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ENERGY EFFICIENT HOUSE USING PASSIVE COOLING &
HEATING TECHNIQUES
BY :
SOHAIB FAKHAR
ROLL NO:
SUPERVISORS:
AR. IHSAN SUBHANI
AR. ADNAN AHMAD KHAN

2. DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE CECOS UNIVERSITY
PESHAWAR
Acknowledgements
I avail this opportunity to extend my hear-felt gratitude to all those who
helped me in the completion of this project. I am indebted to my
supervisors Ar. Ihsan Subhani and Ar. Adnan Ahmad Khan for their
sustained guidance and painstaking supervision. They deserve my profound
appreciation.
I would be failing in my duty if I do not express my thankfulness to my
father Prof. Dr. Fakhr-ul-Islam, currently performing as Director Pakistan
Study Centre University of Peshawar who imparted to me the knowledge of
research methodology and report writing .

3. I am also grateful to my friends…for their company and support
Sohaib Fakhar
ABSTRACT
ENERGY EFFICIENT HOUSE USING PASSIVE COOLING &
HEATING TECHNIQUES was a project assigned to me by the Department
of Architecture CECOS University Peshawar. Immediately after the site
selection, the research phase started which began with the climatic data of
the region where the site was selected i.e. Peshawar.
The annual rainfall, humidity, temperature levels and daylight hours
of Peshawar were studied. In Peshawar, out of 12 months of the year,
almost 8 months fall in summer. Besides, there is electricity crisis in
Pakistan which has affected Peshawar badly. The electricity requirement of
Pakistan is 14000 Megawatts, while production of electricity in peak season
(June-September) drops down to 8000 MW thereby registering a shortfall of
6000 MW. This shortfall is shifted to consumers which results frequent and
long power outages,

4. Keeping in view these two reasons, there is a dire need to design
buildings, especially houses which are energy efficient. In the project in
hand, a site was selected in phase 7 of Hayatabad Township Peshawar. After
studying topography, ecology and other aspects, an energy efficient house
was designed. The house was designed mainly for summer, through passive
heating .Techniques, such as window orientation and psiagraphy of the
building were applied. However, the main focus was on passive cooling for
summer. In this way the issue of saving energy was successfully addressed.

5. TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER-1
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
• Scope of Research
• Aims and Objectives
• Methodology
CHAPTER-2
2.0 Data Analysis and research
2.1 Summary
CHAPTER-3
3.0 Conclusions & Recommendations
• Conclusions

6. • Findings
• Research Limitations
• Main Contributions
• Recommendations for further research.
APPENDIX
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
To start with a site was selected in Phase 7 Sector E- of Hayatabad
Township Peshawar. Phase 7 lies at a distance of 01 kilometer to the west of
CECOS University College of Engineering. The reason for selecting
Hayatabad for this kind of project was easy access and financial
affordability. If one selects a rural area for this type of project that may futile
exercise as people in rural areas cannot afford constructing state-of-the-art
energy efficient houses.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

7. The aims and objectives of this project are given below.
• To bring the discipline of Architecture at par with social
requirements, and solved a burning issue confronting the society
• To design a house which is Energy Efficient and cost effective
• To add new ideas to existing humans knowledge
• To share with community the idea of energy efficient housing with an
aim to popularize in Hayatabad and elsewhere.
METHODOLOGY
It is a type of discripto-analytical research where in details of the
designed house are described and analyzed. Major activity was carried
out in field or site of the project. For collection of data, primary and
secondary sourced were consulted. The primary source was the selection
of site, measurement, design etc, while secondary sources were books,
periodicals, reports and Internet
CHAPTER-2
2.0 Data Analysis and Results:

8. First of all a site was selected in Phase 7 of Hayatabad Township of an
area 6640 sq.ft or approximately 1 kanal. The reason for selecting
Hayatabad for this kind of project was easy access and financial
affordability. Moreover, the residents of Hayatabad are relatively educated
and aware as compared to other parts of Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa. They might
be potential buyers of this relatively new concept of Energy Efficient
housing. This project could have been executed in a rural area but that
would be quite an alien idea for the dwellers of rural area. Similarly their
financial position would not allow them to go for Energy efficient houses.
Collecting data.
I started with collection of data in the region where the site was
selected i-e Peshawar. Annual rain fall, humidity levels over the year, annual
temperature, comfort levels and day light hours were studied and collected
from different sources. (figure and charts of the above statistics is given in
Appendix----).After taking into account weather of the region, the next step
was to suggest / apply suitable techniques for passive cooling as the summer
falls about 8 months of the total 12 months which is almost 80 % of the
whole calendar year.
The study included different types of cooling techniques
such as, green roofs, ground covers, cavity walls, use of courtyards, wind

9. towers, earth tubes etc. A seminar was also attended on the above
mentioned topics. Case studies of Sethi House in Peshawar, and the Energy
Efficient house by Dr. Shakeel Qureshi, Lahore were also consulted. After
collecting and analyzing the data, it was transmitted to paper and the
sketching process was launched. A concept was derived from Air waves and
the building was aligned to the wind direction. The passive cooling
techniques used were cavity walls, green roofs, and earth tubes. Details of
which are following.
EARTH TUBES :
How They are Supposed to Work
Cooling tubes are long, underground metal or plastic pipes through which air
is drawn. The idea is that as the air travels through the pipes, it gives up
some of its heat to the surrounding soil, entering the house as cooler air. This
will occur only if the earth is at least several degrees cooler than the
incoming air.
A cooling tube system uses either an
open- or closed-loop configuration. In
an open-loop system, outdoor air is
drawn into the tubes and delivered
directly to the inside of the home.
This system provides ventilation
while hopefully cooling the home's
interior. In a closed-loop system

10. interior air circulates through the earth cooling tubes. An alternative is to
direct the cooled air from either type of system into a mechanical air
conditioning system to reduce the air conditioner's cooling load.
A closed loop does not exchange air with the outside; instead the system
recirculates the home's air through the earth cooling tubes. This makes the
closed loop system more efficient than an open loop design, since it does not
require as high a degree of dehumidification as an open loop system.
Design Considerations
Tube Material
The main considerations in selecting tube material are cost, strength,
corrosion resistance, and durability. Tubes made of aluminum, plastic, and
other materials have been used. The choice of material has little influence on
thermal performance. PVC or polypropylene tubes perform almost as well as
metal tubes; they are easier to install, and are more corrosion resistant.
Tube Diameter
Optimum tube diameter varies widely with tube length, tube costs, flow
velocity, and flow volumes. Diameters between 6 and 18 inches (15.2 and
45.7 centimeters) appear to be most appropriate.
Tube Location
Earth temperatures and, consequently, cooling tube performance vary
significantly from sunny to shady locations. Where possible, the inlets in
open loop systems and the cooling tubes themselves should be placed in
shady areas.
Tube Depth

11. Tubes should be buried at least 6 feet (1.8 meters) below grade. Only rarely
is burying them more than 12 feet (3.7 meters) justifiable. When digging
trenches at these depths, cave-ins are an extreme hazard, and appropriate
precautions should be taken.
Earth Temperature
The temperature of the earth at depths of 20–100 feet (6.1–30.5 meters)
remains about two to three degrees higher than the mean annual air
temperature. At depths less than 10–12 feet (3.1–3.7 meters), earth
temperatures may be strongly influenced by air temperatures and may vary
during the year, depending on the locale. Near the surface, earth
temperatures closely correspond to air temperatures.
Tube Length
There is no simple formula for determining the proper tube length in relation
to the amount of cooling desired. Local soil conditions, soil moisture, tube
depth, and other site-specific factors should be considered to determine the
proper length.
Soil Properties
The amount of heat conducted and how widely it is diffused varies from one
soil type to another. The moisture content of the soil is a major influence on
conductivity and diffusivity, and accounts for large variations on how heat
moves through the earth.

12. Insects and rodents may enter the tubes of an open-loop system. You should
install a sturdy grille and insect screen at the tube inlet to deter potential
intruders.
Economics
Earth cooling tube systems can be very expensive. Considering current
electric power rates and the cost of materials and labor, it is unlikely that an
earth cooling tube installation can be justified on economic grounds alone.
GREEN ROOFS :
A greenroof is a ‘contained’ space on top of a man-made structure.
‘Greenroof’ is often used to describe many other landscape & architectural
treatments:
•Rooftop Garden
•Living Roof
•Turf Roof
•Sod Roof
•Eco-Roof
•Garden Roof
With current technological know how,greenroofs can be located on a variety
of structures: atop underground parking garages, office buildings, hotels,
residences, bridges, schools and even building edges. Generally, there are
two different kinds of greenroofs:

13. Typical Greenroof Design
The basic components of
a greenroof should
include four essential
layers:
•Waterproofing Layer
•Drain Layer
•Soil Layer
•Plant Layer
Each roof is unique! The success of a greenroof depends on the thorough
understanding of all components and also the specific needs & conditions of
the particular site. Before any components are added to a roof, the structural
weight limits must be determined by a professional.
I also applied an innovative and self thought technique i.e. using the
drainage water of the green roofs and passing it through a material in a
medium which was placed in the direction of the air thereby passing air
through it. As the air would pass through the cool droplets of water, which in
turn are cooled in the process. Subsequently the cool air enters the house
and is distributed evenly all over the house. Since various parts of the house
were designed in split levels , therefore each space gets a direct air gain due
to these split levels . The other innovation and self thought technique was
that water from the roof to that cooling medium will travel in cut-to-half

14. bamboo or long wooden stems. To the back they are part of the cooling
process while to the front they are used for multi purpose i-e shade and
ornamentation. Further the house was also provided with backup facility
through solar panels. Which would provide backup whenever the main light
source is not available. Or one could rest the main source and wholly use the
solar panels for energy source.
The planning was completed and sections were drawn including
sections of the green roof and drainage. The elevations and 3D view of the
house was the final step to the project completion as that would give a better
understanding of how the house would look like in reality if at all it was
built.
2.1 SUMMARY
The energy crisis in Pakistan made it a dire need to design a house that was
energy efficient and would reduce the cost of the utility bills or the amount
spend on HVAC (Heating Ventilating & Air Conditioning) systems. For the
desired purpose a site in the area of phase 7 Hayatabad Township was
selected. And energy efficient house was designed using passive solar
techniques. More emphasis was on passive cooling as 8 out of the total 12
months of the year fall in summer. However passive
Heating techniques were also used such as studying of sun angles and
siagraphy of the building to the winter sun were designed. The house
designed was powered by a solar panel for solar energy backup in load
shedding. The house was designed with the given requirements and basic
comforts for summer and winter severe temperatures.

15. CHAPTER-3
1.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
FINDINGS
• Pakistan in general and Peshawar in particular are confronted with
extreme weather and energy crisis
• One solution to Energy crisis is designing Energy Efficient buildings
which I successfully accomplished
• Different design techniques and types such as, Earth tubes, green roof
and wind catchers were effectively applied.

16. MAIN CONTRIBUTIONS
As this was a learning project so new ideas needed for further
improvement of the concept of Energy Efficient housing.
My personal and special contribution was a unique technique i-e use of
drainage water from the green roof gardens and passing it through certain
material in a medium. From that material air is passed and cooled. The
medium was in the direction of wind path.
Secondly, wooden stems cut to half longitudinally were used for this
process to pass water to the medium and for shading and ornamentation
purposes. The above techniques were innovative self thoughts. However, the
possibility of these techniques with previously implemented designs may not
be ruled out.
RESEARCH LIMITATIONS
• Limitations in terms of time as there was less time available and more
research needed to be conducted
• This was a typical urban project and could not be implemented in
rural areas.
• Non availability of adequate literature was another area making my
task challenging.

17. • Non-conducive environment for research despite the fact that
Hayatabad is a posh area. Nevertheless I faced difficulties in taking
photographs and measurement of the site.
RECOMMENDATION FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
• Universities and Research and Development Institutions(R & D Is)
should own the idea of Energy Efficient housing. They should work
on it. The idea may be extended from single house to Energy efficient
townships
• Research is also required to expand this idea of Energy Efficient
houses to rural areas by making them cost effective and affordable for
people with low income.
• This idea should not be confined to residential houses only but should
be extended to Government buildings , mosques , shopping malls and
the like
• Normally research conducted in universities and Research and
Development Institutions(R & DIs) does not see light of the day and is
buried in the dust of time. It is highly recommended that this type of

18. research should be shared and disseminated with other academic
institutions and nation building departments so that society benefits
from it to the optimum level.
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