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A Comparative Study on the Influence of Traditional,Non-Traditional and by-Product Stabilizers on Geotechnical Properties of Kuttanad Clay
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A Comparative Study on the Influence of Traditional,Non-Traditional and by-Product Stabilizers on Geotechnical Properties of Kuttanad Clay
1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2521 A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF TRADITIONAL, NON-TRADITIONAL AND BY-PRODUCT STABILIZERS ON GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF KUTTANAD CLAY Remitha Ann Cherian 1, Shyla Joseph A 2 1 P.G. Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Saintgits College of Engineering, Kerala, India E-mail: remitha3392.rc@gmail.com 2 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Saintgits College of Engineering, Kerala, India E-mail: shyla.joseph@saintgits.org ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - In developing countries like India the most important requirement of any project are its cost, performance, durability and time. There is an urgent need for development of new techniques which enhances the geotechnical properties of soil, as the methods used conventionally were very uneconomical and time consuming. Construction of engineering structures on weak or soft soil is considered as unsafe and highly risky due differential settlements, poor shear strength, high compressibility and high plasticity characteristics. It is necessary to adopt safer, economically feasible, environmentally sound and cost effective materials to improve geotechnical properties of Kuttanad clay, by utilizing three different locally available stabilizers such as Traditional stabilizer (Metakaolin), Non- traditional stabilizer (Terrazyme) and By-product stabilizer (Crumb Rubber Powder). The present study is to do an experimental investigation ontheinfluenceof2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% of Metakaolin , 200ml/1m3, 200ml/1.5m3, 200ml/2m3, 200ml/2.5m3 and 200ml/3m3 of Terrazyme and 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of Crumb Rubber Powder on geotechnical properties of Kuttanad clay by conducting Atterberg Limits test , Triaxial Compression test and One Dimensional Consolidation test. Further a comparative study is done on the optimum values of these materials and approached a pertinent conclusion on which stabilizer gives maximum improvement in shear strength, reduce compressibility and plasticity characteristics after varied curing periods of 3, 7 and 14 days. The test results indicate that 6% of Metakaolin, 200ml/2m3 of Terrazyme and 10% of Crumb Rubber Powder are experimentallyprovedasoptimum values. Kuttanad clay treated with Traditional stabilizers showed maximum improvement in shear strength behavior, reduced plasticity and consolidation characteristics after 14 days of curing period when compared to Non-traditional and By-product stabilizers. Key Words: Geotechnical properties, Kuttanad clay, Metakaolin, Terrazyme, Crumb Rubber Powder, Atterberg Limits, Triaxial Compression, One DimensionalConsolidation,Traditional,Non-traditional, By-product, Stabilizers, Shear strength, Compressibility and Plasticity. 1. INTRODUCTION The construction of engineering structures on fine grained soil is a challenging task andthereforeconsideredas one of the biggest concerns in geotechnical engineering. The behaviour of structures to be safe and stable, it depends on the properties of the soil on which they are constructed and the load bearing capacity of the soil can be improved by undertaking a variety of ground improvement techniques. Soil Stabilization is the modification of soils by blendingcost effective and locally available materials to enhance their physical and geotechnical properties. Soft clays generally display extremely low strength, high compressibility, low permeability, high plasticity characteristics and consequently low quality for construction. Thus, treatment of soil is necessary by mixing various economically feasible and environmentally soundstabilizersthatcanbeeffectively embraced to improve the strength and deformation characteristics of the soft clays. Kuttanad region is well known for its unique agricultural land in Kerala. Kuttanad soil is fine grained soil and it is categorised as one of the problematic soils in the world. A good portion of this region lies below mean sea level and during raining season the area is submergedunder water more than a month in every year. The increase in population and the development of the area has demanded construction activities to be undertaken in Kuttanad region. It is necessary to adopt safer, economically feasible, environmentally sound and cost effective materials to improve geotechnical properties of Kuttanad clay, by utilizing three different locally available stabilizers such as
2.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2522 Traditional stabilizer (Metakaolin), Non-traditional stabilizer (Terrazyme) and By-product stabilizer (Crumb Rubber Powder). Metakaolin is a supplementary cementing material manufactured from kaolin. It is neither a by-product of any industrial process norformednaturally.Metakaolincontains high percentage of aluminosilicates. Generally it is compatible with all types of chemical admixtures. It has many advantages compared to other mineral additives.This material is economical, operational and performance based. The most important benefit of metakaolin is its easiness in handling and mixing. The use of Bio enzymes insoil hasemergedasoneof the renewable technologies for drastically improving soil properties and it is eco friendly and economical in long run. The enzymes have a unique property when added to soil, it increases the wetting and bonding capacity of the soil particles that allows soil material to becomemore easilywet and more densely compacted. In order to stabilize soils, a number of chemical additives both inorganic and organic have been used for improving strength and durability ofsoil. Chemical stabilization is a process by adding chemical additives like enzymes to the soil uniformly that physically blend with soil particles which alters and enhance the geotechnical properties of soil by providing higher soil compaction and strength. Enzymes are expected to be very soil specific. Developing countries like India mainly depend on the transportation sector for their economical growth.There is a continuous development and growth in the usage of motor vehicles which causes noise pollution, air pollution etc. Disposal of waste tyres are challenging task due to its long life and non-biodegradable nature of rubber. Various industrial wastes such as Crumb rubber powder a by- product of used automotive tyres that are recycled rubbers retrieved from discarded used truck scrap tyres by crushing and removal of the textiles and metal fibres are effectively used as a soil replacement material which not only solves environmental problems but also provides a new resource for construction industry and an economically feasible disposal method of waste tyres to conserve natural resources. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Leong Sing Wong and Roslan Hashim (2013) demonstrated the application of kaolin as a pozzolanic additive of stabilized peat. In addition to kaolin, Portland composite cement, calcium chloride and silica sand were used as the materials to stabilize the peat. To achieve such aim, test specimens of both untreated and stabilized peats were tested in laboratory in order to evaluateitsUnconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and rate of permeability. Each test specimen was prepared in such a way that it has to simulate the in situ condition of deep peat stabilization by deep mixing method. It was found that test specimen with 10% partial replacement with kaolin has the highest UCS that exceeds the minimal required UCS of 345 kPa. The test specimen was subjected to 100 kPa initial pressure and cured in water for 7 days. The UCS of the test specimen was discovered to be 33.7 times greater than that of untreated peat specimen. In laboratory permeability tests, the rate of permeability of untreated peat was found to be 6.43Ă106 times higher than that of stabilized peat. UCS of stabilized peat increased while increasing itsbinderdosage,silica sand dosage, initial pressure, and duration of curing in water. Combined action among the hydrolysis of the cement, the pozzolanic reaction of kaolin, and the filler effect of well graded silica sand in the stabilized peat. Zhang Tongwei and Yue Xibing (2014) conducted a comprehensive study on the macro-strength and micro-structure development of cement-stabilized Lianyungang marine clay mixed with Metakaolin (MK). The results showed that the unconfined compression strengths of cemented soils containing3%and 5% MK are approximately 2.0â3.0 times of that of materials without MK, that is MK can effectively improve thequality of cemented soils. The strength increased significantly when the MK content was less than 3%. This effect was attenuated at MK contents above 3%. Additionally, the strength with MK after 7 days curing periods is approximately 0.87 times of that after 28 days, while this ratio is 0.58 for the soils lacking MK, which indicates that the cemented soils containing MK show sufficient earlier strength than those lacking MK. C. Venkatasubramanian and G. Dhinakaran (2011) studied the influence of four different dosages of enzyme on three different soils on its strength parameters after 2 and 4 weeks of curing period from the application of bio enzyme. It is inferred from the resultsthatadditionofbio enzyme significantly improved Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values of selected samples. A. U. Ravi Shankar and Harsha Kumar Rai (2009) studied the effect of enzyme on lateritic soil and blended lateritic soil in terms of unconfined compressive strength, CBR, compaction and permeability. Their study found that Bio-Enzyme stabilization showed medium improvement in physical properties of lateritic soil. Enzyme was found to be ineffective for improving the consistency limits of lateritic soil. CBR value showed 300% increment while unconfined compressive strength increased by 450% and permeability decreases by 42%. G. Venkatappa Rao and R.K. Dutta (2006) conducted a study to assess the behaviour of the admixtures, compressibility and triaxial compression tests were carried out by varying chip size and chip content. On the whole the results reveal that the tyre chipâsand admixtures up to 20% chip content behave like gravelâsand mixtures. The strength shows a marginal improvement. Also the compressibility becomes excessive for a chip content of more than 20%. In view of this, the use of tyre chips and sand mixture is advantageous in construction of highway embankments up to a maximum height of 10 m. Thus their replacement in a conventional fill material is advantageous in terms of use of waste tyres.
3.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2523 Ghatge Sandeep Hambirao and Dr.P.G.Rakaraddi (2014) conducted an experimental investigation on shredded rubber from waste tyres chosen as the reinforcement material and cement as binding agent which was randomly included into the soil at three different percentages of fibre content, i.e. 5% 10%and15%byweight of soil. The investigation has been focused on the strength behaviour of soil reinforced with randomly included shredded rubber fibre. The samples were subjected to California bearing ratio and unconfined compression tests. The tests have clearly shown a significant improvement in the shear strength and bearing capacity parameters of the studied soil. The results obtained are compared with unreinforced samples and inferencesaredrawntowardsthe usability and effectiveness of fiber reinforcement as a replacement for deep or raft foundation and on pavement sub grade soil as a cost effective approach. Increases in CBR value significantly reduce the total thickness of the pavement and hence the total cost involved in the project. The low strength and high compressible soft clay soils were found to improve by addition of shredded rubber and cement. It can be concluded that shredded rubber fibre can be considered as a good earth reinforcement material. 3. MATERIALS USED The materials used for the tests include Kuttanad clay, Traditional stabilizer(Metakaolin),Non-traditional stabilizer (Terrazyme) and By-product stabilizer (Crumb Rubber Powder). The details of the materials used in this study are given below: 3.1 Kuttanad Clay In this experimental study, the required quantity of Kuttanad clay was collected from Nedumudi in Upper Kuttanad region, Alappuzha district, Kerala shown in Figure 1. Representative samples were collected from a depth of 7m to 8m from ground surface. The properties of soil were determined by standard test procedures as per SP: 36 (Part 1) - 1987 and tabulated as per provisions of Indian Standard Code of practice. The basic index and engineering properties of the soil were determined by conducting various preliminary laboratory tests such as Moisture Content, Specific Gravity, Grain Size Distribution, Atterberg Limits, Standard Proctor Compaction, Triaxial Compression Test and One Dimensional Consolidation Test. The results obtained were presented in Table 1. Fig -1: Kuttanad Clay Table -1: Properties of Kuttanad clay Properties Results Colour Dark Grey Natural Moisture Content (%) 105 Specific Gravity 2.40 Grain Size Distribution Clay (%) 83 Silt (%) 13 Sand (%) 4 Atterberg Limits Liquid Limit (%) 130 Plastic Limit (%) 42 Plasticity Index (%) 88 Flow Index (%) 102 Toughness Index (%) 0.86 Soil Classification CH (Inorganic Clay of High Plasticity) Standard Proctor Compaction Test Maximum Dry Density (g/cm3) 1.38 Optimum Moisture Content (%) 27 Triaxial Compression Test Cohesion (kN/m2) 12.5 Angle of Internal Friction (â°) 3 One Dimensional Consolidation Test Coefficient of Consolidation (cm2/sec) 4.25Ă10-6 Coefficient of Volume Change (cm2/kg) 0.072 Compression Index 0.661 Degree of compressibility Very Highly Compressible 3.2 Metakaolin (MK) Metakaolin is fine aluminosilicate having pozzolanic activity. It is manufactured by the calcination process of Kaolinite clays at a temperature of 550â°C-900â°C.Metakaolin used in this study is shown in Figure 2 and it was aquired from Ashirwad Chemicals, Chennai, India. Forimproving the geotehnichal properties of problematic Kuttanad clay, Metakaolin is chosen as a Traditional stabilizer. It is whitein colour and amorphous. It had specific gravity of 2.5. Narrow limits of chemical composition and minor amounts of impurity components are present in Metakaolin obtained from purest grades of Kaolinite.
4.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2524 The physical properties and chemical composition of Metakaolin are shown in Table 2 and Table 3 respectively. Fig -2: Metakaolin Table -2: Physical Properties of Metakaolin Colour White Shape Oval and Flaky Size 2-10”m Physical form Powder Specific Gravity 2.5 Specific Surface Area 10-25 m2/g Table -3: Chemical composition on Metakaolin Composition Percentage (%) Silica (SiO2) 52.10 Alumina (Al2O3) 40.50 Ferric oxide (Fe2O3) 2.50 Calcium oxide (CaO) 1.00 Magnesium oxide (MgO) 0.19 Sodium oxide (Na2O) 0.12 Potassium oxide (K2O) 0.50 Loss on ignition (LOI) 0.68 3.3 Terrazyme (TZ) Terrazyme is a natural, non-toxic, non-corrosive and non-inflammable liquid, produced by formulating vegetable and fruit extracts. Terrazyme used in this study was obtained from Avijeeth Agencies, Anna Nagar East, Chennai, India, shown in Figure 3. For improving the geotehnichal properties of problematic Kuttanad clay, Terrazyme is chosen as a Non-traditional stabilizer.Terrazymeisspecially formulated to modifythe engineeringpropertiesofsoil.They require dilution in water before application. Terrazyme improves the properties of soil and strength of soil significantly. The physical properties and dosage of Terrazyme are shown in Table 4 and Table 5 respectively. The use of Terrazyme enhances weather resistance and increases load bearing capacity of soils. These features are particularly evident in fine-grained soils such as clay in which the formulation affects the swelling and shrinking behaviour. This formulation has the ability to change the matrix of the soil so that after compaction the soil loses its ability to reabsorb water and the mechanical benefits of compaction are not lost even after water is reapplied to the compacted soil. They also improve chemical bonding between soil particles and creating a more permanent structure that is more resistant to weathering, water penetration and wear and tear. Their efficiency depends upon the amount of dose, type of soil available and field conditions. These organicenzymescomeinliquidform.They are perfectly soluble in water, brown in colour with smell of molasses. Their aroma has no effect. Neither gloves nor masks are required during handling. Fig -3: Terrazyme Table -4: Physical Properties of Terrazyme Identity N-zyme Hazardous Components None Boiling Point 100â°C Melting Point Liquid Specific Gravity 1.05 Evaporation Rate Same as water Solubility in Water Complete Appearance/Colour Brown clear liquid Odour Non-obnoxious Explosion Hazard None
5.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2525 Table -5: Dosage of Terrazyme Dosage of Terrazyme ml/kg of soil (Dry) 200ml/1m3 0.145 200ml/1.5m3 0.097 200ml/2m3 0.072 200ml/2.5m3 0.057 200ml/3m3 0.048 3.4 Crumb Rubber Powder (CRP) Crumb Rubber Powder used in this study was collected from Dolphin Rubber Industries, Kottayam, Kerala, India shown in Figure 4. For improving the geotehnichal properties of problematic Kuttanad clay, Crumb Rubber Powder is chosen as a By-product stabilizer. For this study, the Crumb rubber powder was produced from used automobile tyres by ambient process through mechanical shredding, where scrap tyre rubber is ground or processd at or above ordinary room temperature at ambient temperature. Steel was removedbymagnetic separationand one part of textile fibre was removed by density. The physical properties and chemical composition of Crumb Rubber Powder are shown in Table 6 and Table 7 respectively. Fig -4: Crumb Rubber Powder Table -6: Physical Properties of Crumb Rubber Powder Colour Black Shape Irregular Surface Texture Rough Specific Gravity 1.25 Particle Size 1.18 mm down size (IS sieve) / 10 to 40 mesh Table -7: Chemical Composition of Crumb Rubber Powder Composition Percentage (%) Rubber 54 Carbon Black 29 Textile 2 Oxidize Zinc 1 Sulphur 1 Additives 13 4. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION 4.1 Influence of Metakaolin, Terrazyme and Crumb Rubber Powder on Atterberg Limits In this study, theinfluenceof Metakaolin,Terrazymeand Crumb Rubber Powder on the plasticity characteristics of Kuttanad clay was determined by conducting Atterberg limits test as per IS: 2720 (Part 5) â 1985. An experimental investigation on Atterberg limits were conducted on thesoil samples treated with 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% of Metakaolin , 200ml/1m3, 200ml/1.5m3, 200ml/2m3, 200ml/2.5m3 and 200ml/3m3 of Terrazyme and 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of Crumb Rubber Powder after varied curing periods of 3, 7 and 14 days. Atterberg limits test was conducted to determine the influence of three different stabilizers on Liquid Limit (LL), Plastic Limit (PL) and Plasticity Index (PI) and the rate of decrease in plasticity characteristics after varied curing periods. Tests also aimed to determine the optimum values of these materials. 4.2 Influence of Metakaolin, Terrazyme and Crumb Rubber Powder on Shear Strength Characteristics In this study, theinfluenceof Metakaolin,Terrazymeand Crumb Rubber Powder on the shear strength characteristics of Kuttanad clay was determined by conducting Triaxial Compression test as per IS: 2720 (Part 11) - 1981. An experimental investigation on Shear strength parameters were conducted on the soil samples treated with 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% of Metakaolin , 200ml/1m3, 200ml/1.5m3, 200ml/2m3, 200ml/2.5m3 and 200ml/3m3 of Terrazyme and 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of Crumb Rubber Powder after varied curing periods of 3, 7 and 14 days. Further study was conducted on evaluating the Shear strength behavior of the soil samples treated with optimum values of Metakaolin, Terrazyme and Crumb Rubber Powder after varied curing periods of 3, 7 and 14 days for different normal stresses of 0.5kg/cm2, 1kg/cm2 and 1.5kg/cm2. Triaxial Compression
6.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2526 test was conducted to determine the influence of three different stabilizers on Cohesion(C), Angle of Internal Friction (Ί) and Shear strength and the rate of increase in Shear strength characteristics after varied curing periods. Tests also aimed to determine the optimum values of these materials. 4.3 Influence of Metakaolin,TerrazymeandCrumb Rubber Powder on Consolidation Characteristics In this study, the influence of optimum values of Crumb Rubber Powder, Terrazyme and Metakaolin on the Consolidation characteristics of Kuttanad clay was determined by conducting One Dimensional Consolidation test as per IS: 2720 (Part 15) â 1986. An experimental investigation on Consolidation characteristics were conducted on the soil samples treated with optimum values of Metakaolin, Terrazyme and Crumb Rubber Powder separately after 14 days of curing period. Consolidation test was conducted to determine theinfluenceofoptimumvalues of three different stabilizers on Coefficient of Consolidation (Cv), Compression Index (Cc) and Coefficient of Volume Change (mv) and the rate of decrease in Consolidation parameters after 14 days of curing period. 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 5.1 Influence of Metakaolin on Atterberg Limits after 0, 3, 7 and 14 days of Curing period Chart -1: Influence of Metakaolin on Atterberg Limits without curing Chart -2: Influence of Metakaolin on Atterberg Limits after 3 days curing Chart -3: Influence of Metakaolin on Atterberg Limits after 7 days curing Chart -4: Influence of Metakaolin on Atterberg Limits after 14 days curing
7.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2527 Chart 5: Influence of curing period on Atterberg Limits for 6% of Metakaolin Chart 6: Percentage Decrement in Atterberg Limits for 6% of Metakaolin 5.2 Influence of Terrazyme on Atterberg Limits after 0, 3, 7 and 14 days of Curing period Chart -7: Influence of Terrazyme on Atterberg Limits without curing Chart -8: Influence of Terrazyme on Atterberg Limits after 3 days curing Chart -9: Influence of Terrazyme on Atterberg Limits after 7 days curing Chart -10: Influence of Terrazyme on Atterberg Limits after 14 days curing
8.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2528 Chart 11: Influence of curing period on Atterberg Limits for 200ml/2m3 of Terrazyme Chart 12: Percentage Decrement in Atterberg Limits for 200ml/2m3 of Terrazyme 5.3 Influence of Crumb Rubber Powder on Atterberg Limits after 0, 3, 7 and 14 days of Curing period Chart -13: Influence of Crumb Rubber Powder on Atterberg Limits without curing Chart -14: Influence of Crumb Rubber Powder on Atterberg Limits after 3 days curing Chart -15: Influence of Crumb Rubber Powder on Atterberg Limits after 7 days curing Chart -16: Influence of Crumb Rubber Powder on Atterberg Limits after 14 days curing
9.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2529 Chart -17: Influence of curing period on Atterberg Limits for 10% of Crumb Rubber Powder Chart -18: Percentage Decrement in Atterberg Limits for 10% of Crumb Rubber Powder The percentage decrement in Atterberg limits for soil samples treated with optimum values of 6% of Metakaolin, 200ml/2m3 of Terrazyme and 10% of Crumb Rubber Powder, continuously increased with increase in curing period. The results indicated a maximum decrement of 18.3% (liquid limit), 26.7% (plastic limit) and 14.3% (plasticity index) for soil samples treated with an optimum value of 6% of Metakaolin when compared to 200ml/2m3 of Terrazyme with a decrement of 16.5% (liquid limit), 24.3% (plastic limit) and 12.7% (plasticity index) and 10% of Crumb Rubber Powder with a decrement of 11.9% (liquid limit), 19.5% (plastic limit) and 8.3% (plasticityindex) after a curing period of 14 days. 5.4 Influence of Metakaolin on Shear Strength Characteristics after 0, 3, 7 and 14 days of Curing period Chart -19: Influence of Metakaolin on Shear Strength Parameters without curing Chart -20: Influence of Metakaolin on Shear Strength Parameters after 3 days curing Chart -21: Influence of Metakaolin on Shear Strength Parameters after 7 days curing
10.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2530 Chart -22: Influence of Metakaolin on Shear Strength Parameters after 14 days curing Chart -23: Influence of curing period on Shear Strength Parameters for 6% of Metakaolin Chart -24: Percentage Increment in Shear Strength Parameters for 6% of Metakaolin Chart -25: Influence of curing period on Shear Strength for 6% of Metakaolin Chart -26: Percentage Increment in Shear Strength for 6% of Metakaolin 5.5 Influence of Terrazyme on Shear Strength Characteristics after 0, 3, 7 and 14 days of Curing period Chart -27: Influence of Terrazyme on Shear Strength Parameters without curing
11.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2531 Chart -28: Influence of Terrazyme on Shear Strength Parameters after 3 days curing Chart -29: Influence of Terrazyme on Shear Strength Parameters after 7 days curing Chart -30: Influence of Terrazyme on Shear Strength Parameters after 14 days curing Chart -31: Influence of curing period on Shear Strength Parameters for 200ml/2m3 of Terrazyme Chart -32: Percentage Increment in Shear Strength Parameters for 200ml/2m3 of Terrazyme Chart -33: Influence of curing period on Shear Strength for 200ml/2m3 of Terrazyme
12.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2532 Chart -34: Percentage Increment in Shear Strength for 200ml/2m3 of Terrazyme 5.6 Influence of Crumb Rubber Powder on Shear Strength Characteristics after 0, 3, 7 and 14 days of Curing period Chart -35: Influence of Crumb Rubber Powder on Shear Strength Parameters without curing Chart -36: Influence of Crumb Rubber Powder on Shear Strength Parameters after 3 days curing Chart -37: Influence of Crumb Rubber Powder on Shear Strength Parameters after 7 days curing Chart -38: Influence of Crumb Rubber Powder on Shear Strength Parameters after 14 days curing Chart -39: Influence of curing period on Shear Strength Parameters for 10% of Crumb Rubber Powder
13.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2533 Chart -40: Percentage Increment in Shear Strength Parameters for 10% of Crumb Rubber Powder Chart -41: Influence of curing period on Shear Strength for 10% of Crumb Rubber Powder Chart -42: Percentage Increment in Shear Strength for 10% of Crumb Rubber Powder The results indicated a maximum increment of 320% in Cohesion for soil samples treated with an optimum value of 6% of Metakaolin when compared to 200ml/2m3 of Terrazyme with an increment of 264% and 10% of Crumb Rubber Powder with 142.4% incrementaftera curingperiod of 14 days. It also indicateda maximumincrementof383.3% in Angle of internal friction for soil samples treated with an optimum value of 10% of Crumb Rubber Powder when compared to 6% of Metakaolin with an incrementof306.7% and 200ml/2m3 ofTerrazymewith253.3%incrementaftera curing period of 14 days. The percentage increment in Shear strength for soil samples treated with an optimum value of 6% of Metakaolin and 200ml/2m3 of Terrazyme moderately decreased with the application of normal stresses from 0.5kg/cm2 to 1.5kg/cm2 with increase in curing period. While the percentage increment in Shear strength for soil samples treated with an optimum value of 10% of Crumb Rubber Powder continuously increased with the application of normal stresses from 0.5kg/cm2 to 1.5kg/cm2 with increase in curing period. 5.7 Influence of Optimum values of Metakaolin, Terrazyme and Crumb Rubber Powder on Consolidation Characteristics after 14 days of Curing period Chart -43: Influence of Optimum values of Metakaolin, Terrazyme and Crumb Rubber Powder on Consolidation Characteristics after 14 days curing under an Applied Pressure of 0.5 kg/cm2
14.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2534 Chart -44: Influence of Optimum values of Metakaolin, Terrazyme and Crumb Rubber Powder on Consolidation Characteristics after 14 days curing under an Applied Pressure of 1.0 kg/cm2 Chart -45: Influence of Optimum values of Metakaolin, Terrazyme and Crumb Rubber Powder on Consolidation Characteristics after 14 days curing under an Applied Pressure of 2.0 kg/cm2 Chart -46: Influence of Optimum values of Metakaolin, Terrazyme and Crumb Rubber Powder on Compression Index after 14 days curing Chart -47: Percentage Decrement in Coefficient of Consolidation after 14 days curing Chart -48: Percentage Decrement in Compression Index and Coefficient of Volume Change after 14 days curing The percentage decrement in Coefficient of Consolidation for soil samples treated with optimum values of 6% of Metakaolin, 200ml/2m3 of Terrazyme and 10% of Crumb Rubber Powder after 14 days of curing period, continuously decreased with an increaseinappliedpressure from 0.5 kg/cm2 to 2 kg/cm2. The results indicated a maximumdecreaseinCoefficient of Consolidation of 1.13x 10-7 cm2/sec for 6% of Metakaolin when compared to 200ml/2m3 of Terrazyme of 2.63 x 10-7 cm2/sec and 10% of Crumb Rubber Powder of 3.17 x 10-7 cm2/sec, under 0.5 kg/cm2 applied pressure after 14 days of curing period. Further it revealed that6%ofMetakaolinhad maximum decrease in Compression Index of 0.103 with degree of compressibility reduced to slightly compressible and Coefficient of Volume Change of 0.021 cm2/kg when compared to 200ml/2m3 of Terrazymewith0.204and0.034 (Moderately compressible) and 10% of Crumb Rubber Powder with 0.345 and 0.055 (Highlycompressible)after14 days of curing period.
15.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2535 6. CONCLUSIONS 1. The test results from Atterberg limits and Triaxial compression it wasindicated that6%ofMetakaolin, 200ml/2m3 of Terrazyme and 10% of Crumb Rubber Powder are experimentally proved as optimum values. 2. The results revealed that with an increase in curing period the plasticity characteristicsofKuttanadclay treated with Metakaolin, Terrazyme and Crumb Rubber Powder progressively decreased to a minimum value. 3. The results revealed that with an increase in curing period the Shear strength characteristics of Kuttanad clay treated with Metakaolin, Terrazyme and Crumb Rubber Powder progressivelyincreased to a maximum value. 4. The percentage increment in Shear strength forsoil samples treated with optimum values of 6% of Metakaolin, 200ml/2m3 of Terrazyme and 10% of Crumb Rubber Powdercontinuouslyincreasedwith increase in curing period. 5. The results revealed a moderate decrease in Coefficient of Consolidation for soil samplestreated with optimum values of 6% of Metakaolin, 200ml/2m3 of Terrazyme and 10% of Crumb Rubber Powder after 14 days of curing period. 6. The percentage decrement in Compression Index and Coefficient of Volume Change for soil samples treated with optimum values of 6% of Metakaolin, 200ml/2m3 of Terrazyme and 10% of Crumb Rubber Powder continuously increased after 14 days of curing period. 7. Kuttanad clay treated with Traditional stabilizers showed maximum improvement in shear strength behavior, reduced plasticity and consolidation characteristics after 14 days of curing period when compared to Non-traditional and By-product stabilizers. 7. FUTURE SCOPE OF STUDY The study can be extended by conducting an experimental investigation on the combined effect of Traditional, Non- traditional and By-product stabilizers on geotechnical properties of soil after varied curing period. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We thank our colleagues from Saintgits College of Engineering who provided insight and expertisethatgreatly assisted this research. REFERENCES [1] Leong Sing Wong, Roslan Hashim & Faisal Ali, âImproved Strength and Reduced Permeability of Stabilized Peat: Focus on Application of Kaolin as a Pozzolanic Additiveâ, Construction and Building Materials, Volume 40, pp. 783â792, Science Direct, Elsevier Ltd, December 2013. [2] Zhang Tongwei, Yue Xibing, Deng Yongfeng, Zhang Dingwen & Liu Songyu, âMechanical Behaviour and Micro-structure of Cement-StabilisedMarineClaywitha Metakaolin Agentâ, ConstructionandBuildingMaterials, Volume 73, pp. 51-57, Science Direct, Elsevier Ltd, December 2014. [3] C. Venkatasubramanian & G. Dhinakaran, âEffect of Bio Enzymatic Soil Stabilization onUnconfinedCompressive Strength and California Bearing Ratioâ, Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences,Volume6,Issue5, pp. 295-298, 2011. [4] Joydeep Sen & Jitendra Prasad Singh, âStabilization of Black Cotton Soil using Bio Enzyme for a Highway Materialâ, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology,Volume4,Issue 12, December 2015. [5] A. U. Ravi Shankar, Harsha Kumar Rai and Ramesha Mithanthaya I., âBio-enzyme stabilized lateritic soil as a highway materialâ, Journal of IndianRoadsCongress,pp. 553, 143-151, 2009. [6] G. Venkatappa Rao & R.K. Dutta, âCompressibility and Strength Behaviour of SandâTyre Chip Mixturesâ, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, Volume 24, pp.711â724, Springer, 2006. [7] Arin Yilmaz & Nurhayat Degirmenci, âPossibility Of Using Waste Tire Rubber And Fly Ash With Portland Cement As ConstructionMaterialsâ, WasteManagement, Volume 29, Issue 5, pp. 1541â1546, Science Direct, Elsevier Ltd, May 2009. [8] B. Sri Vasavi, âStabilization of Expansive soil using Crumb Rubber Powder and Cementâ , International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Volume 2, Issue 8, January 2016. [9] Ghatge Sandeep Hambirao and Dr.P.G.Rakaraddi , âSoil Stabilization using Waste ShreddedRubberTyreChipsâ, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Volume 11, Issue 1, pp. 20-27, February 2014. [10] Shiva Prasad.A, âStudy on Effect of Crumb Rubber on Behaviour of Soilâ, International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences , Volume 4, No 3, August 2014. [11] Purushotham G. Sarvade, âGeotechnical Properties of Problem Clay Stabilized with Crumb Rubber Powderâ, Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, Vol. 2, No. 4, December 2012.
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of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2536 [12] Mahmoud D. Ahmed, âEffect of Metakaolin on the Geotechnical Properties of Expansive Soilâ, Journal of Engineering, Volume 21, No. 12, December 2015. [13] Venika Saini, âSoil Stabilization by using Terrazymeâ, International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, Volume 8, Issue 4, pp. 566-573, August 2015. [14] Dr. M T Prathap Kumar, âCompaction and Strength Characteristics of Terra-zyme Stabilized Red Soilâ, International Journal of Research Publications in Engineering, Technology and Management, Volume 1, Issue 1, July 2015. [15] H.N. Ramesh and Sagar S, âEffect of drying on the strength properties of terrazyme treated expansive and non-expansive soilsâ, 50th Indian Geotechnical Conference December 2015, Pune, Maharashtra, India. [16] Vijay Rajoria and Suneet Kaur, âA Review on Stabilization of soil using Bio-enzymeâ, International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, Volume 3 Issue 1,January 2014. [17] Puneet Agarwal and Suneet Kaur, âEffectofBio-enzyme Stabilization on Unconfined Compressive Strength of Expansive soilâ, International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2014. [18] SP: 36 (Part 1)-1987, Compendium of Indian Standards on Soil Engineering: Part-I âLaboratory Testing of Soils For Civil Engineering Purposesâ, [CED 43: Soil and Foundation Engineering]. [19] IS: 2720 (Part 5)-1985, âDetermination of Liquid and Plastic Limitâ, Bureau of Indian Standards, Manak Bhavan, New Delhi. [20] IS: 2720(Part 7)-1980,â Determination of Water Content-Dry Density relation using Light Compactionâ, Bureau of Indian Standards, Manak Bhavan, New Delhi. [21] IS: 2720 (Part 11)-1981, âDetermination of the Shear Strength parameters of a specimen tested in Unconsolidated Undrained Triaxial Compression without the measurement of Pore Water Pressureâ, Bureau of Indian Standards, Manak Bhavan, New Delhi. [22] IS: 2720(Part 15)-1986,âDeterminationofConsolidation Propertiesâ, Bureau of Indian Standards,Manak Bhavan, New Delhi. BIOGRAPHIES Remitha Ann Cherian, M.Tech student, Geomechanics and Structures, Department of Civil Engineering, Saintgits College of Engineering, Kerala,India. Shyla Joseph A, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Saintgits College of Engineering, Kerala, India.
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