This study investigated the compressive strength of pervious concrete with varying substitutions of recycled coarse aggregates. Testing found that pervious concrete with 30% recycled coarse aggregates had the highest compressive strength. A probabilistic analysis using Monte Carlo simulation determined that the compressive strengths followed a normal distribution. The analysis estimated the ranges of compressive strengths for different recycled aggregate substitutions to be between 5.8-7.3 MPa at 5%, 8.2-10.5 MPa at 15%, 8.4-10.8 MPa at 25%, 11.5-14.8 MPa at 30%, 9.6-12.8 MPa at 35%, and 8.6- 11

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Probabilistic Investigation of the Compressive Strength of Pervious
Concrete with Replacement of Recycled Coarse Aggregates
Nayana B S1, Niranjan T P2
1Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, RYM Engineering College, Ballari, Karnataka, India
2MTech in Structural Engineering, VTU, Karnataka, India
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Abstract - A study has been carried out to investigate the probable range of compressive strength of the pervious concrete at
various substitution of recycled coarse aggregate. The compressive strength of the pervious concrete at various substitution of
recycled coarse aggregate of 5%, 15%, 25%, 30%, 35% and 40% investigated thoroughly. This study demonstrates that the
pervious concrete with 30% substitution of the recycled coarse aggregatehaveshownhighercompressivestrengthin alltheabove
mentioned cases. From the values of Skewness and kurtosis obtained by simulation technique indicates that the compressive-
strength of pervious-concrete with recycled coarse aggregate is found to follow normal distribution. The pervious concrete at
various substitution of recycled coarse aggregate of 5%, 15%, 25%, 30%, 35% and 40% the compressive strength is ranged
between 5.8MPa to 7.3MPa, 8.2 MPa to 10.50MPa, 8.4MPa to 10.8MPa, 11.5MPa to 14.8MPa, 9.6MPa to 12.80MPa and 8.6MPa to
11.20MPa respectively.
Key Words: Compressive strength, Pervious Concrete, Recycled Coarse Aggregates.
1. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is the extensively utilized building/construction material all over the globe. It is well known for its highcompressive
strength, durability, impermeability, fire resistance and abrasion resistance. Concrete is having the potentiality to be formed
into any desired shape and size.
Compressive strength is individual of the most frequently utilized criterions for thedevelopmentofconcretestrength.Though
destructive approaches of compressive strength resolution in which square or cylinder-shaped models handled from fresh
concrete or core models extracted from structural concrete members are the utmost precise ways, they has their specific
defects. Square or cylindrical models casted from fresh concrete may not be indistinguishable toin-situconcreteon accountof
curing and placements dissimilarities. Curing procedure is time overriding, uneconomic and this procedure may destruct the
structural member.
Porous-concrete is permeableconcreteclearing materialswhich permitssprinklealternatelystorm wateroverflowoninfiltrate
through it as opposed surge encompassing zones alternatively storm drains.Itwill benormallya mixturefromclaiming10mm
on 12.5mm normal breadth aggregates, mortar, different cementaceous materials, admixtures and also water.
Some of the real difficulties of our existing civilization are the security of environments. A portion of the imperative
components in this regard are the lessening of the utilization of energy and natural raw constituents and utilization of waste
ingredients. These points are being paidsignificantconsiderationunderneathmaintainableprogressthesedays.Theutilization
of reused coarse aggregates from construction and destruction trashes is indicating potential usage in the development as
other option to natural coarse aggregates. It protects natural resources and decreases the gap necessary for the landfill
dumping.
2. OBJECTIVES
[1] To govern the compressive-strength of pervious concrete on various substitution of recycled coarse aggregate.
[2] To compute compressive-strength of pervious concrete by means of non-destructive method.
[3] To govern the range of compressive-strength of pervious concrete for every substitution of recycled coarse aggregate by
probability.
3. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 Cement: Cement is any substance which bond together different materials by a blend of mixture procedures referred to
altogether as setting. Cement are dry powders as shown in figure and must not be confused with concretes or mortars, but
rather they are an essential constituent of both of these materials in which they become as the “glue” that offers strength to

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structures. Mortar is a blend of cement and sand though concrete likewise incorporates aggregates along with cement and
sand.
Fig 1: OPC 53 grade cement
3.2 Aggregates
Fig 2: Fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and Recycled aggregates.
3.3 Water
The water utilized to get ready concrete must be free from dust, natural or organic-matter like as is shown in the figure 3.13.
Water satisfactory for portable is best. Any fresh water is adequate. Saline water might be utilized if good quantity water is not
promptly accessible, but rather it will lessen the quality of cement around 15 %. In the event that you should utilize unpotable
water, let it settle in an immense dish or tank to clean mostof the filth. Enoughwaterisrequiredhencethehydrationresponseis
finished and the greatest strong point is picked up. In any case, a lot of water leads to a decrease in strength.
Fig 3: Water

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The probabilistic investigation can be carried out by following steps:-
Step 1:- The obtained results of the compressive strength are derived for the further investigation of the Monte Carlo
technique.
Step 2:- The mean and standard deviation of the respective compressive strength that are obtained by the experimental
outcomes are determined.
Step 3:- Random numbers are generated and the correspondent random variables ofcompressivestrengtharedetermined.In
the case of the example, the random numbers which are in the range of zero toonearegeneratedandfortheeachgenerationof
the random numbers the correspondent dip angle is determined.
Step 4:- The probability density distribution from the obtained data measurements are constructed in the form of histogram.
Step 5:- Skewness and kurtosis with the help of all random variables that are generated by random numbers are computed.
Step 6:- The normal distribution curve is made to fix in the accumulated histogram graphs for the determined random
variables of compressive strength.
Step 7:- The ranges of compressive strength is fixed for normal distribution to attain symmetrical shape and distribute the
values evenly.
Step 8:- Using the mean and ranges of compressive strength of the normal distribution curve the probability distribution is
determined.
Table 1: Proportions of ingredients of concrete (as per IS 10262:2009)
SL no Percentage
replacement of
RCA (%)
Cement
(kg/m3)
Fine -aggregate
(kg/m3)
Recycled coarse -
aggregate
(kg/m3)
Coarse -
aggregate
(kg/m3)
Water-cement
ratio
1 5 320 203 91.7 1742.3 0.45
2 15 320 203 275.1 1558.9 0.45
3 25 320 203 458.5 1375.5 0.45
4 30 320 203 550.2 1283.8 0.45
5 35 320 203 641.9 1192.1 0.45
6 40 320 203 733.6 1104.4 0.45
The quantity of cement, fine aggregate, recycled coarse aggregate and coarse aggregate that are required for various
substitution of reused coarse aggregate are classified in the above table for concrete of water-cement ratio 0.45. Pervious
concrete mix proportion is considered as 1: 0.634: 5.70 which are obtained by mix. The amount of cement, fine aggregate and
water-cement ratio stays unaltered. Change in amount of coarse aggregate happens for every amount of substitution i.e. 5%,
15%, 25%, 30%, 35%, and 40%.
Table 2: Experimental values of compressive strength with respect to percentage replacement of recycled coarse
aggregate
SL no Percentage replacement of RCA (%)
Compressive strength
3-days 7-days 14-days 28-days
1 5 5.7 5.863 6.149 6.595
2 15 6.435 6.689 7.136 9.11
3 25 6.889 7.33 8.00 9.77
4 30 8.667 9.55 10.00 13.33
5 35 7.778 9.11 9.33 11.55
6 40 7.714 8.94 9.134 9.77
The compressive strength of pervious concrete results for different days at varioussubstitutionofrecycledcoarseaggregate is
as shown in the above table. According to these results it clearly says that 30% substitution of recycled coarse aggregate
imparts the good and better strength characteristics when adapted to rest of substitutions.

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A histogram is a strategy that lets you determine and show the principal distribution or underlying form of a set of
uninterrupted data. This permits the examination of the data foritsunderlying normal-distribution,ranges,skewness,kurtosis
and mean. In this present study histogram is represented with frequency distribution of compressive-strength of pervious-
concrete in x-axis and number of observations in y-axis.
Fig 4:-frequency distribution graph of compressive-strength of pervious-concrete for 5% substitution of RCA.
The frequency distribution of compressive strength of pervious concrete for 5% substitution of recycled coarse aggregate is
shown in figure 4.6 in which the maximum range of compressive strength of a bin is between 6.5MPa to 6.75MPa. The
simulated mean and standard deviation that are obtained were6.637MPa and0.372MPa for1000numberofobservations.The
skewness and kurtosis of histogram are shows the values of 0.0268 and 2.5838 respectively
Fig 5:-frequency distribution graph of compressive-strength of pervious-concrete for 15% substitution of RCA.
The frequency distribution of compressive strength of pervious concrete for 15% substitution of recycled coarse aggregate is
shown in figure 4.7 in which the maximum range of compressive strength of a bin is between 8.75MPa to 6.7MPa. The
simulated mean and standard deviation that are obtained were9.133MPa and0.529MPa for1000numberofobservations.The
skewness and kurtosis of histogram are shows the values of 0.0042 and 3.0892 respectively.

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Fig 6:-frequency distribution graph of compressive-strength of pervious-concrete for 25% substitution of RCA.
The frequency distribution of compressive strength of pervious concrete for 25% substitution of recycled coarse aggregate is
shown in figure 4.8 in which the maximum range of compressive strength ofa binisbetween9.6MPa to9.9MPa.Thesimulated
mean and standard deviation that are obtained were 9.776MPa and0.585MPa for1000numberofobservations. Theskewness
and kurtosis of histogram are shows the values of 0.0472and 3.1265 respectively.
Fig 7:-frequency distribution graph of compressive-strength of pervious-concrete for 30% substitution of RCA.
The frequency distribution of compressive strength of pervious concrete for 30% substitution of recycled coarse aggregate is
shown in figure 4.9 in which the maximum range of compressivestrengthofa binisbetween13MPa to13.4MPa.Thesimulated
mean and standard deviation that are obtained were 13.293MPa and 0.822MPa for 1000 number of observations. The
skewness and kurtosis of histogram are shows the values of 0.1187 and 3.0539 respectively.

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Fig 8:-frequency distribution graph of compressive-strength of pervious-concrete for 35% substitution of RCA.
The frequency distribution of compressive strength of pervious concretefor35%substitutionofrecycledcoarseaggregateis
shown in figure 4.10 in which the maximum range of compressive strength of a bin is between 11.2MPa to 11.5MPa. The
simulated mean and standard deviation that are obtained were 11.542MPa and 0.733MPa for 1000 numberofobservations.
The skewness and kurtosis of histogram are shows the values of 0.0260 and 2.9788 respectively.
Fig 9:-frequency distribution graph of compressive-strength of pervious-concrete for 40% substitution of RCA.
The frequency distribution of compressive strength of pervious concretefor40%substitutionofrecycledcoarseaggregateis
shown in figure 4.11 in which the maximum range of compressive strength of a bin is between 9.7MPa to 10MPa. The
simulated mean and standard deviation that are obtained were 9.774MPa and 0.638MPa for 1000 number of observations.
The skewness and kurtosis of histogram are shows the values of 0.0895 and 3.0611 respectively.
3. CONCLUSIONS
[1] In the present investigation it is observed that the pervious concrete with 30% substitution of the recycled coarse
aggregate have shown higher compressive strength in all the cases of recycled coarseaggregatesubstitutionwith5%,
15%, 25%, 30%, 35% and 40%.
[2] Monte Carlo simulation technique is adopted in the current investigation of probabilistic analysis of compressive-
strength of pervious-concrete with recycled coarse-aggregate. The results simulated from Monte Carlo technique is
found very well matched with the experimental values imparting maximum error of 4.2% which can be accepted in
engineering domain.
[3] The pervious concrete at various substitution of recycled coarse aggregate of 5%, 15%, 25%, 30%, 35% and 40% the
compressive strength is ranged between 5.8MPa to 7.3MPa, 8.2 MPa to 10.50MPa, 8.4MPa to 10.8MPa, 11.5MPa to
14.8MPa, 9.6MPa to 12.80MPa and 8.6MPa to 11.20MPa respectively.

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