Grammar of lesson 1 in book 2

1. ‫ماضی بعید‬
‫گذشته کامل‬

2. past perfect :
had + past participles

3. Why past perfect?

4. ‫?‪Why past perfect‬‬
‫ماضی بعید را زمانی به کار می بریم که بخواهیم در مورد •‬
‫کاری صحبت کنیم که در گذشته قبل از کار دیگری یا قبل‬
‫از زمان خاصی انجام شده باشد. یعنی معمول باید از دو‬
‫کار صحبت کنیم که یکی زودتر انجام شده اما اگرتنها از‬
‫یک کار که در گذشته انجام شده صحبت کنیم از ماضی‬
‫.ساده استفاده می کنیم‬

5. Pay attention:

6. ‫:در فارسی‬
‫در زبان فارسی با استفاده از صفت مفعولی )بن ماضی فعل •‬
‫+ ه( + بودن ماضی بعید ساخته می شود.مثل رفته بود –‬
‫... نوشته بود و‬

7. ‫ماضی بعید در زبان انگلیسی‬
‫• در زبان انگلیسی که آن را گذشته کامل می نامند با استفاده‬
‫از ‪ had + past participle‬ساخته می شود .قسمت اول‬
‫فعل کمکی ‪ had‬و قسمت دوم ‪ past participle‬به معنی‬
‫اسم مفعول . فعل ‪ had‬معادل فعل " بودن " و اسم‬
‫مفعول هم همان صفت مفعولی می باشد.‬

8. ‫اسم مفعول‬
‫به حا لت صفتی گذشته فعل اسم مفعول گفته می شود که در •‬
‫زبان فارسی هما ن صفت مفعولی است . در زبان انگلیسی‬
‫به افعال با قاعده اسم مفعول آنها ساخته ‪ d‬یا ‪ ed‬با افزودن‬
‫می شود برای افعال بی قاعده هم باید شکل درست آنها را‬
‫از یک منبع معتبر پیدا کرده و از حفظ نمود. گاهی اوقات‬
‫به اسم مفعول شکل سوم فعل هم می گویند. برای معنی‬
‫کردن اسم مفعولها معنی صفت مفعولی فعل مورد نظر در‬
‫زبان فارسی را در نظر می گیریم‬

9. ‫چند فعل با قاعده‬
• wash washed( pt ) washed ( pp )
• explain explained ( pt) explained ( pp )
• invite invited ( pt ) invited ( pp )
• plan planned ( pt ) planned ( pp )
• paint painted ( pt ) painted ( pp )
• clean cleaned ( pt ) cleaned ( pp )

10. ‫: چند فعل بی قاعده‬
• see saw ( pt ) seen ( pp )
• take took ( pt ) taken( pp )
• buy bought( pt ) bought ( pp )
• put put ( pt ) put( pp )
• eat ate ( pt ) eaten ( pp )
• build built ( pt ) built( pp )

11. ‫نشانه ها‬
‫• کلمات ربط ‪) before‬قبل از( و ‪ )because‬زیرا (‬
‫و‪) when‬وقتی که ( و ‪) after‬بعد از( و ‪ ) until‬تا‬
‫زمانی که( می توانند به عنوان نشانه های ماضی بعید به‬
‫کار بروند‬

12. ‫:مهم‬
‫• قبل از‪ when , before‬ماضی بعید و بعد از انها ماضی‬
‫ساده به کار می رود‬
‫• اما در مورد ‪ after , until , because‬وضعیت‬
‫برعکس است یعنی قبل از آن ماضی ساده و بعد از آنها‬
‫ماضی بعید به کار می رود.‬

13. Examples:
• 1- I had eaten a sandwich before I went to bed.
• 2- She had cooked dinner before she watched TV.
• 3- My mother had washed the dishes when I arrived.
• 4- Reza had done his homework before he played
football.
• 5- They had watched the news before they ate dinner.
• 6- She had turned off the lamps before she went to
bed.
• 7- she kept on until she had returned all the bananas.
• 8- I went to bed after I had brushed my teeth.

14. More examples:
• 9- Reza was upset because he had lost his money.
• 10- We were sorry because we had made a lot of
mistakes.
• 11- He was happy because he had helped the old
man.
• 12- They were upset because they had got bad marks.
• 13- I was very tired because I had worked very hard.
• 14- She was happy after she had finished her work.

15. ‫:نکته‬
‫• بعد از فعلهایی که یک جمله به عنوان مفعول به کار می‬
‫رود اگر فعل اصلی جمله گذشته باشد فعل جمله بعد از آن‬
‫می توند ماضی بعید باشد.‬

16. Examples:
• We found out who had stolen the money.
• He said that they had gone home before.

17. Exercises:
• 1- Had your brother done his homework before you telephoned him?
• No, he hadn’t. He ……………………..a letter before I telephoned him.
( write )
• 2- Had they learned French before they …………………..the country? No,
they hadn’t. ( leave )
• 3- Had David ………………….the tickets before the match started? Yes, he
had. ( buy )
• 4- Had Ali lived there for many years before you met him? No, he
………………….not .( have )
• 5- I ………………….the dishes on the table before I went out. ( put )
• 6- She had cleaned the room carefully before they …………………….. . ( arrive
)
• 7- Mrs Jones was very happy because she …………………..her little son. ( find
)

18. Exercises:
• 8- Jane didn’t ……………..there because they hadn’t invited her.
( go )
• 9- Mr White didn’t wear the shirt because his wife ……………………… .
( not wash )
• 10- The boys ……………..to rest because they thy had walked for ten
Kilometers. ( decide )
• 11- Ahmad played ping pong very well because he had ………………for
many years. ( practice )
• 12- Why were you unhappy last night? I ……………a sad story. ( read )
• 13-I ………………..my office early because I had finished my work .
( leave )
• 14- He didn’t eat the fruits because he hadn’t …………them . ( wash )

19. Exercises:
• 15-Jane was so happy because she ……………very good marks. ( get )
• 16-The man ………………so upset because he had made a lot of
mistakes. ( be )
• 17-I didn’t let Sally watch TV because she hadn’t ………………….her
homework. ( do )
• 18-Why did you ……………..her your book? Because she had lost her
book. ( give )
• 19- Why didn’t Mary go their party ? she didn’t go there because
they ………………….her.(not invite)
• 20-Why did you leave early?
• I left early because I ………………. my work. ( finish )