How Tularemia Is A Disease Caused By The Bacterium...

How Tularemia Is A Disease Caused By The Bacterium...
Francisella tularensis Imagine waking up one morning with inflamed eyes, a sore throat and severe headaches. Within a few days time you start having
trouble breathing and develop pneumonia. With no idea of what's wrong and no treatment in sight, you may die anywhere within a 5–14 day range
(10). At the dawn of the 20th century, this type of scenario was not uncommon. By the early 1950's the condition plagued thousands of people each
year. It wasn 't until 1959 when the condition actually had a name...tularemia (16).
Tularemia is a disease caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis. F. tularensis is a microorganism belonging to the DomainBacteria, Phylum
Proteobacteria, Class Gammaproteobacteria, Order Thiotrichales, Family Francisellaceae, Genus Francisella and species tularensis. This
microorganism is considered to be in the Domain Bacteria rather than in the Domain Archaea for a few reasons. Not only does F. tularensis not have
a nucleus, but it is also unicellular and contains a single circular dsDNA. The plasma membrane is also composed of a series of unbranched fatty
acids that are connected to glycerol molecules via ester linkages, all characteristic of Domain Bacteria (5).
Characteristics of F. tularensis' next taxonomic rank, as part of the Phylum Proteobacteria, characterize it as a Gram–negative bacterium. When
gram–stained, this microorganism appears as a reddish color under the microscope. This is mainly because Gram–negative bacteria have an inner
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The Most Spectacular Discovery Of Deinococcus Radiodurans,...
The most spectacular discovery about Deinococcus radiodurans, the first poly–extremophile bacterium, is that it has developed an incredible amount of
unexplainable resistance to radiation. It has remarkable DNA repair mechanisms which cannot be explained just by examining the genome and research
seemingly yields no concrete data regarding what infers the resistivity against ionizing radiation. It can withstand at least a thousand times more
radiation than a human can, in addition to UV radiation, desiccation, cold and acid. It has no known particular natural habitat as it has been found
across a diverse range of environments, including in the Antarctic dry valleys, an environment on Earth that's thought to closely resemble that of Mars.
The microbe contains 4–10 copies of its genome and although the radiation causes extensive breaks in the genome, the microbe is able to utilize unique
but poorly–understood DNA repair mechanisms that ensure reasonable fidelity. The genome has been sequenced and a protein has been found within
its sequence that confers radiation resistance, RecA. Researchers are looking to take advantage of this protein by genetically engineering D.
radiodurans to function in environmental clean–up, to speed up the process as well as reduce the costs. Future prospects of this bacteria include
additional selective genetic engineering to metabolize a range of toxic organic compounds and to assess if life is possible in space, specifically on
Mars. This bacterium

Gram Staining
Title
Elizabeth Huynh
November 16, 2014
Jason Atkins
Unknown #7
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to identify the
There are a group of tests used specifically to differentiate bacteria in the Enterobacteriaceae family. These
Results
Table 1 Microscopic Data of Differential Gram Stain
Gram Stain(A)Gram–negative Cell Results(B)Gram–positive Cell Results
Before StainingTransparent ColorTransparent Color
After Crystal Violet StainPurple ColorPurple Color
After Iodine StainPurple ColorPurple Color
After Decolorization with AlcoholTransparent ColorPurple Color
After Safranin StainPink/Red ColorPurple Color
Table 2 Physiological Tests Conducted to Identify Shigella flexneri
Biochemical TestsResultsSymbol
Phenol ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Bacteria A cells that were pink/red in color after the addition of the Safranin stain were the Gram–negative cells. Gram–negative cells have higher
lipid content in their walls; therefore they lose the primary stain color after the decolorization step. After the Gram–negative cells were counterstained
with Safranin, they turned pink or red, whereas Gram–positive cells remained purple. After the isolation of the Gram–negative bacteria, a variety of
tests were performed to identify the unknown bacterium as Shigella flexneri. Of the three Phenol Red broth tests, the PR Glucose broth test was the

only one whose results were positive as indicated by the change in broth color from red to yellow and by the presence of bubbles in the tube. These
results indicate that the bacterium was able to ferment glucose with acid and gas end products. The bacterium was unable to ferment sucrose or lactose
as the broth in both tubes remained red and no bubbles were present. Just from the Phenol Red broth results, the unknown bacterium could either be
Salmonella typhimurium or Shigella flexneri. The results from the Methyl Red and Voges–Proskauer tests show that the bacterium was able to perform
mixed acid fermentation but could not ferment glucose where its acid products would quickly convert into 2,3–butanediol and

Synthetic Biology: Transplanting an Artificial DNA to a...
Technical procedure of synthia creation[3]:
In 1995, a team led by Venter sequenced the genome of Mycoplasma genitalium, a bacteria with smallest complement of genes capable of growth in
laboratory.
Initially the team decided to use genitalium as the donor bacteria but later they decided to switch to M. mycoides as M. genitalium has very slow
growth rate. Initially the attempt to extract genome from mycoides and transplant it to capricolum failed because they found that the genome from the
donor was methylated while the genomes in recipient yeast are unmethylated. So they methylated the donor with methylases for the process.
The first step is to decode the DNA from the Mycoplasma mycoides. This is followed by synthetically creating the ... Show more content on
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Technical procedure:
There are two classifications of a cell namely, prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryote are a type of organisms which lack a nucleus bound by a
membrane. Eukaryote are a type of organisms which have a nucleus enclosed inside membrane. A species of yeast called Saccharomyces cerevisiae
has around 6000 genes. And most of which are found to be non–essential [1]. The task is to remove all those non–essential genes or insert new
sequences without affecting the organism.
A synlll chromosome was designed in accordance to the stability of the gene as per Synthetic Yeast 2.0 specifications [2]. By inserting new sequences
and deletion of non–essential sequences a new sequence i.e, the sequence that is going to be induced is first formed in computer. The next step is to
synthesize the building blocks from oligonucleotides. Once these building blocks are synthesized they are then assembled in chunks of 2–4 KB sizes.
A number of these small chunks are then used to replace in the native chromosome. By iteratively replacing the original with the new chunks a full
replacement of the original chromosome with syn3 is produced.
The DNA sequencing of syn3 strain genome has 10 differences with the newly sequence. These were either simple insertions or deletions. There are
nearly 100 loxPsym[2] markers (The markers that are added at the end of unessential

Tuberculosis ( Tb ) Is Caused By The Bacterium...
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an aerobic non–motile bacillus measuring 3–5Вµm in length and
0.2–0.6Вµm in width (Velayati and Farnia., 2012)
M. tuberculosis cell wall is made of many lipids including peptidoglycan and mycolic acids. Hydrophobic molecules making up Mycolic acids form a
lipid layer surrounding the organism affecting permeability of the cell surface. This layer is responsible for many pathogenic inducing traits of M.
tuberculosis by inhibiting attack from lysosomes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cationic proteins in phagocytes. Further pathogenesis of the
bacterium is achieved by the presence of other lipids which include cord factor, sulfolipids and phosphatidylinositol ... Show more content on
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Such factors include strategies used by M. tuberculosis in preventing itself getting destroyed in the macrophage, vaccination, a weakened host immune
system, Antimicrobial resistance as well as economic and environmental factors.
The many tactics used by M. tuberculosis to prevent from being destroyed by the alveolar macrophages is its ability to inhibit the fusion of phagosome
with lysosome (Meena and Rajini., 2010)
Using sulfatides as well as inactivating the Ca2+ dependent effector proteins Calmodulin and Calmodulin dependent protein Kinase 2, M. tuberculosis
is able to inhibit the acidification of phagosome by obstructing the Proton ATPase pump on the surface of lysosomes. M. tuberculosis can also produce
high amounts of ammonia resulting in the alkalisation of the lysosomal compartment therefore reducing the effectiveness of lysosomal enzymes.
M. tuberculosis is able to inhibit phagosome maturation by affecting the Rab protein

Microbiology Unknown
Autumn White Biology 258–05 November 26, 2012 Unknown #19 Enterbacteriaceae Enterobacter aerogenes ABSTRACT The objective of this report
was to identify an unknown microorganism through several differential media tests. Over the course of a couple weeks, ten tests were performed. First,
a gram stain was performed, indicating the bacterium was gram negative. An aerotolerance test determined that the bacterium was a facultative
anaerobe. Next, a negative result in the methyl red test indicated that no mixed acid fermentation occurred. The DNase test was performed and yielded
a positive result. The SIM test provided two outcomes, that the bacterium did not reduce sulfur nor produce indole from tryptophan.... Show more
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After incubation, approximately 6–8 drops of methyl red were added Possible observations: If mixed acid fermentation occurs, the broth will turn red.
If mixed acid fermentation does not occur, the broth will not change its color. DNase Test 1.The bacterium was inoculated with a flamed loop onto
agar containing peptides for soybeans, casein, NaCl and DNA 2.The plate was incubated at 37C for 24 hours Possible observations: If there is a
clearing in the agar around the growth, then DNase is present. If there is not a clearing in the agar, DNase is not present. SIM Test: Tests for sulfur
reduction, indole production from tryptophan, and motility 1.The SIM slant was stabbed with a flamed needle inoculated with the bacterium 2.The
slant was incubated at 37C for 24 hours 3.After incubation, Kovacs' reagent was added. The Kovacs' reagent will react with any indole present
Possible observations: If sulfur was reduced, there will be black in the medium. If sulfur was not reduced, there will not be black in the medium. If
tryptophan is broken down into indole and pyruvate, there will be red in the alcohol layer of Kovacs' reagent. If tryptophan does not break down,
then the reagent color will be unchanged. If there is growth radiating from the stab line, there is motility. If there is no radiating growth, there is no
motility. Lysine Decarboxylase: Tests for the presence of lysine decarboxylase, which breaks down an amino acid, and glucose

There are numerous types of bacteria that can be found in...
There are numerous types of bacteria that can be found in every environment. Each bacterium has different morphology which includes shape, texture
and pigment production. These bacteria also have different food requirements which are important in being able to identify a microorganism.
Microorganisms are a diverse group containing all bacteria a single cell prokaryotic organism that is found in every type of environment, archea single
cell microorganism that lacks nuclei and almost all microorganisms are protozoa a unicellular eukaryotic organism. By identifying the causative agent
of a bacterium within an individual, an antibiotic can be developed to prevent health issues. Microorganisms are also used to make certain food
products for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Under the microscope a rod shape pink cell was shown representing gram negative. This gram stain helps to determine the next test that would take
place for further identification of the unknown organisms. The grain stain technique determined that unknown four was gram negative so the catalase
test was further used where a small sample of the bacterium was added to a slide and a small drop of hydrogen peroxide was added directly to the
unknown bacterium where no bubble formed. Further testing was also administered to unknown four such as citrate, urease, gelatinase and motility.
With the citrate test a small sample taken from the agar plate is added to the medium. The urease test a sample was taken from the agar plate and
added to the urea slant, and finally the gelatinase use the sterilize loop to take up a sample of the bacterium which was added immediately to the
gelatinase medium. In unknown four motility test a sterile needle is stab 2/3 of the way to the bottom of the motility medium.
Since unknown four was gram negative and thirteen was also tested upon and was determined to be gram positive, other test were also administered to
unknown thirteen such as the motility, catalase, oxidase, citrate, urease and gelatinase to better identify the name of the organism. In addition,

How Can Bacterium Deliberate Acid Tissue Resistant?
For a bacterium to become resistant a change in its DNA must occur. This can happen in more than one way. Bacterium may gain resistance through
spontaneous mutation within the bacterium's DNA. This occurs when a single amino acid that makes up a protein changes arrangement, the order of
the peptide chain (made up of amino acids, joined together to make up proteins) then the purpose of the protein in the DNA changes. This causes the
genetic makeup of the cell to alter. If the mutation is of benefit and gives the bacteria resistance, once all the other none resistant strains of bacteria are
killed, the resistant bacteria multiplies and reproduces, creating a new strain of bacteria which is resistant to the antibiotic in hand. Once a resistance
gene is obtained and inserted into the DNA, the bacterium can dominate other bacteria and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Using this pump and energy derived from ATP– released in respiration – to work the pump, the bacterium cell can eject the antibiotic out of its cell and
therefore preventing the antibiotic from reaching its target and killing the bacterium cell. Many antibiotics work by attaching themselves to their target
and preventing it from interacting with other molecules inside the cell. In this case resistance comes from when the protein mutates and therefore
changes arrangement of the protein. This means that the protein the antibiotic is attempting to counteract is either no longer there or has changed in
structure. Therefore, the antibiotic can no longer bind to the protein as it can no longer recognise it. This means the antibiotic cannot carry out its
function and so is ineffective.
Rather than simply pushing the drug aside or setting up molecular blockades, some bacteria survive by neutralizing their enemy directly – this involves
destroying the antibiotic altogether. For example, some kinds of bacteria produce enzymes called beta–lactamases that destroy and digest the

The Plague Of Athens By The Bacterium Yersina Pestis
Introduction Plague is an infectious disease that is caused by the bacterium Yersina pestis. Depending on lung infection, or sanitary conditions,
plague can be spread in the air, by direct contact, or very rarely by contaminated undercooked food. The symptoms of plague depend on the
concentrated areas of infection in each person: bubonic plague in lymph nodes, septicemic plague in blood vessels, pneumonic plague in lungs. It is
treatable if detected early. Plague is still relatively common in some remote parts of the world. Key Idea 1 The first plague talked about in this book is
"The Plague of Athens". The Plague of Athens was a devastating epidemic which hit the city–state of Athens in ancient Greece during the second year
of the Peloponnesian War when an Athenian victory still seemed within reach. It is believed to have entered Athens through Piraeus, the city 's port
and sole source of food and supplies. Much of the eastern Mediterranean also saw outbreak of the disease, albeit with less impact. The plague
returned twice more, in 429 BC and in the winter of 427/426 BC. Some 30 pathogens have been suggested as causing the plague. Key Idea 2 The
Black Death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of Central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road, reaching Crimea by 1343.
From there, it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships. Spreading throughout
the Mediterranean and

Vibrio Fischeri Is A Bacterium That Served As The Model...
Vibrio fischeri is a Gram–negative bacterium that served as the model organism in this experiment. We isolated only the luxAB portion of the entire
lux operon and inserted it into the pGEM vector plasmid to transcribe the luciferase enzyme required for bioluminescence. Within the lux operon,
luxAB is responsible for producing subunits that form luciferase, which oxidizes the aldehyde made by luxCDE into the reduced
flavin–mononucleotide FMNH2 and results in the production of light known as bioluminescence[6]. The luxI gene that is also present on the operon
produces the "autoinducer which interacts with a regulator, LuxR, [and] activates transcription of the lux operon at high–cell density" to induce
bioluminescence[4]. This interaction between the products of luxI and luxR is known as quorum sensing and serves as an evolutionary purpose in the
symbiotic relationship with Euprymna scolopes, a type of squid that contains the light organ where the bacteria resides[6].
In the first portion of the experiment, Vibrio fischeri chromosomal DNA was isolated by lysing the bacterial membranes and removing the proteins and
lipids. Addition of a lysozyme solution breaks down the peptidoglycan layer in Gram–negative bacteria and proteinase K/SDS degrades the proteins
and disrupt the membranes. Liquid–liquid extraction using Tris–buffered phenol permits separation of proteins and lipids from the DNA into the
organic layer. It is also essential that the isolated DNA is pure and free of

The E Coli Is A Gram Negative, Rod Shaped Bacterium
The E–coli is a gram–negative, rod–shaped bacterium. It can grow under aerobic (extra–intestinal) or anaerobic conditions (intestine) and is the
predominant facultive organism in human's GI tract. It belongs to the bacterial family of Enterobacteriaceae. It is an important member of the
intestinal human's micro–flora. It usually adheres to the mucus overlying the large intestine. Nowadays, pathogenic E–coli are classified based on their
unique virulence factors. Pathogenic strains of the bacterium cause three different diseases: (8)
Urinary tract infections
Neonatal meningitis
Intestinal diseases
Each of the diseases depends on different expression of virulence factors such as adhesins, invasins, chemotaxis, toxins and the ability of the E–coli to
defend its host. (8)
Uropathogenic E–coli colonize from perineal region and ascend to the bladder. The virulence factor expressed is P fimbria. The strains also express
other virulence factors such as siderophores that play a role in obtainment of iron for the bacteria. They also express haemolysins. A–haemolysin lyse
the lymphocytes and ОІ–haemolysin inhibits the phagocytosis of neutrophils. Another virulence factor is the resistance to the complement–dependent
bactericidal effect. The presence of K antigens promotes bacterial virulence by decreasing the ability of antibodies or complement to bind to the
bacterial cell surface and cause the loss of phagocyte's ability to recognize and destroy them. (8)
Neonatal meningitis

Tuberculosis ( Tb ) Is Caused By The Bacterium...
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the Bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis also called tubercle bacilli which is an aerobic non–motile bacillus which
are approximately 2–4 micrometers in length and 0.2–0.5 um in width.
M. tuberculosis cell is made of peptidoglycan which is attached to galactofuran which in turn is attached to arabinofuran which is finally attached to
mycolic acids. Hydrophobic molecules making up Mycolic acids form a lipid layer surrounding the organism therefore influencing permeability of the
cell surface. This layer has been found to be the cause of many pathogenesis inducing traits of M. tuberculosis. They inhibit attack from lysosomes,
reactive oxygen species and cationic proteins in phagocytic granule as well as protecting extracellular layer from damage. Further pathogenesis of the
bacterium is achieved by the presence of other lipids which include phthiocerol dimycocerosate, cord factor/dimycolyltrehalose, the sulfolipids and
phosphatidylinositol mannosides. (Brennan., 2003)
TB is spread via inhalation of droplet nuclei containing tubercle bacilli. Transmission occurs when an infected individual sneezes, coughs or even talk
to an uninfected individual.
Once the tubercle bacilli are inhaled they travel to the alveoli of the lungs where they are ingested by the alveolar macrophages. Most bacilli are
destroyed or inhibited. Alveolar macrophages are also able to form a barrier shell called a granuloma around the bacilli. This keeps the

The Effects and Diseases of the Bacterium Streptococcus...
Effects and Diseases of the Bacterium Streptococcus Pyogenes
The bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes has been infecting people for more than a century. Once a deadly bacterium, now only an antibiotic from curing
the diseases it causes. Streptococcus pyogenes has been responsible for excruciating throat pains and even in some cases a horrendous rash included.
This paper will talk about the history of this organism, how it acts as a pathogen, how people attract it, the symptoms that come with the disease, tests
that can be implemented to identify if one has this bacteria, the treatments for the diseases, how people can prevent from getting the diseases, and what
research is being conducted to cure the bacteria called Streptococcus pyogenes. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It has not been shown that Streptococcus pyogenes is more common in one part of the world than another. However, the rates of reports in the more
central and southern countries, such as the Czech Republic, Romania, Cyprus, and Italy, were substantially lower (0.3–1.5 per 100,000 population)
(Khan, 2009). If a person believes that they have come down with strep throat, here are some ways one might know if they have the disease. The
symptoms of strep throat usually show within 2 to 5 days. You first will develop a red throat with white patches; this is when the tonsils are red and
enlarged. There may be specks of pus on the tonsils. The symptoms of strep throat are headache, abdominal pains, fever of 101В°F or over, joint
stiffness, trouble swallowing, and swollen lymph glands on the side of your neck (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2010). The symptoms for scarlet fever are
exactly the same with that addition of a skin rash and a Strawberry–like red and bumpy appearance of the tongue, often covered with a white coating
early in the disease (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2009). If a person is uncertain about having strep throat they should go to a doctor to get a physical exam.
Doctors are able to run 2 different tests to identify strep throat. The first test would be a rapid antigen test, which is when a swab is used to take a
sample of the fluid from the

Essay about Transmission of the Plague to Humans
Transmission of the Plague to Humans
Abstract
Yersinia pestis is a bacterium that has been well known to mankind for centuries. Its mechanisms of survival in wide variety of species are
extraordinary. The power of this bacterium is dependent on its manipulation of the immune system of its host's. Its means of survival in the flea and its
use of the flea as a vector to other desirable hosts portray this bacterium's true capability. This flea is the main cause of the bacterium to other animals,
especially humans. However, the bacterium does not just stop here; it uses its coded proteins to inhibit the host's immune system and the host's cellular
functions to aid in its survival in the organism.
One of the most deadly diseases to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The bacterium is mainly found in wild rodents such as ground hogs, squirrels, prairie dogs and mice (Phillips, 2004). The bacterium is provided a
comfortable residence in these rodents where it also has the ability to increase its population or at
Transmission of the plague 2 least its survival. These hosts then transmit the bacterium to their blood sucking visitors, the flea (ticks and human lice
can also be a host (Velendzas, 2005).
The flea also known as Xenopsylla cheopis is a common carrier of this bacterium (Velendzas, 2005). Since the flea continuously feeds and excretes,
the continuous flow of the fluid down its body will cause the bacterium to be excreted out of the flea as well. Since the bacterium wants to maintain
its stay in its host, it needs to block this flow of fluid. Otherwise, it would be in risk of being eliminated from the body in the feces. The bacterium
(being immobile) will also have trouble transmitting itself to another host. Its only possible way of transmission is through the path of the blood flow,
which unfortunately for the bacterium is in the opposite direction of its desired destination. In order to solve these problems once Y. pestis enters the
flea, it will grow in increased numbers and block the fleas' digestive tract, causing the flea to feel hungry. It grows in the proventriculus, which is used
to transport the blood from the esophagus to the mid–gut in the flea

Tuberculosis Is The Disease Of The Lung Caused By A...
Tuberculosis is the disease of the lung caused by a bacterium called mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB is transmitted through airborne route when a
person with TB coughs or sneeze into the air which is then inhaled by non–infected person and cause TB infection. In people who are co–infected with
HIV and TB, about 50% may develop TB disease. There is a difference between TB infection and TB disease. In South Africa about 88% of the
adult population is infected with TB be but not sick of a TB disease. Under normal circumstances 10% of people infected with TB will develop TB
in their life time. Factors like age, immunological status, malnutrition and stress determine the susceptibility of the host to TB disease. TB is
curable even if a person is HIV positive. 2.2 The Global Picture of TB Epidemic There were 8.6million people suffering from TB in the world,
where 1.1million were people living with HIV. In 2012 TB accounted for 1.3million deaths where 50% of patients who died were HIV positive
women. TB is the top killer of women of reproductive age (Organisation, 2014). Global statistics showed 45% decrease in TB mortality since 1990.
The world is likely to reach the MDG target of 50% by 2015 (Ravinglione M, 2006). The report paints a good picture about TB management in the
world whereas the reality is that more people are reported to have died of TB when the disease is curable. The number of people diagnosed with MDR
in the world doubled between 2011& 2012 with the introduction

Helicobacter Pylori Research Paper
Bloated Stomach Is Caused by Helicobacter Pylori
People rarely know that they are infected by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. This bacterium can lead to serious complications in your intestines and
other dangerous health issues. This gut bacterium is really difficult to recognize since it is asymptomatic. Only a suitable medical examination can
diagnose the presence of this bacterium in the intestines. In this article, you can learn how to recognize the symptoms that indicate the presence of this
bacterium. If you suspect that you are infected by it, visit a medical professional immediately for a suitable diagnosis and treatment.
Helicobacter pylori symptoms The symptoms of Helicobacter pylori are: irritable bowel syndrome, flatulence, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
It acts in a insidious and sly way, taking away the peace and making you feel uneasy, stressed out, full of anxiety and with an unbearable stomach
irritation.
What to do about this bacterium? Fifty percent of the entire world population has at some point been infected by Helicobacter pylori. Even though
anti–inflammatory drugs are effective, you must first consult a doctor as for instance, antibiotics may be required, but not through the entire treatment.
So, don't treat yourself. Ask a professional. One thing you can do by yourself is to improve your eating habits. For example, you have to increase the
intake of zinc and vitamins A, C and E. The initial phases of this bacterium are usually not detected, so as a prevention it is best to take multivitamins,
which fight bacteria and boost the function of your immune system.
How to battle Helicobacter Pylori? To fight Helicobacter pylori, you can prepare this mixture and consume it. It will make you feel energized, it will
improve the function of your immune system and reduce the stomach bloating that you are experiencing.
Needed ingredients:
1 Tbsp. Aloe Vera juice
1 Tbsp. fresh ginger powder
1 cucumber
Lemon juice from 1

Causes And Effect Of A Bacterium
The ratio of TUNEL–labeled surface over the entire surface area of the egg was then measured (Pannebakker et al., 2007). The research article results
shows that A. tabida, has become dependent on W. pipientis to reproduce. W. pipientis affects the wasps oogenesis, but the specific mechanism
responsible is yet unknown. Pannebakker et al. (2007) research shows the W. pipientis influences programmed cell death processes in A. tabida by
making its presence essential for the wasps eggs to fully mature. In conclusion, this study suggests the bacterium's strategy causes the host to be
dependent through evolution, thus creating a quick transitioning phase from commensalism (parasitism) to mutualism, where both organisms benefit.
The study... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
infantisis. A breeding scheme was set up with polymeric Ig receptor–sufficient and deficient mice to understand the effects of breast milk–derived SIgA
on development of the host's immunity and gut microbiota, thus evaluating the relationship. The mice that had a Pigr gene mutation were used. Tissue
histology and immunofluorescence microscopy were performed on the mouse's tissue. Quantification of Fecal IgA and for Bacteria in MLNs was
performed. After quantification, the mouse's fecal microbiota was analyzed by PhyloChip hybridization at the early days of the mouse's life. Once the
mice reached the age of 8–10 weeks, each mouse was induced with colitis. Epithelial cells were dissected from the mouse's colon and isolated. After
the cells were isolated the gene expression was analyzed. After the analysis, genes regulated by SIgA were identified. Lastly, a statistical analysis was
performed to see the differences in IgA concentrations, colony forming unit, and gene expression (Rogier et al., 2014). When a baby is first born, its
immune system is naked; it will receive its first source of antigen–specific immune protection by receiving its first serving of breast milk. The breast
milk appears in a form of secretory IgA also known as SIgA. Mice that were breast feed compared to those who were not contain a significantly
different gut microbiota when they approach adulthood. When exposed to SIgA at an early age, a pattern of intestinal epithelial cell gene expression.

Unknown Bacteria
As the flowchart shows, a series of tests were conducted to identify the unknown bacterium #65. Microscopic observation of the gram stain indicated a
gram–positive coccus bacterium. S. epidermidis was used as the gram–positive control while E. coli was used as the gram–negative control. This
observation led to the elimination of all gram negative and rod–shaped genera: Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Escherichia, Pseudomonas,
Serratia, Alcaligenes, Neisseria, Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella, Erwinia, Veillonella, Flavobacterium, Bacillus, Arthrobacter, Lactobacillus, Listeria and
Kurthia (2). By performing the catalase test, it was determined that the bacterium was catalase negative and it did not produce bubbles. M. luteus and
E. faecalis were used as positive and negative controls, respectively.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The unknown bacterium did not produce any spores as was evident by the endospore stain. B. subtilis (positive controls) was capable of producing
spores in the NSM agar plate while no spores were formed by E. coli (negative control). The spore–former Sporosarcina was eliminated from the list of
the possible genera. In the blood agar test, it was determined that the bacterium was gamma–hemolytic when it was compared to the gamma–hemolytic
control S. epidermidis and beta–hemolytic control S. aureus. Since most species of Streptococcus are either alpha or beta–hemolytic, the negative result
of the blood agar hemolysins led to the elimination of Streptococcus (8). These tests narrowed the possible genus to

Dr. Roberston Bacterium Summary
Dr. Roberston's research focused on how the bacteria can be transmitted and translocated by the displacement of plant residue. The bacterium
overwinters on plant residue which can be moved by extreme weather and environmental conditions such as tornadoes, wind, and hail. Tornadoes can
possibly translocate debris hundreds of miles which can possibly bring bacterium from Iowa to South Dakota and other neighboring states. She also
conducted seed tests which proved that the seeds don't transmit the disease as much as she thought. Seeds that were inoculated during planting only
showed a 0.0018 percent chance that the disease entered the plant. In easier words, she explained only one plant in 4 acres were infected, so planting
21,000 seeds per acre would only have one infected plant out of 84,000 plants. Considering these low numbers, managing plant residue and switching to
non–susceptible hybrids will hold back any issues in coming years.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This could speed up the spread because there won't be any way for the plants to resist the bacterium, so instead of only infected a few damaged plant,
now they can infect a whole field in the right conditions. I found this interesting because I always thought the bacteria could only enter wounded plants.
My management recommendations would only be to use non–susceptible hybrids. Also, I would recommend rotating out of corn for two or more years
to allow infected resiue to degrade and diminish. Furthermore, any tillage that buries plant residue should reduce bacteria populations. Next, I would
cut back on the plant population because the disease can spread by the touching of neighboring leaves. With these management ideas, the disease of
Goss's wilt will no longer be a

Bad Bacteria Research Paper
Human Microbe Bacteria surround us, they cover our bodies from our phalanges on our feet to the follicles of hair on our craniums. Therefore, it is
important to realize that while, the majority of these astounding microorganisms are beneficial, certain bacteria are devastating to our health. When
referring to bacterium there are two major categories that you may organize them by, are the beneficial bacterium or harmful bacterium. Beneficial
bacterium are those engaging in a symbiotic relationship when in human contact. An example of these would be the bacterium that line your intestines
that assist in the extraction of nutrients from food items. Harmful bacterium on the other hand are pathogens and viruses, all varying in severity but
all still harmful to our bodies. Examples of these types of bacterium would be Influenza, Listeria, and E. coli. In this experiment we are using a variety
of common cleaning agents to test the overall efficiency of eradicating bacterium and then continuing to keep their growth rate at bay. These cleaning
agents are all incredibly common; available at any super market and they are listed as the following:... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But, it is now being strenuously tested by the FDA to see if the advantages of its outstanding cleaning power outweigh the harmful antibacterial
ingredient Triclosan coming into contact with people. Antibacterial soap is in simply terms normal soap with one extra ingredient making it
antibacterial, in most cases this ingredient is Triclosan but it can also be Benzalkonium Chloride, Benzethonium Chloride, or Chloroxylenol. These
chemicals are especially efficient at exterminating bacterium but, they end up killing both beneficial and harmful bacterium alike making you cleaner
as well as more vulnerable to other bacterium or pathogens you may come in contact

Ioccal Meningitis
In a world of vaccinations and public healthcare, it is easy to forget that we are constantly surrounded by disease causing microbes. Throughout this unit
we have studied the human bodies constant fight with microbes and what happens once they accumulate. In this paper I will discuss meningococcal
meningitis, its disease causing microbe, how the bacterium enters and exits the body and, the symptoms caused by the bacterium. I will also discuss
the impact this microbe has on human health and any treatments available. Meningococcal meningitis is a disease caused by the bacterium Neisseria
meningitidis, a gram negative bacterium. Neisseria meningitidis is an interesting bacterium in that it has several mechanisms to counter the body's
defenses. One feature of this bacterium is the polysaccharide capsule that acts as a sort of guard protector to the bacterium by preventing it from being
phagocytized. Another interesting counter defensive feature of this bacterium is its production of IgA protease. Throughout previous chapters in our
text, we have... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After contact, symptoms take around 3 –7 days to present depending on the age of the victims. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), the
symptoms of this disease include fever, rash, vomiting, nausea, altered mental status and photophobia. In meningococcal meningitis, one of the major
symptoms is a rash does not fade when pressed. The prevalence of meningococcal meningitis increases in childhood to adolescence and decreases with
adulthood. This specific meningitis usually occurs significantly in children under two where mental status and headache may be hard to discern so the
CDC recommends looking at the child's reflexes, signs of inactive or unusual irritability as symptoms of this

MicroOrganism
Unknown Experiment
Introduction: The purpose of this experiment is to distinguish and indentify an unknown bacterium. There are several tests that can help one eliminate
and narrow down the options. The most useful test, and the very first one done, is a gram stain. This test will tell whether the bacterium is
gram–positive or gram–negative. After the type of gram stain is identified, the tester has a wide array of differentiating tests at their disposal. Based on
the results from these tests, and the numerous others that are available, one can accurately establish the identity of an unknown bacterium.
Materials: 1–Tube containing unknown bacteria, crystal violet, iodine, decolorizing agent, Safranin, Bunsen burner, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
4.) To further differentiate the bacteria from other options, obtain 1 TSA plate and perform a bacitracin susceptibility test. 5.) Inoculate the plate with
a lawn coverage streak and place 1 bacitracin antibiotic disk in the center of the plate. 6.) Incubate the plate, right side up, at 37 C for 24–48 hours. 7.)
Record the results from the bacitracin test. 8.) Combine the results and information from the previous tests and establish the identity of the unknown
bacteria.
Results: TestResult
Gram Stain
Purple, gram–positive cocci in chains
Morphology
Cocci (in chains), lancelet–shaped and slightly curved
Hemolytic Test
Alpha (Partial Clearing, Green)
Bacitracin Susceptibility
+ (Susceptible)
Conclusion and Background Information: The gram stain test was able to identify the bacterium as a gram–positive organism, and the morphology
distinguished it as a strain of streptococcus, and these finds helped direct the other tests. Hemolytic tests are very useful in differentiating specific
species of a certain family of bacteria. The hemolytic test showed the bacterium to be of alpha clearing, which meant it only partially lysed the red

blood cells and left a greenish tint. This identified the bacterium as either strep pneumoniae or faecalis. The bacitracin test, which tests whether the
bacterium is susceptible to the antibiotics in the disk, posted a positive

Tuberculosis Is Caused By A Bacterium
1– A) Tuberculosis is caused by a bacterium which mainly attacks the lungs. The surveillance report by the CDC concerning the updated counts
starting 1993 and ending in 2013 showed that there was a decrease in the incident total count of Tuberculosis. However, a significant increase was
seen among foreigners who have immigrated to the United States between 1993 and 2013 (CDC, 2013). Asians and Latin Americans are among the
group that has seen an increase in cases of TB in the United States (CDC, 2013). This may be due to the process of immigration. From 1993 to 2013,
the united States have seen an increase in people emigrating from these regions whether legally or illegally. Moreover, these people come from regions
with high prevalence... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the United States, local and state health departments are usually in charge of TB prevention and control as they are in charge of protecting the
community health. However, health care department needs to collaborate with hospitals, policy makers, HIV clinics, and correctional facilities in order
to report and treat new cases and treat them promptly (Rubin, 2014). Moreover, the health department needs to work in collaboration with these
agencies in order to enforce treatment for those with active tuberculosis. The first step to an effective TB prevention program is identifying and treating
people with active TB. This means tracking people with active TB and ensuring that they complete treatment. The second step is to screen people who
may have come in contact with a person with active TB. The third step is to screen high risk population. To achieve all these goals, local and state
health departments should collaborate with health care providers from several communities and organizations (Nardell & Churchyard, 2011).
2) Learning Objectives are the building block for an effective teaching curriculum. Group learning objectives should be well worded. To construct
effective group learning objectives, the wording should be carefully selected (Lin, Volk, Penderis, Tipold, & Ehlers, 2015). Group learning objectives
should use wording that

The Bacterium Staphylococcus Essay
The Bacterium Staphylococcus
Staphylococcus can be a severely harmful bacterium. It eventually leads to complete removal of sections of flesh. It can be as small as blister and be
as sever as gigantic loss of skin. Staphylococcus is a bacterium that causes a more commonly known disease called a staph infection. Staph infections
can invade and attack any part of your body, from your skin, eyes and nails to the inner lining of your heart. Symptoms differ, depending on where the
infection develops and they usually enter the body through an open cut or wound. Through that it can spread through tissue close to the infection. If
this is gone untreated it can become life treating. People with a chronic illness, such as diabetes, cancer, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sometimes a staph infection spreads to the deepest part of the hair, resulting in a large, extremely painful, pus–filled swelling known as a boil.
Although boils can form anywhere on the body, they are found most frequently on the face, neck, buttocks and armpits. If one appears on the eyelid, it
is known as a sty. When several separate boils occur simultaneously on the body, the condition is called furunculosis. A carbuncle is a cluster of
connected boils deep under the skin. Carbuncles are usually found on the upper back or nape of the neck and are more common in men than in women.
Less common, but potentially more serious, is cellulitis, which occurs in the deeper layers of the skin. Cellulitis is usually caused by the streptococci
bacteria and is only occasionally caused by staph. It usually begins with a tender swelling and redness around a cut or sore, then gradually spreads
into nearby tissue. Red lines may radiate from the infected area to nearby lymph nodes, which may also become infected and swell to two or three
times their normal size, which is a serious condition called lymphadenitis.
Infants and young children sometimes develop scalded skin syndrome, a staph infection characterized by a blistering, peeling rash. Another staph
infection that afflicts mostly children is conjunctivitis; this causes the eyes to redden and to weep a yellow, watery pus that forms a crust overnight
during sleep. Blepharitis, a staph

Helicobacter Pylori Research Papers
Helicobacter Pylori Can Lead to Stomach Bloating People rarely know that they have Helicobacter pylori even though this bacterium can cause serious
complications and health problems. Its presence in the intestines can be diagnosed only with a suitable medical test because the bacterium is
asymptomatic. However, certain small signs can show you that you have the bacterium and you should visit a doctor when you notice them. The signs
of helicobacter pylori Esophageal reflux, irritable bowel syndrome, heartburn, constipation and flatulence can be signs of helicobacter pylori.
Unfortunately, most people associate these symptoms to digestive problems and bad eating habits. This is why it is difficult to diagnose the presence
of this bacterium.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The treatment of helicobacter pylori is long and difficult, no matter whether it affects humans or animals. What should you do about helicobacter
pylori? Half of the entire population in the world has been infected by this bacterium at some point. The treatment involves anti–inflammatory drugs
and antibiotics. However, you should always be treated by a doctor, because the antibiotics may not be required through the entire

Media Test
In category IV, agar plates were used containing differential and selective aspects to determine the unknown bacterium. The first media test was the
EMB. EMB separates fecal coliforms that are produced through carbohydrates that are fermentable, such as sucrose and lactose. The different fecal
coliforms represent the differential factor of this test, while the selective factor selects against gram positive organisms. Lactose fermenters appear
purple, pink, blue, and black colonies, while non–lactose fermenters appear clear to light orange. This occurs because Eosin Y and methylene indicators
react at low pH forming the purple precipitate. On the other hand, vigorous fermenters appear metallic green indicate either coliform production or
lactose... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The selectivity for halophiles refers to a bacterium's ability to grow in a salt environment. The media differentiated between mannitol fermenters and
non–fermenters. The yellow agar meant that the bacterium was a fermenter, whereas no color change meant that the bacterium was not a fermenter. In
Table 1, the test observed growth of colonies and a pink agar. The growth indicated that the bacterium represented a halophilic nature, while the pink
agar indicated no fermentation of mannitol. Research discovered that E. coli had no growth of colonies and no change in media. Therefore, E. coli was
ruled out. Also, B. megaterium and E. faecalis were discovered to have yellow medias from being able to ferment mannitol. However, in this lab, the
unknown bacterium did not ferment mannitol. As a result, all the potential bacteria did not fit the expected results, so this test did not work. In the end,
category IV tests did not represent helpful information that would help identify the unknown bacterium, since the bacterium indicated different
observations compared to expected observations for eosin methylene blue agar and mannitol salts agar. A possible source of error of these two tests
could have been that the bacterium was contaminated due to improper inoculation techniques, such as not using a loop that was completely

An Unknown Bacterium By Conducting Five Tests And Removing...
Section I – Introduction: The purpose of this paper is to identify an unknown bacterium by conducting five tests and removing possibilities from the list
of unknown genera. After explaining what the tests are for, and why they're conducted. I then interpreted, analyzed, and explained the outcomes of each
test. I was then given a 16S rRNA sequence that I'm able to input into the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool and find out what genus my bacterium is.
Finally, comparing whether my results correlate with the bacterium shown after the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. While conducting each
research test, it has to be done using an aseptic technique. Aseptic technique is a way to prevent contamination of a sample. Contamination can be...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ways we can examine organism is by using a microscope. We've used a bright–Field microscopy that shines light through a specimen (1). The
organism is then magnified as light refracts through the four objective lens 4X, 10X, 40X, and 100X found on the revolving nosepiece. It is then
further magnified as we look through the ocular lens at 10X. By multiplying the objective lenses and the ocular lens gives a total magnification of
40X, 100X, 400X and 1000X. Once reaching objective lens 100X oil needs to be put on the slide. By using oil, it increases the lens magnification
because oil refracts light just like the lens in the microscope and it has the same refractive index (1). While completing the 5 tests I used medium that
have a purpose selective and differential. Selective mediums "inhibit the growth of some organisms and encourage the growth of others" (1).
Differential mediums differentiate between microorganisms using indicators such as color as the pH of the medium changes (1). I performed a gram
stain on my unknown 7. It appeared to be purple and round shaped. I came to the conclusion that my bacterium is gram–positive, cocci. A gram stain is
a differential test. It allows recognizing the difference between two cell walls structures. In a gram–positive cell wall contains a thick peptidoglycan
layer covering the plasma membrane (2). The purple staining is retained around the cell

Bacillus Thuringiensis Bacterium
Bacillus thuringiensis is a spore forming bacterium that produces crystals protein which are toxic to many species of insects. Therefore it is used a
natural pesticide. It is naturally occurring throughout the world and its usage is very common. There are thousands of different Bt strains. The kurstaki
strain being the most common kills only leaf– and needle–feeding caterpillars. In the last ten years, Bt strains have been mostly used to control the
abundance of flies, mosquitoes, black flies, amongst others. When it comes to Bt strains, the target is very specific. The strains for mosquitoes will
only target them and not affect other insects. Even though Bt is used in aerial spraying programs and transgenic crops its main usage in organic
farming. In 1901 while performing research on Sudden Collapse Disease on silk worms, Japanese biologist Shigetane Ishiwatari discovered Bacillus
thuringiensis or Bt originally called Bacillus sotto. It was then rediscovered in 1911 by Ernst Berliner who was researching the cause of death of the
moths in Thuringia, Germany, where the name thuringiensis comes from. Berliner's research overruled Ishiwatari's research and Bacillus thuringiensis
became the bacteria's name. It was not until 1920 where Bt was reportedly used by farmers who began to spray it in their fields. Later on in 1938,
France brought it into the market as a flour moth killer called "Sporine." Bt products started off struggling because a vast amount of insects were
immune

The Bacterium Affected Enterprise Food
The bacterium is largely spread in nature and be present in soil, water and contaminated foods. Animals and fresh produce are prone to contamination in
foul environment. How this affected Enterprise Food, is the factory workers were in the presence of the bacterium while they were producing the
perishable, and from the above research listeriosis shows that it has the ability to affect the working environment through oxygen 'inhaling', and through
quality checks when the quality in spectator test the product as for quality protocol by tasting the perishable meat. Infection of the bacterium can cause
in mild to severe febrile gastroenteritis and in pregnant women, the bacterium can cause pregnancy loss. (National institute for communicable

Essay about The Proteus Vulgaris Bacterium
Proteus vulgaris was discovered to be the unknown organism after several tests were concluded. First, a gram stain was done to determine if the
unknown was gram negative or gram positive. It turned out to be a gram negative organism, so further tests were ordered based on this fact. The
tests included were a OF glucose test, a Citrate test, a SIM test, and also a Urease test. The OF glucose test came out positive for a strict fermenter
because both tubes turned yellow. The Citrate test came out negative because there was no color change identified. The SIM test showed positive for
Sulfur, Indole, and motility. The black precipitate that formed shows the production of H2S and the red color after the KovГЎcs reagent was added
indicates Indole... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Proteus vulgaris also produces urease which can increase the chances of pyelonephritis. It does this by hydrolyzing urea to ammonia, which in turn,
makes urine more basic. The basic environment allows the bacteria to survive and flourish (NCBI, 2008). Another important virulence factor includes
the microbe's motility. It moves by a mechanism called swarming, which is defined as a rapid surface movement by use of rotating flagella. The
swarming effect allows the bacteria to move about the host in great numbers (NCBI, 2010). The combination of fimbriae, urease production and
swarming favors the production of urinary tract infections.
A Proteus infection may begin exogenously or endogenously. The mode of transmission for Proteus infections may be through direct or indirect
contact. The pathogen is popular among hospitals; therefore, sources include hospital equipment, invasive procedures, hospital food and the hands of
employees. It can be an endogenous infection when the normal intestinal flora is disrupted by antibiotics. This allows Proteus vulgaris to colonize and
grow uncontrollably (NCBI, 1996).
Vaccines are not available to prevent Proteus infections so the best way to prevent the infection is through sanitation. This includes, but is certainly not
limited to, washing hands and disinfecting objects (NCBI, 1996). The Proteus species is very resistant to antibiotics because they are known for
spreading antibiotic resistant genes to other microbial populations

Tannase 's Protein Purification : The Cloning, Expression,...
Tannase's protein purification
The cloning, expression, and purification of tannase enzyme obtained from bacterium L. plantarum were conducted as described (Wu et al., 2013).
Tannase's protein crystallization, heavy–metal derived crystals preparation and diffraction pattern collection
By using sitting drop vapor diffusion method, the initial apo form of tannase enzyme was crystallized. Then, the initial tannase crystal formed was
purified and enlarged by using micro–seeding method (Wu et al., 2013). Both sitting drop and micro–seeding method were performed at 281K (Wu et
al., 2013). By either soaking or co–crystalizing the native tannase crystals with heavy metals to generate heavy–metal derived crystals, in order to solve
the structure of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The diffraction data obtained was processed using XDS program to provide information about the crystal lattice and the symmetry of the protein crystal
(Kabsch, 2010). The heavy–atom derived crystals were considered to be insomorphous to the native tannase crystal by showing P1 space group with
an average unit cell dimesion of a=24.74, b=62.44, c=59.56, О± =90.0o, ОІ=90.45o, Оі =90.0o, which indicate triclinic space symmetry.
The obtained hkl intensities were input into CCP4 program for intensity reduction, scaling and merging process (Winn et al., 2011).
Tannase structure determination and refinement
The tannase structure was solved by MIRAS (multiple isomorphous replacement anomalous scattering) using PHENIX software suite (Adams et al.,
2010). The initial phases were calculated using five heavy–atom derivative crystals data sets and obtained the figure of merit (FOM) of 0.37 at
resolution of 3.5, which acted as the quality control for the phase estimated. Then, the initial phases with weak FOM were refined by electron density
and phase modification. Then, an initial model of tannase structure was generated using the automated model building protocol. The initial model
consist 89% of the residue in the misaligned unit built in the tannase structure. The initial model produced was first inspected and adjusted manually
using COOT

Identifying An Unknown Bacterium Broth Culture
In class, we were given the task of identifying an unknown bacterium broth culture. After receiving number 69, I went through several tests to figure
out what bacterium I received. First, I created a slide from my broth by putting a small amount of the unknown broth on to a clean slide and letting it
dry for ten minutes. After this, I stained the slide by applying four reagents in order; crystal violet, grams iodine, decolorizer and safranin. From the
stained slide, I discovered that this bacterium was gram–negative, which would determine the next couple of tests I would do to identify my unknown
bacterium. I began by streaking for confluent growth from my broth culture onto a TSA plate. From the TSA plate, I aseptically transferred a loop...
E. coli are usually harmless, but can cause urinary tract infections, respiratory illnesses and other illnesses. This bacterium is also beneficial to
humans and are part of our natural intestinal microflora, but E. coli can also lead to mild to serious illnesses in the human body. Disease causing E.
coli are grouped according to the ways they cause illnesses. Escherichia coli is spread when people consume at–risk foods, these include foods such as
undercooked ground beef, produce that have come into contact with fecal matter, contaminated water and unpasteurized dairy and juice products.
This bacterium can also spread from person to person by unwashed hands, contaminated surfaces (fomites) and pond water. Furthermore, dangerous
strains of E. coli, such as E. coli O157:H7, produces toxins such as Shiga toxins. These toxins have the capabilities to damage the lining of the small
intestine, which can result in stomach cramps, diarrhea, vomiting, nausea and bloody stool. If a person can come into contact with a contaminated
source, symptoms can appear about three to four days after exposure and can usually last between one to nine days. The infected host is considered
contagious until their symptoms stop and even a couple days after that. The way E. coli O157:H7 is diagnosed is by a special stool culture that is sent
to a stool laboratory, where tests are run to

The Staphylococcus Aureus Bacterium
Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium mainly found on the skin and the human respiratory tracts.1 This bacterium is the cause of skin infections like
boils and pimples, infections of respiratory tracts (sinusitis) and food poisoning.2 First identified in 1880 as pus from a surgical abscess,
Staphylococcus aureus was treated with penicillin which was a "magic drug" when first introduced during the Second World War. Some of thesebacteria
then evolved, to be resistant to penicillin. Due to this, doctors treated these bacteria with more powerful antibiotics, against which also it grew
resistant.1 Antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Methicillin, initially used for treatment, is a marker
of antibiotic resistance.4 Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is any strain of Staphylococcus aureus which, through the process of
natural selection, has developed resistance to antibiotics.1
Staphylococcus aureus causes a range of diseases from minor skin infections to fatal diseases like sepsis.2 This bacterium is small and transparent,
so invisible to the naked eye. To visualise, a microscope and a dye called Gram stain are required.2 With this stain, the organisms that appear purple
are termed Gram positive and if pink, Gram negative.2 Based on their shape, bacteria are called bacilli (rod–shaped)or cocci (ball–like).
Staphylococcus aureus is a ball–shaped bacterium found in clumps and in small groups. Another common coccus,

The Identification Of An Unknown Bacterium Was Done By
The identification of an unknown bacterium was done by streaking for isolation on a Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA) plate then by following the Gram
stain protocol described in "Stain Protocols" by Smith (1). both unknown bacteria were labeled as letter A but then given nickname to describe their
morphology on the TSA plate. The specific steps of the gram stain and other test that were used and further information was drawn from the documents
"lab 1 microscope, inoculation, isolation" that were provided by the instructor (2) "A photographic Atlas for theMicrobiology Laboratory" (3) are
referenced below. The first step done was to streak the mixed unknown for isolation on a TSA plate, using proper sterilization and inoculation
techniques to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
c.Rinse the slide gently with water.
d.Saturate the smear with iodine for 1 minute.
e.Rinse the slide gently with water.
f.Decolorize acetone or alcohol for 3–5 seconds; if you leave the decolorizer on for too long, it will bleach the crystal violet out of a Gram–positive cell.
g.Rinse the slide gently with water.
h.Counter stain with safranin for 1 minute.
i.Rinse the slide gently with water.
j.Carefully blot the slide dry with bibulous paper.
k.Observe the slide under the microscope, using proper microscope technique. (1)
2.Endospore stain (done on A–DB.)
a.Perform a bacterial smear of the organism you want to stain,
b.Place a small piece of bibulous paper over the smear. Saturate the paper with malachite green.
c.Heat the slide gently over the Bunsen burner for 5 minutes. Be sure to keep the bibulous paper saturated with malachite green during heating. If the
slide is steaming, you're okay; if it stops steaming, add more malachite green!
d.Remove the bibulous paper from the slide, and rinse the slide gently with water. Dispose of the used bibulous paper in the trash.
e.Counterstain with safranin for 2 minutes.
f.Rinse the slide gently with water.
g.Carefully blot the slide dry with bibulous paper.
h.Observe the slide under the microscope, using proper microscope technique. Endospores will stain green. Parent cells will stain red. (1)
3.SIM's test (done on both the A–DB and A–WB.)
a.Use

Introduction Of Klebsiella Pneumoniae Is A Gram Negative...
Adopt–a–Microbe: Klebsiella pneumoniae
Shannon Miller, Alison Shottek, and Marisa Areostatico
Wednesdays@11 and Fridays@11; Section E and I
Professor Masi
2 December 2013
I.Introduction
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a gram–negative bacillus enterobacterium coliform. Klebsiella pneumoniae is a bacterium which is normally found in the
human body, but several pathogenic strains cause infections in the human body. It is a nosocomial bacterium which is resistant to many common
antibiotics. The antibiotic resistant strains are most common and cause the most concern. These strains are easily spread throughout extended stay
hospital patients and to those in community settings with underlying diseases. Klebsiella pneumoniae is the fourth most common cause of pneumonia
in ICU patients. Research is currently focused on creating new antibiotics to which Klebsiella pneumoniae is susceptible. Klebsiella pneumoniae is
found in several different countries around the world.
II.Structure and Physiology
The morphology of Klebsiella pneumoniae is a bacillus shaped bacterium, which means it looks like a rod. This bacterium is also a non–motile and
Gram–negative. This means that wherever the bacterium was inoculated into an agar, it only grew in that spot and did not grow outwards. Being
gram–negative means that the bacterium has a thin layer of peptidoglycan and stains red during the Gram–staining process. Klebsiella pneumoniae is
an encapsulated bacterium, where the capsule

Lab Report
phenylethyl alcohol to change the membrane permeability of Gram–negative bacteria (13). Growth on the plate indicated a positive result. Lack of
growth on the EMB plate also suggested a Gram–positive bacterium. This was because the medium contained a methylene blue dye that hindered the
growth of such bacteria (14). The high sodium content of the MSA plate created a high osmotic pressure that inhibited the growth of species that
cannot withstand the pressure (15). Thus, observed growth indicated a positive result. Additionally, the change in agar color from pink to yellow due to
the phenol red indicator suggested that the bacterium could also ferment mannitol (15). Furthermore, through the use of an endospore stain, where
malachite green dye was heat fixed onto endospores present in the sample (8), the unknown was shown to be spore forming. The... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The Christensen's urea agar slant utilized a phenol red indicator that changed colors to pink when pH conditions became basic. If urease were
present, it would hydrolyze urea to ammonia and CO2 (17). Because no color change was observed, the organism was negative for urease.
However, the organism was positive for catalase, which was indicated by the formation of bubbles following the addition of H2O2 to the TSA
slant. This showed the breakdown of H2O2 into O2 by catalase (10). The bacterium was also shown to be positive for gelatinase, since the gelatin
was degraded by the unknown and failed to solidify at lower temperatures (18). For the TSI slant, which tests for lactose, sucrose, and glucose
fermentation, phenol red indicator changed the agar from red to yellow. This indicated fermentation of lactose and/or sucrose (19). The TSI slant also
tested for H2S production, with the use of a thiosulfate indicator, which would turn black when sulfur was reduced (19). The result of this test was
negative with the lack of blackening in the

Tuberculosis : An Antique, Deadly Infectious Disease...
Introduction
Tuberculosis is an antique, deadly infectious disease caused by the bacterium baccilus Mycobacterium tuberculosis1. In 2014, a DNA reconstruction
study of tuberculosis genome suggested that human tuberculosis is much younger than what was initially thought2. Rather than tracing its origins back
to more than 10,000 years ago3,4, this study speculated the origins of human tuberculosis to be around 6,000 years ago2. The first archaeological
records of tuberculosis can be traced back to ancient Egyptian arts and mummies, in which signs of Pott's disease (a type of spinal tuberculosis) have
been observed5,6. Ever since, numerous incidents of tuberculosis have been recorded and many attempts have been made to identify the cause of ...
This paper not only aims to provide a comprehensive review about tuberculosis, but also to apply the knowledge that we have obtained to other diseases
and to design future directions in approaching our current difficulties against tuberculosis.
Epidemiology, transmission, diagnostic tools
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), one–third of the world population is or has been infected with M. tuberculosis8. While this rate
appears to be exceptionally high, only a few of the infected end up developing active tuberculosis in their lifetime. Most of the infected people have the
inactive form (latent tuberculosis infection LTBI) of tuberculosis that poses no immediate problems.
Despite numerous encounters throughout human history, tuberculosis still remains one of the biggest causes of death from infectious disease8. Recent
estimates from the WHO report that there were 9.0 million new cases of tuberculosis in 2013, while 1.5 million people that carried tuberculosis
infection died in the same year8. Regardless of advances in vaccination, tuberculosis remains a disease of poverty that is commonly observed in
regions characterized by urban, overcrowdedness, and malnutrition10. Accordingly, cases of tuberculosis are not spread uniformly across the globe.
Over 80 per cent of reported

Identification Of An Unknown Bacterium
Identification of an Unknown Bacterium #C–4
Laura Bromley
Russell Sage College
BIO 208L– Microbiology Lab
Professor Anne Rea
Due: April 14, 2015
Introduction When we speak of the word "bacteria" some individuals may not recognize how large of a role these tiny organisms play in our everyday
lives. Some may jump to the conclusion that bacteria are related to the spread of germs or sickness among the human population. Most microbes are
harmless or beneficial (Matthews, 2015) and a large majority of these tiny microbes are extremely important in order to maintain the balance of living
organisms and chemicals in our environment (Tortora, Funke, & Case, 2013). The importance of understanding microbes is not only important in a
microbiology lab setting. There are a plethora of reasons for knowing and understanding the identity and function of microorganisms. For example, in
the medical and health science fields it is important to have an over–all understanding of microbes and their functions, in order to distinguish the
causative agent of disease in a patient (Tortora et al., 2013). This allows health professionals to treat their patients safely and efficiently. Microbes also
play a critical role in the food industry, recycling matter, and fighting disease and infection (Tortora et al., 2013). Most microbes are harmless or
beneficial (Matthews, 2015). By staying educated and continuing to increase our knowledge about the significance and functions of microbes in our

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