teaching passive voice in Iran's high schools

1. ‫فعل مجهول‬
( passive)
be + past participle

2. ‫فعلها از نظر فاعل آنها بر د و گونه اند:‬
‫1-معلوم)) ‪active‬‬
‫2- مجهول)‪( passive‬‬

3. ( active)‫1-معلوم‬
‫– فعلی که انجام دهنده)فاعل( آن شناخته شده )معلوم( است‬
• I will grow coconuts when I grow up.
• Friedrich loved flowers and plants.
• The cows are eating grass in the field.
• These monkeys live in the jungles of the
lands.
• She was afraid that Newton might forget to
eat the egg.

4. Reza doesn’t know where it is.
Does he always do his homework
carefully.
Who teaches English to you this year?
I will give him some money.
The host invited the rich man to
dinner.

5. ‫2- مجهول)‪( passive‬‬
‫• فعلی که انجام دهنده)فاعل( آن ناشناخته )مجهول( است‬
‫• یا اینکه شناخت فاعل مهم نیست و خود کار مهم است‬

6. ‫فعل مجهول در زبان فارسی‬
‫: در زبان فارسی فعل مجهول با استفاده از صفت مفعولی‬ ‫•‬
‫+ شدن سا خته می شود.‬
‫) صفت مفعولی = ریشه گذشته فعل + ه مثال : نوشت +ه‬ ‫•‬
‫= نوشته , برد + ه = برده (‬
‫مثل: نوشته شدن یا جواب داده شدن‬ ‫•‬
‫خورده خواهد شد ، پرسیده شدند‬ ‫•‬
‫، گفته شد‬ ‫گفته می شود‬ ‫•‬
‫، توضیح داده می شوند‬ ‫چیده شدند‬ ‫•‬

7. ‫نتیجه‬
‫• در نتیجه فعل مجهول یک فعل دو قسمتی است که در آن‬
‫صفت مفعولی در زمانهای مختلف شکل ثابتی دارد و‬
‫مصدر " شدن " بر اساس زمان و شخص تغییر می کند.‬

8. ‫فعل مجهول در زبان انگلیسی‬
‫• در زبان انگلیسی فعل مجهول با استفاده از ‪be +past‬‬
‫‪ participle‬سا خته می شود. پس در زبان انگلیسی هم فعل‬
‫مجهول یک فعل دو قسمتی است : قسمت اول فعل ‪to be‬‬
‫و قسمت دوم ‪ past participle‬به معنی اسم مفعول . فعل‬
‫‪ to be‬معادل فعل " شدن " و اسم مفعول هم همان‬
‫صفت مفعولی می باشد.‬

9. ‫اسم مفعول‬
‫‪ ‬به حا لت صفتی گذشته فعل اسم مفعول گفته می شود که‬
‫در زبان فارسی هما ن صفت مفعولی است . در زبان‬
‫انگلیسی با افزودن ‪ ed‬یا ‪ d‬به افعال با قاعده اسم مفعول‬
‫آنها ساخته می شود برای افعال بی قاعده هم باید شکل‬
‫درست آنها را از یک منبع معتبر پیدا کرده و از حفظ‬
‫نمود. گاهی اوقات به اسم مفعول شکل سوم فعل هم می‬
‫گویند. برای معنی کردن اسم مفعولها معنی صفت مفعولی‬
‫فعل مورد نظر در زبان فارسی را در نظر می گیریم‬

10. ‫چند فعل با قاعده‬
• wash washed( pt ) washed ( pp )
• explain explained ( pt) explained ( pp )
• invite invited ( pt ) invited ( pp )
• plan planned ( pt ) planned ( pp )
• paint painted ( pt ) painted ( pp )
• clean cleaned ( pt ) cleaned ( pp )

11. ‫چند فعل بی قاعده‬
• see saw ( pt ) seen ( pp )
• take took ( pt ) taken( pp )
• buy bought( pt ) bought ( pp )
• put put ( pt ) put( pp )
• eat ate ( pt ) eaten ( pp )
• build built ( pt ) built( pp )

12. ‫چند فعل بی قاعده‬
• see saw ( pt ) seen ( pp )
• take took ( pt ) taken( pp )
• eat ate ( pt ) eaten ( pp )
• build built ( pt ) built( pp )
• buy bought( pt ) bought ( pp )
• put put ( pt ) put( pp )
• Cut cut (pt) cut(pp)
• Come came(pt) come(pp)

13. ‫روش ساخت فعل مجهول‬
‫• پس با کنار هم گذاشتن فعل ‪ be‬و اسم مفعول یک فعل‬
‫مجهول ساخته می شود.‬
‫ببینید‬ ‫•‬

14. ‫چند مثال از فعل باقاعده‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫(تعمیر شدن ( ‪ , (be repaired‬شسته شدن ( ‪be washed‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫( پاسخ دادهشدن ( ‪ ) ,be answered‬رنگ شدن( ‪, be painted‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫(داده شدن ( ‪ ) , be passed‬کشته شدن( ‪be killed‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫(توضیح داده شدن (‪,(be explained‬پوشانده شدن (‪be dressed‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫(تمیز شدن ( ‪ , (be cleaned‬دعوت شدن ( ‪be invited‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫( تمرین شدن ( ‪, ( be practiced‬باز شدن ( ‪be opened‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫( استفاده شدن ( ‪ , (be used‬تایپ شدن ( ‪be typed‬‬

15. ‫چند مثال از فعل بی قاعده‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫) ساخته شدن( ‪ ) ,be built‬فروخته شدن( ‪be sold‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫) پیدا شدن( ‪ , (be found‬خورده شدن ( ‪be eaten‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫(برده شدن ( ‪ , (be taken‬نمایش دادهشدن ( ‪be shown‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫( دیده شدن ( ‪ , (be seen‬تدریس شدن ( ‪be taught‬‬
‫(ساخته شدن ( ‪ ) ,be made‬نوشته شدن( ‪ be written‬‬
‫( غذا دادهشدن ( ‪ , (be fed‬داده شدن ( ‪ be given‬‬
‫(گم شدن ( ‪ , (be lost‬صحبت شدن ( ‪ be spoken‬‬

16. ‫توجه‬
‫• لزم به توضیح است که تنها افعال گذرا ) متعدی ( یعنی‬
‫آنهایی که مفعول دارند می توانند در حالت مجهول به کار‬
‫بروند.‬
‫• همچنین افعالی که فقط حالت را نشان می دهند در مجهول‬
‫به کار نمی روند‬

17. ‫زمان در فعل معلوم‬
• ‫ :حال ساده‬sell / sells - don’t sell / doesn’t sell
• ‫ :گذشته ساده‬sold - didn’t sell
• ‫ : آینده ساده‬will ( not) sell
• ‫ : حال استمراری‬am / is / are (not) selling
• ‫گذشته استمراری‬was / were ( :not) selling
• ‫ماضی نقلی‬have / has ( :not) sold

18. ‫زمان در فعل مجهول‬
• ‫:حال ساده‬ am / is / are sold
• ‫ :گذشته ساده‬was / were sold
• ‫ : آینده ساده‬will be sold
• ‫ : حال استمراری‬am / is / are being sold
• ‫: گذشته استمراری‬was / were being sold
• ‫ماضی نقلی‬ :have / has been sold
• ‫ فعل کمکی‬can / could / ,…:be sold

19. ‫مثال‬
• Meat is sold at the butcher’s .

20. ‫مثال‬
• Meat is sold at the butcher’s .
• English is spoken in many countries .

21. ‫مثال‬
• Meat is sold at the butcher’s .
• English is spoken in many countries .
• The films are shown on Fridays.

22. ‫مثال‬
• Meat is sold at the butcher’s .
• English is spoken in many countries .
• The films are shown on Fridays.
• I am invited to their party every year.

23. ‫مثال‬
• Meat is sold at the butcher’s .
• English is spoken in many countries .
• The films are shown on Fridays.
• I am invited to their party every year.
• The village was destroyed by the soldiers .

24. ‫مثال‬
• Meat is sold at the butcher’s .
• English is spoken in many countries .
• The films are shown on Fridays.
• I am invited to their party every year.
• The village was destroyed by the soldiers .
• The rooms were cleaned last night.

25. ‫مثال‬
• Meat is sold at the butcher’s .
• English is spoken in many countries .
• The films are shown on Fridays.
• I am invited to their party every year.
• The village was destroyed by the soldiers .
• The rooms were cleaned last night.
• This house was built many years ago

26. ‫مثال بیشتر‬
• The bicycles were repaired last week.

27. ‫مثال بیشتر‬
• The bicycles were repaired last week.
• The doors will be opened at 8 tomorrow.

28. ‫مثال بیشتر‬
• The bicycles were repaired last week.
• The doors will be opened at 8 tomorrow.
• The windows will be painted next week.

29. ‫مثال بیشتر‬
• The bicycles were repaired last week.
• The doors will be opened at 8 tomorrow.
• The windows will be painted next week.
• This problem will be solved next Monday.

30. ‫مثال بیشتر‬
• The bicycles were repaired last week.
• The doors will be opened at 8 tomorrow.
• The windows will be painted next week.
• This problem will be solved next Monday.
• The questions will be answered soon.

31. ‫مثال بیشتر‬
• The bicycles were repaired last week.
• The doors will be opened at 8 tomorrow.
• The windows will be painted next week.
• This problem will be solved next Monday.
• The questions will be answered soon.
• The monkeys are being studied in the zoo.

32. ‫مثال بیشتر‬
• The bicycles were repaired last week.
• The doors will be opened at 8 tomorrow.
• The windows will be painted next week.
• This problem will be solved next Monday.
• The questions will be answered soon.
• The monkeys are being studied in the zoo.
• The problem was being talked yesterday.

33. ‫باز هم مثال بیشتر‬
• English has been taught in Iran for years.

34. ‫باز هم مثال بیشتر‬
• English has been taught in Iran for years.
• The cars have been used very carefully.

35. ‫باز هم مثال بیشتر‬
• English has been taught in Iran for years.
• The cars have been used very carefully.
• The questions have been answered correctly

36. ‫باز هم مثال بیشتر‬
• English has been taught in Iran for years.
• The cars have been used very carefully.
• The questions have been answered correctly
• The letter must be typed soon.

37. ‫باز هم مثال بیشتر‬
• English has been taught in Iran for years.
• The cars have been used very carefully.
• The questions have been answered correctly
• The letter must be typed soon.
• These problems can be solved easily.

38. ‫باز هم مثال بیشتر‬
• English has been taught in Iran for years.
• The cars have been used very carefully.
• The questions have been answered correctly
• The letter must be typed soon.
• These problems can be solved easily.
• Lesson 8 should be practiced more .

39. ‫باز هم مثال بیشتر‬
• English has been taught in Iran for years.
• The cars have been used very carefully.
• The questions have been answered correctly
• The letter must be typed soon.
• These problems can be solved easily.
• Lesson 8 should be practiced more .
• The babies should be fed very carefully

40. ‫در حالت سوالی یا منفی‬
‫• می دانید برای سوا لی کردن یا منفی کردن جمله به فعل‬
‫کمکی نیاز است که در حالت مجهول در همه زمانها فعل‬
‫کمکی موجود است‬

41. ‫مثال‬
• Where was the child found ?

42. ‫مثال‬
• Where was the child found ?
• When will the lesson be taught ?

43. ‫مثال‬
• Where was the child found ?
• When will the lesson be taught ?
• Are the windows washed every week ?

44. ‫مثال‬
• Where was the child found ?
• When will the lesson be taught ?
• Are the windows washed every week ?
• How many people were killed in the
earthquake?

45. ‫مثال‬
• Where was the child found ?
• When will the lesson be taught ?
• Are the windows washed every week ?
• How many people were killed in the
accident?
• Were the radios made in the United States of
America?

46. ‫تبدیل جمله معلوم به جمله مجهول‬

47. ‫تبدیل جمله معلوم به جمله مجهول‬
‫• برای تبدیل جمله معلوم به جمله مجهول این مراحل را‬
‫طی می کنیم:‬

48. ‫تبدیل جمله معلوم به جمله مجهول‬
‫• 1- نوشتن مفعول جمله معلوم به عنوان فاعل )در ابتدای(‬
‫جمله مجهول.‬

49. ‫تبدیل جمله معلوم به جمله مجهول‬
‫1- نوشتن مفعول جمله معلوم به عنوان فاعل )در ابتدای( جمله مجهول.‬
‫2- نوشتن شکل درست فعل ‪ be‬را بر اساس زمان )حال,گذشته , آینده( و شخص‬
‫) اول , دوم و سوم شخص مفرد و جمع(‬

50. ‫یاد آوری‬
be ‫اشکال فعل‬
am , is ,are
,was ,were,
be,
being,
been

51. ‫تبدیل جمله معلوم به جمله مجهول‬
‫• 1- نوشتن مفعول جمله معلوم به عنوان فاعل )در ابتدای( جمله مجهول.‬
‫2- نوشتن شکل درست فعل ‪ be‬یعنی را بر اساس زمان )حال,گذشته , آینده( و‬
‫شخص ) اول , دوم و سوم شخص مفرد و جمع(‬
‫• 3- نوشتن اسم مفعول فعل‬

52. ‫تبدیل جمله معلوم به جمله مجهول‬
‫1- نوشتن مفعول جمله معلوم به عنوان فاعل )در ابتدای( جمله مجهول.‬ ‫•‬
‫2- نوشتن شکل درست فعل ‪ be‬بر اساس زمان )حال,گذشته , آینده( و شخص‬ ‫•‬
‫) اول , دوم و سوم شخص مفرد و جمع(‬
‫3- نوشتن اسم مفعول فعل‬ ‫•‬
‫4- قید های جمله بدون هیچ تغییری نوشته می شود -‬ ‫•‬

53. ‫مثال‬
 They teach English in high school.

54. ‫مثال‬
 They teach English in high school.
English…

55. ‫مثال‬
 They teach English in high school.
English is ….

56. ‫مثال‬
 They teach English in high school.
English is taught …

57. ‫مثال‬
 They teach English in high school.
English is taught in high school…

58. ‫مثال‬
 They teach English in high school.
English is taught in high school by ...

59. ‫مثال‬
 They teach English in high school.
English is taught in high school by them .

60. ‫مثال‬
 They taught English last year. ( ‫) گذشته‬

61. ‫مثال‬
 They taught English last year. ( ‫) گذشته‬
 English ………

62. ‫مثال‬
 They taught English last year. ( ‫) گذشته‬
 English was ……..

63. ‫مثال‬
 They taught English last year. ( ‫) گذشته‬
 English was taught ……

64. ‫مثال‬
 They taught English last year. ( ‫) گذشته‬
 English was taught last year .

65. ‫مثال‬
 They will teach English next year .(‫) آینده‬

66. ‫مثال‬
 They will teach English next year .(‫) آینده‬
 English

67. ‫مثال‬
 They will teach English next year .(‫) آینده‬
 English will

68. ‫مثال‬
 They will teach English next year .(‫) آینده‬
 English will be

69. ‫مثال‬
 They will teach English next year .(‫) آینده‬
 English will be taught

70. ‫مثال‬
 They will teach English next year .(‫) آینده‬
 English will be taught next year.

71. ‫مثال‬
 The mechanic will fix the car tomorrow.

72. ‫مثال‬
 The mechanic will fix the car tomorrow.
 The car

73. ‫مثال‬
 The mechanic will fix the car tomorrow.
 The car will

74. ‫مثال‬
 The mechanic will fix the car tomorrow.
 The car will be

75. ‫مثال‬
 The mechanic will fix the car tomorrow.
 The car will be fixed

76. ‫مثال‬
 The mechanic will fix the car tomorrow.
 The car will be fixed tomorrow

77. ‫مثال‬
 The mechanic will fix the car tomorrow.
 The car will be fixed tomorrow by

78. ‫مثال‬
 The mechanic will fix the car tomorrow.
 The car will be fixed tomorrow by him .

79. ‫مثال‬
 They made these radios in Japan .

80. ‫مثال‬
 They made these radios in Japan .
 These radios

81. ‫مثال‬
 They made these radios in Japan .
 These radios were

82. ‫مثال‬
 They made these radios in Japan .
 These radios were made

83. ‫مثال‬
 They made these radios in Japan .
 These radios were made in Japan .

84. ‫مثال‬
 Did people see the cows near the village?

85. ‫مثال‬
• Did people see the cows near the village?
• The cows

86. ‫مثال‬
• Did people see the cows near the village?
• The cows Were

87. ‫مثال‬
• Did people see the cows near the village?
• The cows Were seen

88. ‫مثال‬
• Did people see the cows near the village?
• The cows Were seen near the village.

89. ‫مثال‬
• Did people see the cows near the village?
• Were the cow seen near the village?

90. ‫مثال‬
 They close the doors at 7 p.m. .

91. ‫مثال‬
• They close the doors at 7 p.m. .
• The doors

92. ‫مثال‬
• They close the doors at 7 p.m. .
• The doors are

93. ‫مثال‬
• They close the doors at 7 p.m. .
• The doors are closed

94. ‫مثال‬
• They close the doors at 7 p.m. .
• The doors are closed at 7 p.m. .

95. More examples
 They will show the cartoons tonight .

96. More examples
 They will show the cartoons tonight .
 The cartoons

97. More examples
 They will show the cartoons tonight .
 The cartoons will

98. More examples
 They will show the cartoons tonight .
 The cartoons will be

99. More examples
 They will show the cartoons tonight .
 The cartoons will be shown

100. More examples
 They will show the cartoons tonight .
 The cartoons will be shown tonight.

101. More examples
 Those invited Reza to the party .

102. More examples
 Those invited Reza to the party .
 Reza

103. More examples
 Those invited Reza to the party .
 Reza was

104. More examples
 Those invited Reza to the party .
 Reza was invited

105. More examples
 Those invited Reza to the party .
 Reza was invited to the party .

106. More examples
 The teacher taught the lesson carefully .

107. More examples
 The teacher taught the lesson carefully .
 The lesson

108. More examples
 The teacher taught the lesson carefully .
 The lesson was

109. More examples
 The teacher taught the lesson carefully .
 The lesson was taught

110. More examples
 The teacher taught the lesson carefully .
 The lesson was taught carefully .

111. More examples
 The students wrote the sentences slowly on
the blackboard .

112. More examples
 The students wrote the sentences slowly on
the blackboard .
 The sentences

113. More examples
 The students wrote the sentences slowly on
the blackboard .
 The sentences were

114. More examples
 The students wrote the sentences slowly on
the blackboard .
 The sentences were written

115. More examples
 The students wrote the sentences slowly on
the blackboard .
 The sentences were written slowly on the
black board.

116. More examples
 They clean the windows every week.

117. More examples
 They clean the windows every week.
 The windows

118. More examples
 They clean the windows every week.
 The windows are

119. More examples
 They clean the windows every week.
 The windows are cleaned

120. More examples
 They clean the windows every week.
 The windows are cleaned every week.

121. More examples
 We feed the babies every 3 hours .

122. More examples
 We feed the babies every 3 hours .
 The babies

123. More examples
 We feed the babies every 3 hours .
 The babies are

124. More examples
 We feed the babies every 3 hours .
 The babies are fed

125. More examples
 We feed the babies every 3 hours .
 The babies are fed every 3 hours .

126. More examples
 The host passed the food to the guest .

127. More examples
 The host passed the food to the guest .
 The food

128. More examples
 The host passed the food to the guest .
 The food was

129. More examples
 The host passed the food to the guest .
 The food was passed

130. More examples
 The host passed the food to the guest .
 The food was passed to the guest.

131. More examples
 We eat lunch at school every day .

132. More examples
 We eat lunch at school every day .
 Lunch

133. More examples
 We eat lunch at school every day .
 Lunch is

134. More examples
 We eat lunch at school every day .
 Lunch is eaten

135. More examples
 We eat lunch at school every day .
 Lunch is eaten at school every day .

136. More examples
 He doesn’t study the books in the library .

137. More examples
 He doesn’t study the books in the library .
 The books

138. More examples
 He doesn’t study the books in the library .
 The books aren’t

139. More examples
 He doesn’t study the books in the library .
 The books aren’t studied

140. More examples
 He doesn’t study the books in the library .
 The books aren’t studied in the library .

141. More examples
 We will practice lesson 8 tomorrow.

142. More examples
 We will practice lesson 8 tomorrow.
 lesson 8

143. More examples
 We will practice lesson 8 tomorrow.
 lesson 8 will

144. More examples
 We will practice lesson 8 tomorrow.
 lesson 8 will be

145. More examples
 We will practice lesson 8 tomorrow.
 lesson 8 will be practiced

146. More examples
 We will practice lesson 8 tomorrow.
 lesson 8 will be practiced tomorrow.

147. ‫نکته‬

148. ‫نکته‬
‫• در انجام مرحله اول اگر مفعول به صورت ضمیر باشد باید‬
‫آن را به ضمیر فاعلی تبدیل کرد یعنی ضمیرمفعولی در‬
‫هنگام نوشتن آن به عنوان فاعل جمله مجهول به ضمیر‬
‫فاعلی تبدیل می شود‬

149. ‫نکته‬
‫‪• Me → I‬‬

150. ‫نکته‬
• Me → I
• you → you

151. ‫نکته‬
• Me → I
• you → you
• him → he

152. ‫نکته‬
• Me → I
• you → you
• him → he
• her → she

153. ‫نکته‬
• Me → I
• you → you
• him → he
• her → she
• it → it

154. ‫نکته‬
• Me → I
• you → you
• him → he
• her → she
• it → it
• us → we

155. ‫نکته‬
• Me → I
• you → you
• him → he
• her → she
• it → it
• us → we
• them → they

156. examples
 I invited them to dinner.
 They ….

157. examples
 I invited them to dinner.
 They were …

158. examples
 I invited them to dinner.
 They were invited ….

159. examples
 I invited them to dinner.
 They were invited to dinner.

160. examples
 The police found him in the park .
 He …

161. examples
 The police found him in the park .
 He was…

162. examples
 The police found him in the park .
 He was found …

163. examples
 The police found him in the park .
 He was found in the park …

164. examples
 The police found him in the park .
 He was found in the park by …

165. examples
 The police found him in the park .
 He was found in the park by the police.

166. examples
 They gave her some money for her good work.
 She …

167. examples
 They gave her some money for her good work.
 She was ….

168. examples
 They gave her some money for her good work.
 She was given ….

169. examples
 They gave her some money for her good work.
 She was given some money for her good work.

170. ‫نکته کلی‬
‫ می‬ing ‫ فعل با‬to be ‫• اگر جمله معلوم باشد، بعد از فعل‬
‫آید اما اگر جمله مجهول باشد ، بعد از آن اسم مفعول می‬
‫آید‬
• Is Spanish …………………….. in your country?
No, it isn’t . (teach )
• They are ………………….their homework in the
classroom now. ( do )

171. ‫نکته کلی‬
‫ می‬ing ‫ فعل با‬to be ‫• اگر جمله معلوم باشد، بعد از فعل‬
‫آید اما اگر جمله مجهول باشد ، بعد از آن اسم مفعول می‬
‫آید‬
• Is Spanish…... taught…... in you country? No,
it isn’t . (teach )
• They are …doing… their homework in the
classroom now. ( do )