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2nd   semester Grammar book

          By: Tyler Tracy
Contents
•   Imperfecto
•   Preterite
     –   -car, -gar, -zar
     –   Spock
     –   Cucaracha
     –   Snake/Snake
•   Modal verbs
•   Los Averbos
•   Progressive Tense
     –   Present
     –   Past
•   Future Tense
     –   Irregulares
•   Superlatives
•   Formal commands
•   Prepositions
•   Conditional
•   Demonstratives
El Imperfecto


                        Ar           er          ir

•   Yo            •   aba      •   ia      •   ia
•   Tu            •   Abas     •   Ias     •   Ias
•   El/ ella      •   Aba      •   Ia      •   Ia
•   Nosotros      •   Abamos   •   Iamos   •   Iamos
•   Vosotros      •   Abais    •   Iais    •   Iais
•   Ellos/Ellas   •   aban     •   Ian     •   ian
Irregular preterite: -car, -gar, -zar
preterite               tocar                 Jugar     comenzar
Ar/er&ir                -car                  -gar      -zar
e/I                     Toque*                Jugue*    Comence*
Aste/iste               Tocaste               Jugaste   Comenzaste
o/o                     Toco*                 Jugo*     Comenzo*
Amos/imos               Tocamos               Jugamos   Comenzaoms
Aron/ieron              Tocaron               Jugaron   Comenzaron

            * Means hyphen over last letter
Spock
              Fui
             Fuiste
              Fue
            Fuimos
            Fueron



      Dar
Ver




                        Hice
                       Hista
                        Hizo
                      Hicimos
                      Hicieron
Cucaracha
•   Andar: Anduv-        •   Yo: -e
•   Estar: Estuv-        •   Tu: -iste
•   Poder: Pud-          •   El/Ella: -o
•   Poner: Pus-          •   Nosotros: -imos
•   Querer: Quis-        •   Vosotros: -isteis
•   Saber: Sup-          •   Ellos: -ieron
•   Tener: Tuv-
•   Venir: Vin-
Cucaracha’s cont.
•   Decir: Dijo-            •   Yo: -e
•   Traer: Traj-            •   Tu: -iste
•   Conducir: Conduj-       •   El/Ella: -o
•   Producir: Produj-       •   Nosotros: -imos
•   Traducir: Traduj-       •   Vosotros: -isteis
                            •   Ellos: -ieron
With these, when there is
an ‘I’ that begins the
conjugation, you drop the
‘I’
Snake/Snake
Modal Verbs
• Ir + a + infinitive (going to do something)
• Poder + infinitive (are able to do something)
• Querer + infinitive (want to do something)
• Deber + infinitive (should do something)
• Tener que + infinitive (to have to do
  something)
• Soler + infinitive (to be accustomed to…)
• Necesitar + infinitive
Los Adverbos
• Add –mente to all the verbs
  – Feliz=Happy
  – Felizmente= Happily
• Change into feminine form (-a)
  – Lento=Slow
  – Lentamenta=Slowly
Progressive Tense
                 (present and past)
      Present

 Estoy*              Estas*        Esta*
 Estamos             Estais*       Estan

          Past


-ar                 er             ir
      -ando               -iendo           -yendo
Future Tense
               *=accent mark over the vowel




                                       Yo      -e*


                                               -as*


Infinitive +                                   -a*


                                              -emos


                                              -an*
Future Irregulares
Decir            Dir-       Hacer         Har-
Poner            Pondr-     Salir         Saldr-
Tener            Tendr-     Valer         Vendr-
Querer           Querr-     Saber         Sabr-

         Poder              Podr-



  These conjugate with future tense(on previous slide)
Superlatives
• Use when giving most or least of something
• Mas + Adjective = The Most…
• Menos + Adjective = The Least…
Formal Commands
• Put into yo form
• Change the vowel
  – -ar goes to “e”
  – -Er/-ir goes to “a”
Prepositions
•   Abajo-Below
•   Arriba-Up
•   Debajo-Beneath
•   Dentro-Within
•   Encima-Above
•   Fuera-outside
•   Detras-Behind
•   Lejos-far away
•   De lante-in front
•   Izquierda-left
•   Derecha-right
Conditional
• Don’t conjugate
• -ar, -er, and –ir.
• Always an accent         yo       tu       el   Nosotos    Vosotros     Ellos

over the first I.      • -ia    • -ias   • -ia    • -iamos   • -iais    • -ian




• Ex: Hablar
    –   Hablaria
    –   Hablarias
    –   Hablaria
    –   Hablariamos
    –   Hablariais
    –   Hablarian
Demonstratives
 Singular
This                        That                       That Over There
Este(m); Esta(f)            Ese(m); Esa(f)             Aquel(m); Aquella(f)

 Plural
This                        That                       That over there
Estos(m); Estas(f)          Esos(m); Esas(f)           Aquellos(m); Aquellas(f)



• Are placed before the noun and agree in number and gender with the noun.
    • Ex: this restaurent= este restaurante
• Aqui*- Here
• Alli*- There
• Alla*- Over there
    • * = Accent marks on last letter

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2nd semester grammar book

  • 1. 2nd semester Grammar book By: Tyler Tracy
  • 2. Contents • Imperfecto • Preterite – -car, -gar, -zar – Spock – Cucaracha – Snake/Snake • Modal verbs • Los Averbos • Progressive Tense – Present – Past • Future Tense – Irregulares • Superlatives • Formal commands • Prepositions • Conditional • Demonstratives
  • 3. El Imperfecto Ar er ir • Yo • aba • ia • ia • Tu • Abas • Ias • Ias • El/ ella • Aba • Ia • Ia • Nosotros • Abamos • Iamos • Iamos • Vosotros • Abais • Iais • Iais • Ellos/Ellas • aban • Ian • ian
  • 4. Irregular preterite: -car, -gar, -zar preterite tocar Jugar comenzar Ar/er&ir -car -gar -zar e/I Toque* Jugue* Comence* Aste/iste Tocaste Jugaste Comenzaste o/o Toco* Jugo* Comenzo* Amos/imos Tocamos Jugamos Comenzaoms Aron/ieron Tocaron Jugaron Comenzaron * Means hyphen over last letter
  • 5. Spock Fui Fuiste Fue Fuimos Fueron Dar Ver Hice Hista Hizo Hicimos Hicieron
  • 6. Cucaracha • Andar: Anduv- • Yo: -e • Estar: Estuv- • Tu: -iste • Poder: Pud- • El/Ella: -o • Poner: Pus- • Nosotros: -imos • Querer: Quis- • Vosotros: -isteis • Saber: Sup- • Ellos: -ieron • Tener: Tuv- • Venir: Vin-
  • 7. Cucaracha’s cont. • Decir: Dijo- • Yo: -e • Traer: Traj- • Tu: -iste • Conducir: Conduj- • El/Ella: -o • Producir: Produj- • Nosotros: -imos • Traducir: Traduj- • Vosotros: -isteis • Ellos: -ieron With these, when there is an ‘I’ that begins the conjugation, you drop the ‘I’
  • 9. Modal Verbs • Ir + a + infinitive (going to do something) • Poder + infinitive (are able to do something) • Querer + infinitive (want to do something) • Deber + infinitive (should do something) • Tener que + infinitive (to have to do something) • Soler + infinitive (to be accustomed to…) • Necesitar + infinitive
  • 10. Los Adverbos • Add –mente to all the verbs – Feliz=Happy – Felizmente= Happily • Change into feminine form (-a) – Lento=Slow – Lentamenta=Slowly
  • 11. Progressive Tense (present and past) Present Estoy* Estas* Esta* Estamos Estais* Estan Past -ar er ir -ando -iendo -yendo
  • 12. Future Tense *=accent mark over the vowel Yo -e* -as* Infinitive + -a* -emos -an*
  • 13. Future Irregulares Decir Dir- Hacer Har- Poner Pondr- Salir Saldr- Tener Tendr- Valer Vendr- Querer Querr- Saber Sabr- Poder Podr- These conjugate with future tense(on previous slide)
  • 14. Superlatives • Use when giving most or least of something • Mas + Adjective = The Most… • Menos + Adjective = The Least…
  • 15. Formal Commands • Put into yo form • Change the vowel – -ar goes to “e” – -Er/-ir goes to “a”
  • 16. Prepositions • Abajo-Below • Arriba-Up • Debajo-Beneath • Dentro-Within • Encima-Above • Fuera-outside • Detras-Behind • Lejos-far away • De lante-in front • Izquierda-left • Derecha-right
  • 17. Conditional • Don’t conjugate • -ar, -er, and –ir. • Always an accent yo tu el Nosotos Vosotros Ellos over the first I. • -ia • -ias • -ia • -iamos • -iais • -ian • Ex: Hablar – Hablaria – Hablarias – Hablaria – Hablariamos – Hablariais – Hablarian
  • 18. Demonstratives Singular This That That Over There Este(m); Esta(f) Ese(m); Esa(f) Aquel(m); Aquella(f) Plural This That That over there Estos(m); Estas(f) Esos(m); Esas(f) Aquellos(m); Aquellas(f) • Are placed before the noun and agree in number and gender with the noun. • Ex: this restaurent= este restaurante • Aqui*- Here • Alli*- There • Alla*- Over there • * = Accent marks on last letter