian military's ability to deploy forces to US–led coalitions and overseas terror trouble spots
will be boosted by a $15 billion defense budget.
Let us compare this now with the additional funding given to the higher education department. $1.46 billion over 4 years which deregulates course
numbers and HECS fees up to what could be 30% higher. Minister for Education Brendan Nelson says "We have finally set universities free by
allowing them to set there own fees."
This will be good for universities, allowing them to draw maximum economic return from there economic strengths based on what they need to be
good at and what society perceives to be academically "good." This is not good for students planning on entering university under the HECS scheme

in 2005 as the fees for popular, high band courses in prestigious universities will rise significantly with a $2000 annual increase for course in

A Brief Note On The Australian Federal Police
Introduction
The Australian Federal Police (AFP) was formed on October 1979 as a response to bombing on Sydney Hilton hotel (AFP, 2015). Throughout the
decades, Australian Federal Police has evolved greatly. With emphasis on values like integrity, commitment, excellence, accountability, fairness, trust,
and respect. AFP's main task it to protect people of Australia (AFP, 2015). However, there has been many cases wherepolice members are acting with
no sense of fairness to the people. People of minority has been on the receiving end of such misconduct for years. This paper attempts to find the cause
of such treatment, discuss of any causes and solutions that have been applied and to produce a resolution to minimize any unfair police work in the
future. The inability to pinpoint the exact source of the problem has been the dilemma faced by police forces throughout the world. This paper attempts
to deconstruct the factors contributing to the dilemmas and also possible solutions.
History of Police Misconduct
Throughout the history, there had been numerous incidents involving police in many countries. Australia is not an exception. Most of the time, these
incidents involve discriminations towards certain group of people. Harvey (2012) discussed the mistreatment received by Australian natives, the
aboriginal people, as a result of police discrimination. Historically, Australian police officers have been poorly perceived by Aboriginal and Torres
Strait Islander peoples. The

Australian Federal Police Department: Case Study
LLB101 – Assessment Material Facts On the 7th of October 2010, the Australian Federal Police (AFP) received a tip off from the American Drug
Enforcement Agency that a ship (the Edelweiss) containing narcotics had sailed from South America and was planning a rendezvous with an
Australian vessel, the Mayhem of Eden, on the evening of the 8th of October 2010 , at an identified location off the coast of Australia. In anticipation,
the AFP in coalition with the Australian Customs and Border Protection Service, began covert surveillance flights over the area of the suspected
rendezvous. On the night of the 8th of October 2010, one of those flights observed two vessels sailing toward each other from a distance of about 2
nautical miles. The next morning, another surveillance flight relocated the two vessels, about a quarter of a nautical mile apart, and not far from where
they had first been observed.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The two applicants, Elfar and Golding were the sole occupants of the Mayhem, which was registered under a company of which Elfar was the
sole director. Their journey on the Mayhem had originated in Port Macquarie in early October 2010 where Elfar had paid for mooring and fuel.
Elfar and Golding were observed disembarking the Mayhem on the morning of the 12th of October, each carrying a large duffel bag. They left the
marina at 11.45am, having placed both bags in the boot of a waiting taxi, which took them to a local shopping centre about five minutes away from
the marina Both men were seen carrying the bags into the shopping centre just before 12am. Once inside the shopping centre, Golding was observed
using his mobile phone near the exit, while Elfar sat at a table with both bags at his feet. Later Golding returned to the table where Elfar was seated
and they were subsequently joined by two other men, identified as Triplett and

Australian Legal System
The Australian Legal system has a common law system. In the Australian Legal system there is two main sources of law; Case law otherwise referred
to as 'common law' and it arises out of court judgments. The second source of law is known as Statute which is passed by the parliament of Australia.
Early Australian law was heavily influenced by the United Kingdom (UK). [2] As the years went on, the English law continued to influence Australian
law. With each passing year, the amount of influence from English law was decreasing up until 1986 when the influence had ended. Australia had
adopted the Constitution in 1901, where it gave the Commonwealth power of legislation in certain areas only. Through the years, the Constitution has
been edited and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The hierarchical structure of Australia's Legal System and the Madayin Clan political system are vastly different. Authority of a clan is normally
given to the eldest member of the clan, regardless of knowledge, merit etc. of that individual, in the Australian system, authority is given by
Parliament, courts and Judiciary members as well as public society. Legal disputes in Madayin law are solved by individuals who are from
Dalkarra and Djirrikay descent. Any member of Dalkarra and Djirrikay clans are able [5]. In the Australian Legal System, members of political
parties, leaders etc. have to be over the age of 18 in order to become a member and is usually selected by Parliament, Courts or Judiciary or
members of public through voting. [7]. both Legal systems have Separation of Powers, but are structured and operated a bit differently to each other.
Australian Separation of Powers all work towards the law and how it is enforced, the Parliament makes and amends the law, the Executive enforces it,
and the Judiciary makes verdicts about the law. [9]. The Madayin Separation of powers, there are four branches, ЕЉГ¤rra', Dalkarra Djirrikay,
DjuЕ‹gaya and the Milak, and GГ¤pan. The ЕЉГ¤rra' are the Parliaments, they maintain the acts of the WГ¤yuk, where there is great respect between
all members. The Dalkarra Djirrikay start legal processes, to

Australian Legal System Research Paper
Australia is a democratic country. It consists of three main authorities: the Queen of Australia (The Queen of UK), the Senate and the House of
Representatives. The representative government is the people elected members of the parliament to represent them. The lower house (the House of
Representatives) consists 150 members, each is elected from single member constituencies which are also known as electoral divisions. The upper
house (the Senate), consists of 76 members (12 for each state, and 2 each for the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory). Every 3
years, the full House of Representatives and half of the Senate is dissolved and goes up for re–election. There are 3 main authorities in the Australian
Legal System which... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To make laws, the Parliament enacts legislation which is also known as statutes or Acts of Parliament. An Act of Parliament starts as a Bill in one of
the Houses. A Bill is the draft of a proposed law. Most Bills deal with the management of public affairs and the implementation of Government policy
and are introduced by a Minister, but a member of either House is entitled to introduce a Private Member's Bill. To become an Act, a Bill must pass
through a number of formal stages. The hierarchy of courts in Australia consists a variety of courts and tribunals in both the federal and state and
territory levels. The High Court being the highest court in the Australian judicial system. Australian common law is applied in the various Australian
courts and ultimately determined by the High Court now that appeals to the (British) Judicial Committee of the Privy Council have been abolished.
The Australian Defence Force (ADF) is the military organisation responsible for the defence of Australia. It consists of the Royal Australian Navy
(RAN), Australian Army, Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) and a number of 'tri
–service' units. The ADF has a strength of just over 80,000 full–time
personnel and active reservists, and is supported by the Department of Defence and several other civilian

Anti Terror Laws
The most contentious invocation of anti terror laws by Australian authorities did not involve the case being tried in court. Mohmed Haneef an Indian
doctor working in Australia, was arrested in July 2007 and detained for 12 days before being charged with intentionally providing resources to a
terrorist organisation. Australian federal police were able to detain Haneef for 14 days ( detained for 12 days) to allow time for questioning the
terrorist suspect in pt IC of the CRIMES ACT 1914 (Cth). These provisions, originally inserted by the ANTI TERRORISM ACT 2004 (cth), allowing
the authorities investigating to apply to a magistrate to suspend or delay questioning time during the investigation of a terrorist offence. This has the
effect of extending... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The media coverage at the time was highly critical of the government's position and lack of evidence in the case, and there was much analysis and
attack of the impact of the governments new anti–terrorism laws. It caused the government at the time to re–examine many of its anti–terror laws by a
parliamentary committee on more than one occasion. Laws have also been examined by the following reviews: review of sedition laws by the
Australian Law Reform Commission (July 2006);114 review by the Security Legislation Review Committee ('Sheller Committee') (June 2006);11.
review of security and counter terrorism legislation by the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security (December 2006);116 inquiry
into the proscription of 'terrorist organisations' under the Criminal Code by the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security (September
2007);117

12 Year Old Cancer Case Study
Title: Federal Police Grant an unusual wish for 12–Year Old Cancer Patient
Category: News & Opinion
Tags: wish foundation, granting wishes
Teaser: Australian federal police "Make–A–Wish" come true for a young boy in remission from leukaemia – and it was a blast!
Article: A youngcancer patient had an unusual wish granted, thanks to the Australian Federal Police (AFP). AFP's Specialist Response Group joined
forces with the Make–A–Wish foundation and organized a day at a training village so that 12–year–old Declan's wish to "blow stuff up" could come
true.
Declan's wish – blow stuff up!
Declan, who's in remission from leukaemia, had one wish. Now, thanks to Australian Federal Police, his wish to "blow stuff up" came true. His day
began with a personal escort from the Federal Police's Close Personal Protection Team, motorcade. He was then whisked away to the AFP's special
response team's headquarters. At the training village Declan participated in various scenarios, including a hostage–taking. But Declan's real dream was
to blow stuff up. And it looks like he had a blast! But it didn't end there. Declan's trip ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While the clear majority of wishes involve taking vacations, meeting celebrities or going to Disneyland, some kids – like Declan – choose the path less
taken.
Take for instance, 17–year–old Allan. Allan has been designing sports cars since he was four. After battling leukemia, the Design Team at GM Tech
Center, in conjunction with Make–A–Wish Foundation, invited Allan to present his best designs at their headquarters near Detroit.
Not only did Allan have the opportunity to sit and ride in some of GM's specialized cars from the executive garage, but he also received advice on
college, the industry and GM's internship program.
Ellie and Brynne had one true

Australi Pre And Post 9 / 11 Law Enforcement Response
Australia – Pre and Post 9/11 Law Enforcement Response
By Felicity Collins
Prior to September 11, 2001, Australia lacked national anti–terrorism laws, with all but one of the states and territories handling politically motivated
violent actions under various statutes of criminal law (Williams, 2011). The Northern Territory was the only jurisdiction who held their own specific
legislation making terrorism a criminal offence (Parliament of Australia [PA], n.d.–a). On September 11, 2001, in an incident commonly referred to as
9/11, four commercial planes in the United States of America were hijacked by members of a terrorist organisation called al–Qaeda (National
September 11 Memorial & Museum, 2014). Three of the planes were intentionally ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1978, on Monday the 13th of February, Australia faced what is believed to be its first experience of terrorism, when a bomb hidden in a bin
outside the Sydney Hilton Hotel exploded, killing two council workers and a policeman (Cahill & Cahill, 2006). At the time, the hotel was hosting
eleven heads of government who were in Sydney for the Commonwealth Heads of Government Regional Meeting (Cahill & Cahill, 2006). The
Australian government reacted by mobilising the military, which came to be referred to as 'Siege of Bowral', that highlighted issues with the
legislation that dealt with terrorism and how unprepared Australia was at responding to a terrorist event (Hancock, 2002). Over the following years, a
range of legislation was enacted to handle matters associated with terrorism, laws such as allowing for defence to aid to the civil power, aviation and
shipping safety, chemical, biological or nuclear weapons, surveillance and intelligence services (Hancock, 2002).
Much of the Federal legislation was implemented to comply with international terrorism treaties that Australia was party to (PA, n.d.–a). Examples of
this legislation include 'Chemical Weapons (Prohibition) Act 1994', which complied with the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development,
Production, Stockpiling and use of

The Representative Democracy of Australia
Australian government takes the form of a representative democracy. Encompassing a political system which allows eligible citizens to vote to elect
candidates to govern the nation on their behalf. In conjunction, there are numerous principles Australians consider democracy must embody, if the
nation is to be considered a democracy at all. At the heart of Australian democracy are the core defining values of: freedom of election and being
elected; freedom of assembly and political participation; freedom of speech, expression and religious belief; the rule of law; and other basic human
rights. Such as those proposed by The Honourable Aharon Barak, President of the Supreme Court of Israel, who having noted that all democracies share
common characteristics, suggested these included public safety and security, the democratic values of the State and its very existence.
The premise of terrorism has expedited the initiation of integral changes to the legal system, reducing the rule of law and eroding established civil
liberties and legal protections. The counter–terrorism measures introduced in Australia confer a power to compel submission to interrogation, a power
to detain and interrogate without charge, and a power of preventative detention. In doing so these laws jeopardise the rule of law, expand executive
power, diminish existing rights, endanger the separation of powers, and undermine judicial procedures. Further the legislative definition of 'terrorism'
provides for the

Bankruptcy Case Study
Mr Sawlwin It has now been a while since you were requested a supply a competent Solicitors details , Contact information that my Legal
representatives can communicate with your legal representative directly Thru past experiences with you and your interesting attitude to Legal matters
, We have decided it is better in the interests of seeking Law applied to deal direct with your Solicitor and cost effective We have decided that we will
not entertain any direct dealing with you We have engaged Private investigators to secure your and Penelope 's residential location so that Court
related documents can be served on you and your ex–wife You both have been given ample time to satisfy and service the debt that you owe and the
debt is... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
with you regarding Threat to harm ABC Director's that reside in Queensland and for other elements , they were not clear on what the matter was
related about You have also breached Bail conditions and Domestic Violence Protection Order that the SAPOL had placed on you SAPOL seek my
Digital Audio recordings where you seek my and others involvement to cause harm to persons that you have issues with You further Travelled and
attempted to track down Penelope's partner at that time a Stewart when you were on bail and Domestic Violence Conditions applied to you You
further made comment that you were to harm Department of Corrections officers Mr Sawlwin I have had it with you and your continued false
representations that you have been feeding to Beverly Joy Sawlwin , my ex mother which you seem to be getting a real kick out of causing continued
trouble towards myself the following is just a snippet of what you entertained to cause me trouble , just to get you out of paying money that you owe
me You have contacted the Australian Federal Police You have Contacted the Australian Taxation office You have Contacted the Child Support Agency
You have Contacted the South Australian Work Cover Authority You have contacted the Queensland department of Corrections For many years I have
been feeding you false information and that false information was stated to me by My ex mother Beverly Joy Sawlwin , your mother It has been
represented to me to inform you to STOP

The Australian Criminal Justice System Is Shaped Largely...
The criminal justice system is the system the Australian public look to for protection and justice against those that disregard the law but there are
mixed opinions from the general public that the justice system is too lenient and that the public opinion isn't taken into consideration when assessing
crime and punishment. In this essay, I will argue that the Australiancriminal justice system is in fact shaped largely by our society because if it doesn't
reflect social conscience, the justice system would fail. I will discuss this firstly by explaining how the criminal justice system works in Australia, how
the justice system reflects community values and how it relates to today's society, the budget and staffing levels of agencies of the... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
We have also witnessed recognition of women's rights in marital rape and domestic violence as well as technology crimes, and updates to the
criminal law involving terrorism since the September 11 Twin Tower bombings in New York (Hayes and Prenzler, 2012). Although law makers can
be slow to respond to social change, this proves that as society evolves, so does the criminal law and our opinions and attitudes are taken into account
and laws are changed for our best interest.
A factor that the public don't take into consideration when judging the justice system is budget and staffing levels. The different arms, although part of
the criminal justice system, work independently to serve the community but can be affected by budgeting, staffing levels and space restrictions, in turn
affecting public perception. In 2007–2008 approximately 70% (majority of this being salaries) of the justice system expenditure was spent on the police
force showing that the majority of the budget is being spent on the investigative arm (Australian Institute of Criminology, 2009). The corrective
services sector made up 24% and the criminal courts administration took up a tiny 6% of the budget. There has been a dramatic increase in prisoners
which shows that police are apprehending criminals and Judges are providing suitable sentences but prisons are chronically overcrowded (Martin,
2010). The Government listened and announced that new prisons will be constructed, but this would take

Identity Theft and Fraud: A Major Threat to the Australian...
Identity theft/fraud is becoming a major threat to the Australian community as technology advances. This section of crime produces substantial profits
for offenders and causes considerable financial and emotions harm to the victims (Australian federal police, 2014). With this increasing alarm around
identity theft/fraud in Australia, there has to be strong legal actions available to counteract the issue. Identity theft/fraud can be defined as a crime of
obtaining the personal or financial information of another person for the sole purpose of assuming that person's name or identity in order to gain
benefit (investopedia, 2014). This essay will extensively discuss the current laws/legislations implemented for identity theft/fraud, the key stakeholders
involved in the issue and an overview around the effectiveness of the current laws/legislations. After thoroughly analysing the current legislations used
to counteract the threat of identity theft/fraud, it will be clear which aspects of the legislations are working efficiently and which aspects are proving
inefficient for the Australian government.
Identity Theft is the assumption of a person's identity in order to obtain credit cards from back account and retailers; the crime varies from stealing
money from existing bank accounts; renting apartments or storage units; applying for loans or establishing accounts using another's name (legal
dictionary, 2007). Identity theft and identity fraud are terms that are often used

The Rudd Government
'Recent Commonwealth Parliaments have confirmed that the ability of governments to implement their mandates is more a function of the will of the
Parliament than the will of the people.'
In recent years, the ability for governments to implement their mandates has shifted from being a function of the people's will to that of parliament's. A
mandate is the authority provided by voters to a successful political party to pursue its policies in parliament. Governments can justify their dominance
of the lower house by arguing the will of the people is expressed through elections. The government's electoral victory produces a 'majoritarian
mandate,' and gives them the right to implement their policies. In recent years, minor parties who hold the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Firstly, a government's claim to a majoritarian mandate can reduce Australian politics to an 'electoral democracy.' The opposition might be able to
criticise government policy but according to this theory they have no right to amend, block or delay government legislation. This reduces the role of
members of parliament, pressure groups and the media to simply channel public opinion. Broader participation in the political process is limited by the
government's claim to an all–powerful mandate. Furthermore, in recent parliaments, the will of the government has been frustrated by the parliament.
However, it is because of this fact it can be argued parliament produces better legislation due to poor legislation being blocked. Australia's two–party
dominance, reflecting the majority of people's will in the lower house has been proven effective and the Senate that is designed to act as the 'house of
review' is an effective check on the people's will. Despite this, the 'review' function of the senate is becoming increasingly a reflection of the 'will of the
parliament' and this is contributing to parliament becoming dysfunctional. The Turnbull government hopes to resolve this through a double dissolution
later this

Employment Issues : Employment Contracts
Employment Issues Employment contracts Awards Awards are law
–enforceable documents outlining the minimum terms and conditions of
employment for a particular industry. Awards in the workplace cover two main forms: Modern awards Award
–based transitional instruments The
modern award system covers entire industries, which provides a safety net including ensured minimum pay wage and employment conditions. The Fair
Work Commission (FWC) has the responsibility of creating awards in the workplace relations system. Some common clauses in modern awards
include wage rates, holidays, sick leave, overtime and other minimum conditions for a whole industry or type of job. Award based transitional
instruments refers to the industrial instruments that include pre–reform federal and state awards. These only apply if one is calculating the balance of
leave of an employee whose employment began prior to the beginning of 2010. Enterprise agreements An enterprise agreement is a negotiated deal
regarding the conditions of employment between an employer and employee. The FWA regulates enterprise agreements to ensure fair terms and
conditions for employees. There are 3 forms of enterprise agreements: Single enterprise agreements– one or more employer in a single enterprise (single
interest employers) Multi–enterprise agreements– two or more employers (not single interest) Greenfields agreements– new enterprise with one or more
employers who have no current employees (can be either

Bali Nine Argument Essay
1.Introduction
In 2005, nine young Australian men were arrested in Indonesia for attempting to smuggle 8.3kg of heroin out of Indonesia. The group's two
ringleaders, Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran, were sentenced to death by the Indonesian court. With all appeals for clemency rejected, they were
executed by firing squad on the 29th April 2015 ('Bali Nine: Timeline of key events', 2015). Following the execution, many members of the public
questioned whether this decision by the Indonesian Government was justified. Relating arguments from different perspective including the Indonesia's
sovereign right, debated the effect on the international relationship and the deterrent effect on the drug trade in Indonesia. Although the men were
already executed, it is important to understanding the rationality of the justification behind this decision, as it determines whether to support or to
prevent similar decision, if and when the same situation happen again.
2.Historical development
In 2005, the discovery of the group was reported to the Indonesian Government by the Australian Federal Police, resulting in their arrest at the
Denpasar Airport in Bali. The media named these men collectively as the "Bali Nine". However, after Chan and Sukumaran were put... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Secretary–General has urged Indonesia to remove the death sentence on the men awaiting execution, including Chan and Sukumaran, suggesting
that the death sentence on drug related crime should be permanently removed (United Nations 2015). Furthermore, interviews and documentaries
provided agreeing evidence that Chan and Sukumaran had been rehabilitated and worked hard to improve the environment for other prisoners; yet,
President Joko ignored the evidences and refused to reconsider ('Joko Widodo: No foreign interference on death penalty', 2015). Consequently, the
justice of the Indonesian law relating to drug crime was

Australian Criminal Justice System : Australia Essay
Australian Criminal Justice System
The Australian Criminal Justice system has an intricate and diverse structure that makes it one of the most unique systems in the world. The
Commonwealth of Australia was approved by the British Parliament in 1900 and came into existence on January 1, 1901. The federal constitution
combined British and American practices, with a parliamentary government, but with two houses – the popularly elected House of Representatives and
Senate representing the former colonies. This began the start of a new era of policing. (Findlay, Odgers, Yeo). The Commonwealth of Australia is a
federalist government composed of a national government and six State governments. There are nine different criminal justice systems in Australia – six
states, two territories, and one federal. The eight States and Territories have powers to enact their own criminal law, while the Commonwealth has
powers to enact laws. Criminal law is administered principally through the federal, State and Territory police. (Chappell, Wilson, Heaton). In this essay
an in depth analysis of the Australian criminal justice system will be given, along with a comparison to the United States criminal justice system
throughout the essay. As well as an evaluation of the effectiveness of the system and finally a brief summary of how the Australian criminal justice
system structure could be improved to better suit the evolving society. Australia has a complex and very intuitive system of policing that

Arguments Against The Counter-Terrorism Laws In Australia
Australia's counter–terrorism laws
"Our focus is on the human rights of Australians who are threatened by home–grown terrorism... We have to do all we can to prevent young Australians
from taking up arms to fight with these terrorist organisations."– Foreign Minister Julie Bishop. The Australian government is constantly making
changes to keep up with new demand for protection. New laws are constantly being introduced to keep Australians safe and stamp out home grown
terrorism. Over the last few years preventative detention orders and control orders have been introduced in an attempt to reduce the risk of attacks on
Australian soil. Stricter anti–terrorism laws have made the wider community feel safer, however, is it possible that these laws have compromised
human rights of certain individual?
Ever since the September 11 attack on the world trade Centre, the western world has been fighting a war against terror. In 2016 alone there were
25,621 deaths that resulted from terror attacks worldwide. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Terrorism is not limited to carrying outa plot but also includes planning, financing, or associating with extremist groups. New legislation has given
police the power to detain suspected terrorists for an extended period without charge. The Anti–Terrorism Act 2004 introduced special powers for the
Australian Federal Police to question terrorism suspects without charge into Part 1C, Division 2 of Crimes Act 1914 (Cth) ('the Crimes Act'). These
powers mean that upon arrest for a terrorism offence a person can be detained and questioned without charge for a time period of up to 24 hours with
an extention from the magistrate under 23DA. (Crimes Act 1914 (Cth) s 23CA)

How To Promote Animal Rights In Australia
Australian animal right laws are primarily monitored by the RSPCA working in correlation with Australian legislation, however this level of upkeep
largely differs between countries due to the diversity of governance systems. (Do I need to add more here for my opening sentence?)
In Australia, the Federal Parliament, Council, and state and territory parliament set the animal right laws. The regulations specific to each location are
established by the local council to adhere to the specifications of the community. These laws are enforced by the Federal Executive Government which
consists of Prime ministers in charge of federal law. To pass a law, approval is required from the federal executive, if it is granted, the suggested
regulation is given to the government department, before ultimately being delivered to parliament (South Australian Current Acts, 1985).
There are a multitude of non–profit organisations in Australia that regulate and enforce animal right laws; these consist of state, territory, and local
executives, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The RSPCA is the principle administer of animal law in Australia with over 100 Inspectors nationwide to prevent cruelty to animals by reinforcing
legislation (RSPCA, 2010). They promote laws for the humane treatment of animals that reflect scientific knowledge with regards to maintaining a
healthy and safe entertainment institution for all involved parties (RSPCA Australia, 2013).Animal welfare laws are enforced by RSPCA inspectors that
are delegated under state and territory law to investigate animal cruelty reports. To undertake this action they are bestowed sanctionary consent to enter
property, confiscate animals and evidence with the purpose of issuing fines and prosecutions for violations of animal welfare legislation (RSPCA,
2015). Due to the vast amount of remote locations

Aviation Security And Airport Management
AVIA 2701
Aviation Security & Airport Management
Individual Essay
Name: FUNG, Ching Yan Zara
Student Number: Z5054510
An efficient and secure aviation system is essential within Australia's aviation industry since it connects cities and Australia to the rest of the world.
Aviation security refers to the prevention of terrorism and acts of unlawful interference and help safeguard Australia's aviation transport system. The
Australian Government regulates the Australian aviation security environment through the Aviation Transport Security Act 2004(ATSA) and the
Aviation Transport Security Regulations 2005 (ATSR).
Pre–Flight Security Checks
After the events of 911, security in airport has been heavily strengthened in Australia. Passenger and luggage security screening has become the most
visible and strong deterrent layer to prevent unlawful acts. Passengers and their cabin baggage must be screened prior to boarding aircrafts. "It
ensures items such as explosives, firearms, prohibited items (e.g. items with sharp edges or points capable of injuring people) and weapons that have
potential to be used in an attack on the aircraft are prevented from being taken onboard." ("What You Cannot Take On Board | Security | Prepare |
Sydney Airport", 2016) To protect against the threat of liquid explosives, quantity limits rules for Liquid, Aerosol and Gels passengers may take
onboard were introduced and apply to all passengers arriving on international flights who are transiting in

Policing In Australia Essay
The inherent goal of the police is to ensure the security of the community. As the population changes so must the police. This reactive response by the
police, allows for a predictive analysis on how the police will evolve, if at all, in the future. This paper will briefly examine the predictive
demographics of Australia including increase in the population and crime as justification for a stronger police force in the next 20 years. These factors
argue, from the perspective of the police, that a stronger police force means a larger capacity and more militarised weapons and tactics. This paper will
prove that this change is not only likely but policing in Australia has already shifted in this direction. Events including the Global Financial Crisis, the
increase in transnational crime and terrorism highlight the need for a stronger national police force to manage high–risk situations. The benefits
outlined in this essay, while offering a benefit to the community are also beneficial to the police in their role protect and security the community. The
United States will be used as an example of this shift, increasing their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The current trend indicates that the population of Australia is increasing. It is estimated that by 2075 the population will almost double to 46
million. As the population grows so should the capacity of the police. Capacity building means expanding the number of police in states and follows
with a guarantee that they will be equipped with the necessary training and materials. By following the population trend this means doubling the
New South Wales police and staff from the 16,636 to over 33,000 by 2075. By continually building the capacity of the police it will be less likely that
police will be overworked, tired or stressed, enabling them to act to the best of their abilities at all

Social And Political Issues In The 1970s
Discuss why Aboriginal deaths in custody happened and the importance of the Royal commission.
In the late 20th century, Australia?s indigenous peoples were 29 times more likely to be put in jail than other Australians; 20 times more likely to be
picked up by the police; less likely to receive bail or have legal representation in the court; and more likely to plead guilty. At the same time,
indigenous peoples were less likely to be called up for jury duty than other Australians. The Aboriginal Legal Service (1970–97) provided access to
legal advice and assistance for people who could not have otherwise afforded it, but it could do little to overcome injustices indigenous Australians
suffered under the Australian legal system.
Government ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other ongoing problems were the failure of prison staff to provide adequate medical care for these prisoners and the inability of police to identify the
particular cultural factors which may have placed these prisoners at greater risk.
? The role and significance of the Tent embassy In 1971, The Aboriginal Advancement League asked the United Nations to support its claims for land
rights and compensation. Protestors pressured State and Federal Governments to respond to the injustices of indigenous peoples having been disposed
of their land. On 26 January 1972, the Liberal Party Prime Minister, William McMahon, announced that ?land rights would threaten the tenure of every
Australian?. He said that his government would grant neither land rights not compensation to Australia?s indigenous peoples. They could lease land
but only for what his government considered worth while economic or social purposes. McMahon also said also said that his government would allow
mining on Aboriginal reserves.
That afternoon four Aboriginal activists ? Michael Anderson, Tony Coorey, Billy Craigie and Gary Williams ? came up with a daring scheme to
express anger at the prime minister?s attitude. They set up an Aboriginal embassy in a tent on the lawns of Parliament House in Canberra. Australia?s
indigenous peoples united in their support for the Aboriginal Tent Embassy and the land rights issue it sought to publicise.
The

Speech Forms And Outline : Speech Features Of Australian...
UNIT NAME : RESEACH FEATURES OF AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT
TASK 1
1 The constitution of austria
2 they control; the government of austria by dividing the power
3 Legislative , executive judicial
4 the legislative
5 The executive and judicial
6 Commonwealth level state level , local level
7 The commonwealth government do in , funding , medicare drag control , funding post –secondary , highways , railways , airport ,air safety
8 the state government do public hospital , nursing services . about education funding primary and secondary , about transport some railways and buses
roads
9 the local government do, meal –on–wheel,garbage collection, childcare ,about transport footpaths , street signs .
10 peter cosgrove
11 malcolm turnbull

12 daniel andrews
13 robert doyle
TASK 2
1 Green party , Labour Party , LIberal party , National party
2 4 years
3 campaigning or campaign
4 18 years or over
5 as soon as everyone has finished voting or as soon as the polling booth close
6.1 the governing pasty must announce that there will be on election
6.2 all the party start ad
6.3 on election day , everyone 18 years old or over
6.4 the counting of the votes begins
6.5 the party that has the most votes wins
7 No it can be secret
8 the fist secret ballot was held in 1856
9 could was how employee voted , and apply pressure to vote for a particular candidate , a running tally was also kept , and if a candidate saw that he
was losing he could round up

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