18812 behavioural science ch1

BEHAVIOURAL
ADJUSTMENTS
&
POSITIVE OUTCOME

• Have you ever faced a person whom you
failed to understand?
• Have you ever been misunderstood as a
person ?
• Have you ever been frustrated by people
who looked, behaved, thought or felt very
different than you?
• Have you ever looked down on someone
who behaved, thought or felt differently?
Why Study Behavioural Science

Why Study Behavioural Science
 To become self-aware and have a deeper
understanding about others.
 Improving pre dictability and self-
confidence
 To determine how and why people
behave the way they do.
 Avoiding or managing conflicts
 Building good relationships
 Effective utilization of human resources
 Improving the quality of life and work
environment


Behaviour
 Behaviour is response of the person to
various stimuli or inputs, whether internal
or external, conscious or subconscious.
 It is shaped by biological factors , belief,
attitude, social environment
 When we see any person In problem we rush
to help. That is our social environment

Adjustment
 Human responses both mental and
behavioural to cope with different
situations and problems.
 Reaction to the demands and pressures
of the social environment imposed upon
the individuals
 How efficiently an individual can perform
his/her duties in different circumstances.
 Adjustment can be for Vocational, Social
and Economical problems.

Maladjustment
 If an individual is unable to adjust to his internal
and external environment than he shows the
symptoms of maladjustment.
Symptoms of Maladjustment
 Physical Symptoms- scratching of head ,biting
nails, rocking of feet, drumming with fingers
 Behaviourdeviations-Aggression,
lying,bullying,hyperactivity and negativism
 Emotional Symptoms: Excessive worry, feeling
of inferiority,anxiety,hatred,temper tantrums,
conflicts .

Unhealthy Behaviour-Fourkillers
of an organisation
1. Submissive Behaviour–
 Yielding to someone else preferences while
discounting your own rights and needs.
 Not expressing your feelings to others
 Phobic and anxiety prone people afraid of
losing the person they are dependant on often
exhibit this behaviour
 They tend to be nice and pleasing to
everybody

of an organisation Contd…
2. Aggressive Behaviour-Communicating with
others in demanding, abrasive or hostile way.
 Showing insensitiveness to others rights and
feelings.
 Get things done through coercion or
intimidation.
 It puts others to being defensive or fight back
behaviour rather than cooperating.

3. Passive –Aggressive Behaviour
 People instead of openly confronting an issue,
express anger in covert fashion through
passive resistance.
 e.g coming late to office to express your anger
to the boss
 Such people never communicate their wants
properly hence seldom get their results
 Such behaviour leave other people angry,
confused and resentful.

4. Manipulative Behaviour-Such persons donot
take responsibility of meeting their own
needs .
 They play sympathetic role of victim
 Openly show their anger or fake indifference.
 The person being manipulated might feel
confused and become resentful towards the
manipulator.

Healthy Behaviour-Assertive
 Assertive behaviouris when someone stand
up for his/her rights such that it does not
violate another person’s right.
 It leads to honest ,open and direct expression
of one’s views ,at the same time one
understand other person position.
 Being assertive involves self awareness and
expressing what you want and saying no to
something you do not want.
 Acting assertive is a way of developing self
respect and self worth.

Obstacles to Assertiveness
 Low Self Esteem -Self Concept builds Self
Esteem which determines the behavior.
Negative thinking and actions limits
opportunities
 Inability to handle Conflict-People who fear
conflict avoid asserting themselves in stressful
situations.It is the aggressive behaviour which
leads to conflicts rather than assertive
behaviour.
 PoorCommunication skills-Inability to
respond to various situations leads to negative

Handling Conflicts
 Handling conflicts through Assertive
behaviour:
1. Bring conflict into the open where the
communication process can continue.
2. Try for win-win situation.
3. Try to negotiate to solve problems in an
environment of mutual respect.
4. Recognize personal rights while respecting the
rights of others.
5. E.g “This is how I see it”,This is what I think.

Handling Conflicts
 Handling Conflicts through Aggressive
behaviour:
1. Become defensive.
2. Discount feelings of others “I AM RIGHT”
3. Interested in a WIN situation at the expense of
relationship.
4. Use anger to control.
5. Try to manipulate.
6. E.g I want the project to be completed in a
week time no matter what!

Advantages of Assertive behaviour
 Close working relationships.
 Greater confidence in ourselves.
 Greater confidence in others.
 Increased self responsibility.
 Increased self control.
 Savings in time and energy.
 An increased chance of everyone winning.

Eternal Happiness
• ‘Eternal happiness’ means that the nature of
the soul is already Happy, Peaceful and
Blissful.
• Our life is simply a reflection of our actions. If
you want more love in the world, create more
love in your heart. If you want more
competence in your team, improve your
competence.
• Life will give you back everything you have
given to it. Your life is not a coincidence. It is a
reflection of you!

YOUR LIFE IS A REFLECTION
OF YOU
 A Son and his father were walking on the
mountain.Suddenly his son falls ,hurts himself and
screams ‘AAAHHHHH’.To his surprise he hears the
voice repeating somewhere in the mountain
‘AAAHHH’.
 Curious he yells :Who are you And than he screams
to the mountain ‘I Admire you’
The Voice answers ‘I Admire you’.
Angered at the response ,he screams ‘Coward’
He receives the answer ‘Coward’

 He looks to his father and asks’Whats going
on ?His father smiles and says:’My Son ,pay
attention.’
 Again the boy screams ‘You are a Champion.’
The voice answers ‘You are a Champion.’
The boy is surprised ,but he doesnot
understand.
Then his father explains:’People call this
ECHO,but really this is Life.
It gives us back everything you say or do.

HAPPINESS
 What is Happiness?
 Happiness means differently to different beings.
HAPPINESS is the state in which one feels contented,
serene, calm, positive and confident. Happiness is a
mental or emotional state of well-being, characterized
by positive or pleasant emotions ranging from
contentment to intense joy.
 Happiness stems from within us,from our way of
thinking about life.
 The happiest person are not the ones who make
money ,buy property but who cultivate the higher mind
and think interesting thoughts

 Happiness According to Buddhism
1. Happiness forms the central theme of Buddhist
teachings.
2. For ultimate freedom from suffering, the Noble
Eightfold Path leads its practitioner to Nirvana, a state
of everlasting peace.
3. Ultimate happiness is only achieved by overcoming
craving in all forms.
4. Acquiring wealth and maintaining good friendships
are also recognized as worthy goals for lay people.
5. It also encourages the generation of loving kindness
and compassion, the desire for the happiness and
welfare of all beings.

Activity 1
 What is your meaning of Happiness?Make
apositive acronym of happiness.
 What is the goal of your life to achieve
success or happiness?
 Write a positive introduction about yourself in
100 words.

Circle of Compassion
 Visualize a community, an organization or a nation in which
people compassionately treat another person expecting to be
treated in a similar way. How smoothly, how effortlessly, how
efficiently and how peacefully would the system function. The
very circle of life is arranged in a manner that causes you to
eventually become a part of the substance that you have been
extracting from.
 A plant grows from a seed, and yet the seed comes from a plant.
The plant draws upon the resources of the soil, and yet when its
life is over, it returns to that same soil. While the soil provides for
the needs of the plant, the plant provides for the needs of the
soil; both enrich each other and both are dependent upon each
other.
 What better cooperative existence can there be? You have to
give back what you get to complete the circle of life.

Live with Love
 When you love life or the world in general you
acquire the following qualities:
1. Forgiveness
2. Compassion
3. Hard work
4. Enthusiasm
5. Cooperation

Live with Love
 Forgiveness-You find it easy to forgive many
misdeedsand acquire the ability to walk ahead
rejoicing.Small obstrales ,hurts and insults or
misbehavior from people do not remain embedded in
your mind .You do not harbour ill will or feelings of
revenge against them.
 Compassion-You become a compassionate person.It
is not to be mistaken with pity.Feeling pity is feeling
superior.While if are feeling the suffering of the person
,atleast for the short time or you understand the
viewpoint of the other and help them in whatever way
you can than you are compassionate

 Hard Work-When you love something or
someone ,you work hard for the comfort or
success of that concept or person.If you love
your parents,you will respect them and
comfort them whenever necessary.
 Enthusiasm-Love creates enthusiasm.When
the negatives in your natre are washed away
by love,than your spirit soar high.The very
desire to raise from mundane circumstances
generates energy,which makes life full of
activity.

 Cooperation-When you love people
,cooperation becomes a way of life.You
empathise with everyones goals and needs
and accommodate their goals within your
own.You aim at achieving common goals
,which pool in energy and strength when they
are achieved.Sharing goals also leads to the
enrichment of friendship qn relationships.

Activity 2
 Identify the qualities of living with love in
yourself and personality.Do you possess all
five qualities?Does it help in living happily?

Effective Listening
 Effe ctive liste ning is m o re than sim ply avo iding
the bad habit o f inte rrupting o the rs while the y
are spe aking o r finishing the ir se nte nce s. It’s
be ing co nte nt to liste n to the e ntire tho ug ht o f
so m e o ne rathe r than waiting im patie ntly fo r
yo ur chance to re spo nd.
— Richard Carlso n

Myths
 Listening is easy
 Listening comes naturally
 Hearing and listening are same

Hearing is
 Hearing is the perception of all that is being
stated in accordance with one’s own frame of
reference.
 The interactant although physically present
merely responds to the spoken words without
absorbing the message

Listening Vs Hearing
 Listening is much more than trying to hear and
decipher the phonetic sounds being produced
by the sender.
 It is a matching of the mental faculties of the
sender and the receiver.
 A vital ingredient of good communication, that
is, listening, seems to have become a part of
the process of hearing.

Listening Vs Hearing
 Listening is receiving a message from a
speaker
 Processing that message to make sense out
of it.
 It is an accurate perception of all that is stated
and unstated in the communication
 Responding to show understanding of what
the speakers means
 What it’s not: is waiting patiently for our turn to
talk

 While an average person’s speaking rate is 100 to
200 words per minute, an average listener’s ability
to process messages is approximately 400 words
per minute.
 This substantial difference between the spoken and
the assimilated words leads to distraction with the
mind which leads to listening errors.

Process of Listening
Evaluating
 It consists of judging the messages in some
way. At times you may try to evaluate the
speaker’s underlying intensions or motives.
 Often this evaluation process goes on
without much conscious awareness

Process of Listening
Responding
 This stage requires that the receiver
complete the process through verbal/non
verbal feedback.Because the speaker has no
other way to determine if a message has
been received.
 This stage becomes the only overt means by
which the sender may determine the
success in dialogue

Types Of Listening
1. Passive
2. Marginal
3. Projective
4. Sensitive/Empathetic
5. Active

Types Of Listening-Passive
Passive Listening
 The physical presence but mental absence of
listener is defined as passive listening.
 All that has been said is being heard but not
really absorbed.
 There is no invasion of the thought process or
an onslought of ideas which could probably
change the trend of thinking or strengthen the
preconceived ideas of the receiver.

Types Of Listening-Marginal
Marginal Listening
 Provision of too much information can lead to
an information overload.
 Individual listens only at the superficial level
and does not try to go beyond a brief
understanding of the topics discussed.
 Receiver allows information to seep through
only in bits and pieces.
 The factor which can be attributed to this kind
of listening is fatigue or boredom

Types Of Listening-Projective
Projective Listening
 In this case the response of the receiver is in
state of restful alertness.
 Receiver has a frame of mind in which he
tries to adopt the perspective of the co
interactant
 Projective listening is an attempt by the
receiver at viewing the world or the view point
of the interactant from a limited personal
perspectives.
 The receiver tries to bring about the union

Types Of Listening-Sensitive
Sensitive/Empathetic Listening
 This is also referred as empathetic listening.
 The receiver is able to understand the view
point of the speaker in exactly similar terms as
was intended by him.
 It depends on the ability of receiver to match
his perception with those of the sender.

Types Of Listening-Sensitive
 Sensitive listening if done in isolance results in
the observance of a one sided sympathetic
stand.
 Sensitive thinking done is combination with
active listening where sensities match proves
to be an excellent form of listening.

Types Of Listening-Active
Active Listening
 The receiver absorbs all that is being said and
also makes an attempt to verify all that he has
been listening to.
 There can be rarely any chance of
miscommunication as there is participative
contribution from the receiver.

Maneuvers Of Communication
 The idea undergoes three stages prior to
being encoded in the form of message:
1.Cognitive Stage: It is a stage of thoughts and
beliefs .The sender or receiver before
commencing communication has a set of
preconceived ideas or notions on the basis of
which he begins interaction.
2. Affective Stage: It is the stage of emotions.
Sender before encoding an idea seeks the
acceptability to the recipient

Maneuvers Of Communication
3. Conative stage-It is a stage of intention or
motivation.
 Subsequent to the interaction what would be
the receiver’s intention?
 How he be motivated to act or speak?

Stages SpeakerOriented ReceiverOriented
Cognitive Getting ready with a
set of pre-conceived
idea and notions
prior to
communication
Creating awareness
with the self for
acceptance of
communication
Affective Planning
communication in
accordance with the
idea of the recipient
Getting
involved/making
evaluations and
bringing about a
change in attitude
and feelings
Conative Gauging the
intensions of the
receiver so as to
motivate him to
speak or act
Moving from the
domain of subjective
to the objective
/getting involved in
taking decision

Positive Connotations of Good
Listening
 A good listener possess a wider perspective
and will be to able to view the world in more
comprehensive manner.
 It increases the sense of competence, Listener
gain mastery over the subject to which he was
a patient recipient ,which lead to sense of
accomplishment.
 It helps in increasing the self confidence.
 Good listening leads to greater objective and
open mindedness
 It leads to decreased defensiveness a good

Essentials of Good Listening
 Positive attitude –Negative bias closes the
mind of the individual to the ongoing
proceedings. With positive attitude the
acceptance for the speaker increases.
 Concentration-It leads to careful listening and
subsequent examination of the speaker’s point
of view.
 Interaction-Interaction leads to greater
participation and hence more effective
listening.
 Question answer sequences-It leads to

Deterrents /Barriers to Listening
 Lack of Interest-If an individual is not
interested in the topic being discussed no
matter how hard it tries he could not
concentrate.
 The EGO-Superiority complex prevent an
individual from listening.
 Self Involvement-If the listener is too busy with
his thoughts or is involved with himself that he
cannot concentrate on listening.

 Lack of Self Confidence-A lot of time is wasted
in thinking about the past which was
problematic and for him present state is also
unceratin, hence looses concentration.
 Fear-Fear blocks the mind of the individual on
the ongoing activities ,he is unable to
comprehend the true importance of
proceedings or the intention of the other
participant.
 Pre Conceived Ideas-If an individual starts an
interaction with the idea that whatever other
person is saying is familiar to him than his

 Familiarity Trap-Previous knowledge of
particular topic can close our mind to the
ongoing discussion
 Stress- Under Stress mind is blocked to the
proceedings and it become difficult to
concentrate.

Understanding Self and Personality

Self
Your VIEW of
yourself - -

Self Concept
 It denotes the individual’s image of the kind of
person He/She is.
 Includes Awareness of being –What I AM
 Awareness about Function –What I CAN DO
 It includes not only our perception of what we
are like but also what we think we ought to be
and would like to be…………(Ideal Self)

Self Concept
The two ways in which we perceive
ourselves are as follows:
 Negative self-concept
 Positive self-concept

Negative self-concept
 People see themselves as failures
 Have a negative, pessimistic image of
themselves.
 Negative feelings flow spirally downwards
and encompasses all the person’s
thoughts, actions and relationships
 People with negative self concept try to
complain constantly and find it difficult to
accept criticism.

You feel uncertain and
uncomfortable about yourself
- - -
you fear possible rejection
Negative self-concept

Positive Self Concept
 People with positive self concept believe
in themselves.
 Are confident about their ability to deal
with problems, making decisions.
 Have respect for themselves and expect it
from others.
 These people are realistic in their
assessment and can admit wide range of
feeling , behaviours and needs.

You see yourself
as a
LOVEABLE and
WORTHWHILE
person…
Positive Self Concept

Building Self Concept
Four Steps to build Self Concept :
 Self Awareness
 Self Acceptance
 Self Realization
 Self Disclosure

Self Awareness
WHO AMI?
 Knowledge
 Skills
 Health
 Family
 Social Commitments
 Responsibilities
 Interests
 Likes and Dislikes

Self Awareness
Where I come from?
A thorough knowledge of background helps us
to understand our past. These factors could be
family, geographical location and ancestry.

Self Awareness
Where I am going?
This relates to our dreams and ambitions,
choice of career and vocation
What is stopping me?
Knowing barriers to our Progress
/development
 Poor problem solving skills
 Lack of clarity of goals
 Negative self concept etc

Self Awareness
How will I get There?
 Making Plans to achieve goals. Planning of
success involves aspects like discipline ,clear
cut goals, time management ,values and
ethics.
What Help do I need
 Resources needed to achieve success in our
endeavors such as finances ,time, support
system, access to required material resources
and authority.

What Will be it like when I get There?
What will it be like when we get what we want,
Visualizing such images will strengthen our
capacity to resolve problems and initiate our
commitment towards the goal.

Activity
 What do you think about life? Is the world
friendly, threatening ,exciting etc?
 What would you want other people to think
about you? Will you try to live up to that label?
 What do you think about others?
 Which is the best work of your entire life?
 What kind of a person does your family
perceive you as?
 How would you define yourself in one line?

Self Acceptance
 Through self awareness we become aware of
who we really are rather than the person we
would wish to be.
 Self acceptance is accepting our own ‘Self’
 Self acceptance doesnot mean being smug,
complacement and uncritical .
 We build on the qualities we are satisfied with
and work to change or improve the ones we
are not happy with.
 It drives the inner growth of a personality.
 When I accept myself as I am ,then I change-

Self Realization
 Realizing our inner potentialities.
 It is a willingness to pursue our ideal self on
our own ,to grow and to change because we
think it is important.
 We know what we want to do,what is right for
us .
 Consequently we set and maintain personal
standards and are open to new experiences.

Self Disclosure
 Self disclosure is the process of letting another
person know what you think ,feel and want.
 It includes all kind of information :life
experiences ,personal circumstances
,feelings ,dream , opinion.
 Self disclosure leads to self contentment.
 It helps a person to be more perceptive
,adaptive ,competant ,extrovert trusting and
positive towards others.

T-E-A Model of Understanding
Self
Integrated Self

Self
 The way we think,feel and act defines our
personality and behaviour.
 T-E-A Model helps us to understand our self
and personality in totality.
 The more integrated we are in thougths
,emotions and actions the more integrated
personality is developed.
 While more disintegrated are our
thoughts,emotion and actions the more
disintegrated is our personality.

Self
Thoughts
Actions
Emotion
s
Disintegrated Self

Self
 Integrated self leads to assertive and
confronting behaviour.
 Disintegrated self leads to defensive and
aggressive behaviour

Johari Window of
Understanding Self
 Johari Window model for self awareness was
developed by Luft and Ingham in 1950
 Two main dimensions for understanding self
1) Those aspects of our behaviour that are
known to us (Self).
2) Those aspects of our behaviour that are
known to those with whom we interact (others)

Johari Window of
Understanding Self

Technique for Understanding
Self
Personal Effectiveness Scale:
 PES is a reliable psychometric tool to assess
the level of personal effectiveness in
behaviour and personality.
 It measure personal effectiveness on three
dimensions-
1. Self disclosure
2. Openness to feedback
3. Perceptiveness

Three Dimensions Of Personal
Effectiveness
Self Disclosure-
 The process of letting another know what you
think ,feel or want.
 It is one of the important ways you let yourself
be known to others.
 The primary goal of self disclosure is to build a
strong and healthy intrapersonal and
interpersonal relations.
 It increases self awareness.
 It helps to develop closer,deeper ,more helpful

Effectiveness
Openness to Feedback:
 It is a quality of being open to what others say
which we may not be aware ,and this
contributes to effectiveness.
 Pfeiffer and Jones suggested
 i) Strategic Openness –Appropriate Sharing
 ii) Destructive Openness –Inappropriate
sharing.
 Negative feedback creates dissonance with
self image. One tends to use defensive

Effectiveness
Perceptiveness
 The Extent to which one shares ideas,
feelings, experiences and various other
personal data with others.
 Ability to pickup non verbal cues from others.
 Checking others reaction to what is said.
 Sensing and responding accurately to the
environment.

Self Esteem
 Self Esteem is positive thinking about oneself
 We accept our personal strengths and
weaknesses without undue self criticism.
 We respect ourselves and acknowledge our
own dignity and value as a unique human
being.
 We trust ourselves ,our behaviour and feelings
are consistent enough to give an inner sense
of continuity despite challenges in our external
environment.

Self Esteem
 We believe in ourselves that we deserve to
have the good things in life.
 We love ourselves ,we feel good about
ourselves.
 Positive self-esteem is the immune system of
the spirit, helping an individual face life
problems and bounce back from adversity

Where Does Self-EsteemCome From?

Where Does Self-Esteem Come
From?
 Our self-esteem develops and evolves
throughout our lives as we build an image of
ourselves through our experiences with
different people and activities.
 Experiences during our childhood play a
particularly large role in the shaping of our
basic self-esteem.

From?
 When we were growing up, our successes
(and failures) and how we were treated by the
members of our immediate family, by our
teachers, religious authorities, and by our
peers, all contributed to the creation of our
basic self-esteem.

From?
 Our past experiences, even the things we
don't usually think about, are all alive and
active in our daily life in the form of an Inner
Voice.
 For people with healthy self-esteem the
messages of the inner voice are positive and
reassuring .
 For people with low self-esteem, the inner
voice becomes a harsh inner critic, constantly
criticizing, punishing, and belittling their
accomplishments.

What are the signs of low self-
esteem?

esteem?
Persons withlow self-esteem:
 Consider themselves lost, unworthy of being
cared for.
 Are poor risk takers.
 Are typically unassertive in their behavior with
others.

esteem?
 Are fearful of conflict with others.
 Are hungry for the approval of others.
 Are poor problem solvers.
 Have a tendency to think irrationally.
 Are susceptible to all kinds of fears.

esteem?
 Have a tendency to become emotionally stuck
and immobilized.
 Have a poor "track record" in school or on the
job.
 Are unable to affirm or to reinforce themselves
positively.

esteem?
 Are unable to make an honest assessment of
their strengths, qualities, and good points; they
find it difficult to accept compliments or
recognition from others.
 Have poorly defined self-identities
 Are insecure, anxious, and nervous when they
are with others.
 Often become overcome with anger about
their status in life and are likely to have
chronic hostility or chronic depression

esteem?
 Have a tendency to overreact and become de-
energized by resentment, anger, and the
desire for revenge
 Fulfill roles in their families that are counter-
productive and maladaptive. These roles
carry over into their adult lives.

esteem?
 Are vulnerable to mental health problems and
have a propensity to use addictive behavior to
medicate their hurt and pain. Such addictive
behavior can include alcohol, drugs, food,
gambling, shopping, smoking, workaholism, or
the search for excitement, truth, wisdom, and
a guru with an easy guide to the achievement
of happiness.

Positive self-esteem:
PeoplewithPositiveself-esteem:
 Have a productive personality; they achieve
success to the best of theirability in school,
work, and society.
 Have a healthy self-concept. Their perception
of themselves is harmonized with the picture
of themselves they project to others.

 Are capable of being creative, imaginative
problem solvers; of being risk takers, optimistic
in their approach to life and in the attainment of
their personal goals.
 Are able to state clearly who they are, what their
future potential is, and to what they are
committed in life. They are able to declare what
they deserve to receive in their lifetime
Positive self-esteem:

Positive self-esteem
 Are able to accept the responsibility for and
consequences of their actions. They do not
resort to shifting the blame or using others as
scapegoats for actions that have resulted in a
negative outcome.
 Are leaders and are skillful in dealing with
people. They are neither too independent nor
too dependent on others.

 Are altruistic. They have a legitimate concern
for the welfare of others. They are not self-
centered or egotistical in their outlook on life.
 Have healthy coping skills. They are able to
handle the stresses in their lives in a
productive way.
 They have a good sense of humor and are
able to keep a balance of work and fun in their
lives.

 They are goal-oriented with a sense of
balance in working toward their goals. They
know from where they have come, where they
are now, and where they are going.

Dual Pillars of Self Esteem
Dual pillars
 Self Efficacy-A sense of Personal Efficacy
 Self Respect- A sense of personal worth

Self Efficacy
Self efficacy –Confidence in the ability to cope
with life challenges.
 Cognitive self trust.
 Cognitive self reliance.
 Confidence in the functioning of our mind.
 Confidence in our ability to think
 Confidence in the process by which we judge,
choose or decide.
 Confidence in our ability to understand the
facts of reality that falls within the sphere of
our interests and needs.

Self Efficacy
 Experiencing self efficacy generates a sense
of control over one’s life that we associate with
psychological well being.

Self Respect
Self Respect-
 Acknowledge our own dignity and value as a
unique being.
 Having an affirmative attitude towards our right
to live and to be happy.
 Comfort in appropriately asserting our
thoughts.
 Benefits:
 Self respect makes possible to form a
benevolent ,non neurotic sense of community
with other individuals.

Eight Factors for Building Self
Esteem
1 .Value Yourself-Value yourself as you are at
this moment. Avoid perfectionism, instead
strive to improve
2. When your worst enemy is you- Stop being
hard on yourself and expecting too much from
yourself.
3. Goal setting builds self esteem :Deciding what
we want to achieve by setting our goals.
 Goal setting raises our self esteem as it:
i) Challenges you to overcome patterns of failure
or limitations

Esteem
 Allows you to be more tolerant of failure in
other areas of life.
 Give you confidence to set increasingly daring
goals to explore areas you have neglected.
 Make you see life as a part of a process.
Acheiving goal will not make your life
perfect ,but it will improve it.
 Allow you to get on with your personal
development.

Esteem
4. Giving up the past: Whatever had happended
in the past could not be changed .Hence learn
from the past events and focus on present.
5 Clearing old beliefs :
i. Accept yourself compassionately for having a
belief
ii. Make yourself ready to let go of it as it is
limiting ,self destructive and untrue.

Esteem
6. Letting go of past criticisms: Critism can
constrict us we should use positive
affirmations to get freedom from them.
7. Offering forgiveness: Any unexpressed feeling
of anger,resentment and desire for revenge
doesnot allow us to forget past problems.
Forgiveness helps in regaining ourselves by
getting free from those thoughts
8.Achieving freedom from the four killers of self
esteem: Guilt, fear,resentment and being
critical towards ourselves destroys our self
esteem.We need to free ourselves from these

Ten attitudes for building self
esteem
1. Be your own best friend : Encourage and
love yourself .Do not expect yourself to be
perfectionist.
2. Take time to enjoy life: Choose something
that you enjoy and schedule it into your life.
3. Let go of the past : Let go any form of hurt,
anger ,guilt that bothers you.
4. Set goals for your life: Set goals and review
them
5. Talk positively to yourself: Use affirmations to
give your subconscious a powerful positive

esteem
6 Visualise your successful behaviour: Visualise
yourself achieving your goal. Experience the
emotions and enjoyment of accomplishing
what you have set out to do.
7. Make choices for your life: You are free to
choose how you want to live the rest of your
life.
8. Network with others :Learn to rely on others
for information ,support and role behaviour.
9. Write your own family script: Decide what role
you want to play in your family rather than

esteem
10. Accept yourself as you are: Love yourself
physically ,mentally and emotionally.

Attitude
 Attitude- It is a free disposition of behavioral
pattern to respond in a positive or negative
way to someone or something in one’s
environment and life.
 It is a manner in which an individual feels
about something –person,place,situation or an
idea,and conveys an expression of positive or
negative feelings about the same.
 It is the predisposition of the individual to
evaluate some object in favourable or an
unfavourable manner.

 Most of attitudes are unconsciously held.
 A person can simultaneously held inconsistent
attitudes towards the same object or atleast
towards aspects which are not clearly
discriminated from one another
Attitude may be regarded as varying in several
ways:
 Direction –For or against something
 Degree – Favourableness.To be neutral in
attitude is to be indifferent to the object.


Characteristics of an attitude
Characteristics of an Attitude
 Valence –Magnitude or degree of
favorableness or unfavourableness
towards an object.
 Indifferent –Low valence
 Extremely favourable or unfavourable -
High Valence

 Multiplexity- Number of elements constituting
attitude.
E.g Employee A simply feel loyal to an
organisation
Employee B feel loyal,respectful,fearful and
dependant to an organisation
 Relation to needs –
Attitude of people towards the movie may serve
only entertainment need while attitude of people
towards a task may serve strong need of
security , achievement, recognition and

 Centrality – Importance of the object to
the individual.
 Attitudes that have high centrality are less
suspectible to change.
 Attitude affect behaviour –People have
natural tendency to maintain consistency
between their attitude and behaviour.
 Attitude can lead to intended behaviour if
there is no external intervention.

 Attitudes are invisible:Attitude constitute
a psychological phenomenon which
cannot be directly observed.
 We may observe an attitude indirectly by
observing its consequences.
 E.g If people are highly productive ,we
may infer that they have positive attitude
towards work.

 Attitudes are acquired: Attitudes are
gradually learnt over a period of time. In
the childhood the role of family in shaping
an attitude is significant.
 Attitudes are pervasive-Attitudes are
formed in the process of socialisation and
may relate to anything in the world.

Components of an Attitude
Attitude comprises three vital components:
 Affective (feelings)
 Cognitive (thinking)
 Overt/behaviour (action).

 Affective Component
 The affective or feeling component refers
to the emotions associated with an
attitude object. It basically consists of the
‘feeling’ people have towards an attitude
object. According to McGinnies, ‘it is an
emotional component that develops as a
conditioned response by association with
stimuli that have either punishing or
rewarding effects’.

Affective Component
 This component is concerned with
evaluation and emotions and is expressed
as like or dislike, good or bad, pleasing or
displeasing, favourable or unfavourable.
 The expression of love ,warmth and
hatred also belong to affective
component.

Cognitive Component
 Cognitive component represents the
beliefs of the person about an attitude
object.The beliefs may be based on
learning experiences, rumours,
misunderstanding or any other
information
 Cognitive component consists of
individual perception ,beliefs and ideas
about an object.

 According to Krech,Chrutcheild Ballachery
,the most critical cognitions incorporated
into the system of attitude are the
evaluating beliefs that take account of
good /bad,desirable /undesirable,
favourable /unfavourable qualities
Cognitive Component

Overt Component
 Overt component is also known as
‘behavioural ‘ component.
 It is concerned with the way we intend to
behave towards a particular attitude
object.
 Both affective and cognitive component
influence the way people intend to behave
towards an attitude object.

 There may be incongruence between the
affective and cognitive components.
 The affective component (feelings) may
be positive and the cognitive component
(beliefs) may be negative towards the
same object.

The emotionalThe emotional
or feelingor feeling
segment of ansegment of an
attitudeattitude
The opinion orThe opinion or
belief segmentbelief segment
of an attitudeof an attitude
An intention to behaveAn intention to behave
in a certain way towardin a certain way toward
someone or somethingsomeone or something
Components of an Attitude

Components of attitude-
Example
Cognitive =evaluation
My supervisor gave a promotion to
the co-worker who deserved it less
than me.
My supervisor is unfair
Cognitive =evaluation
My supervisor gave a promotion to
the co-worker who deserved it less
than me.
My supervisor is unfair
Affective =Feeling
I Dislike my supervisor
Affective =Feeling
I Dislike my supervisor
Behavioral =action
I am looking for other work ,I have
complained about my supervisor to
anyone who would listen
Behavioral =action
I am looking for other work ,I have
complained about my supervisor to
anyone who would listen
Negative
Attitude
towards the
supervisor

Major Components that shapes
Attitude
1)Thoughts-Thoughts determine the state of
mind.When positive or negative thoughts are
stimulated in the mind ,we consciously or
unconsciously think about the similar
situation.For e.g “I think I cannot do this job’
due to which similar feeling of helplessness
and negative attitude are expressed in
personality.

Attitude
2. Feelings –Our feelings keep our thoughts
alive.It is virtually impossible to have an
attitude without thoughts or feelings.Feelings
encourage more thoughts and keep the mind
active.
3.Action-Action is physical response to a
situation.We have a choice of taking a
positive,negative or neutral approach .For e.g
Positive..’I can’ or I will
Negative – I cannot or I won’t ,Neutral ‘I donot
want to ‘……or I donot care

Attitude
4. Expectations-Consciously or unconsciously
we formulate a set of expectations for
ourselves ,for other people and for situations
which are also referred as standard.
These expectations determine our level of
satisfaction .The higher our expectation the
more challenging it will to feel satisfied in
given situation.

Attitude
5. Perception-Our five senses and past
experiences create our perception or
interpretation of a current situation. Our
perception may or may not be an accurate
account of what actually happened.
Perception plays an important role in
formulating our thoughts and feelings and
ultimately impacts attitude formation.

Attitude
6. Energy – The amount of energy we exert in a
relationship or in a situation depends upon
how important the issue is to us.
The greater the importance the more energy
we will use to display our attitude through
words,tone of voice,facial expressions,body
language and behaviour.
Like attitudes energy can also be positive,
negative or neutral.

Formation of Attitude
 Attitudes are basically acquired through the
process of learning.
 Positive reinforcement leads to strong
intension for that attitude.
 While punishment leads to avoidance of that
attitude.

Types Of Attitudes
Three broad categories of attitude are:
1.Spectator-Some people live life by watching
what’s happening around them. They are
called spectators of life.
 Their life experiences are limited as they avoid
risk and ‘play it safe’.
 Spectators usually have a neutral attitude
about life.

Spectators with neutral attitude
Thoughts Feelings
1. The situation or the other person
Unemotional
is unimportant
2. Someone else will solve the problem
Tired
3. Change is unnecessary Content
4. The future will come and go
Indifferent
with me or without me

Types Of Attitudes
2. Critics: Critics perceive themselves as expert
in the game of life and pride themselves in
finding fault in others .They want their
complaints to be heard and understood.
 They often associate with fellow critics
because they feel comfortable in numbers.
 Critics have a negative attitude about life.

Critics with negative attitude
Thoughts Feelings
1. There is always something wrong
Anger
2. Other people cause problems Doubt
3. Change is thorn in my side
Frustration
4. A mistake is a failure
Pessimism
5. I have little or no control over
my life Hate

Types Of Attitudes
3. Players : They eagerly await opportunities to
learn something new and to grow ,both
personally and professionally.
 They take risks and are not afraid of making
mistakes
 Players have a positive attitude about life

Players with positive attitude
Thoughts Feelings
1. There is something in every situation
Happy
2. A problem is an opportunity to do
something different
Confident
3. Change is a sign of growth
Satisfied
4. A mistake is valuable step towards
Optimistic

Example
 A team was formulated to plan this year’s
Annual function.
 The spectator’s in the team will attend every
meeting but will not take an active part in the
discussion or volunteer to accept any
responsibility.
 They may also attend the meetings to get out
of work.
 Critics will spend more time in complaining
about last year’s function and criticising the
parameters of this year’s function

Example
 They will be the first to shoot down the ideas
of other people for improving the function.
 Players will engage themselves in the
planning and execution of the function.
 They will follow through and make sure that
good ideas get implemented and tasks get
completed .i.e they ‘take the ball and run with
it’.

Benefits of positive attitude
 Helps in getting a better job or a promotion
 Acheiving a personal or professional growth.
 Satisfy or retain a customer.
 Successfully complete a project.,
 Maintain good relations with people.

Consequences of Negative
attitude
 Lose job
 Fail to achieve personal or professional goals.
 Lose a customer
 Ruin a relationship
 Not considered for promotion

Consequences of Neutral
attitude
 Miss out an opportunity
 Fail to learn new skills ,gain needed
knowledge
 Become stagnant at a job or carrer.
 Fail to develop new relationships.
 Be excluded from an activity.

EMOTIONAL
INTELLIGENCE
AND
COMPETENCE

What Are Emotions?
 Intense feelings of any kind that areIntense feelings of any kind that are
directed at someone or something.directed at someone or something.
 Emotions are private experiences.
 Emotions root impulses to act.

Dozen of emotions are there
including
 Anger
 Contempt
 Enthusiasm
 Fear
 Frustration
 Hate
 Hope
 Jealousy
 Joy
 Love
 Pride
 Surprise

Researchers have agreed on 6
essentially universal emotions:
 Anger
 Fear
 Sadness
 Happiness
 Disgust
 Surprise

EI-Emotional Intelligence and
Competence
 Emotional intelligence is a type of social
intelligence that involves the ability to monitor
one’s own and others’ emotions, to
discriminate among them and to use the
information to guide one’s thinking and actions
(Mayer and Salovey).
 Knowing what feels good ,what feels bad and
how to get from bad to good..
 It also refers to emotional awarenesss and
emotional management skills which provide
the ability to balance emotion and reason to

Components of EI
1. Intrapersonal Intelligence- Inside out
approach
1. It is the ability to turn inward capacity to form
an accurate understanding of oneself.
2. This enable us to use this understanding of
self to operate effectively in daily life

Component of Intra personal
intelligence
A. Knowing One’s Emotions
 Emotional Awareness – It is the recognition of
how our emotions affect our performance and
ability to use our values to guide decision
making.
 This includes the following:
1. Knowing which emotions we are feeling and
why.
2.Realising the link between our feeling and
what we think ,do and say.
3. Recognizing how our feelings affect our

Component of Intra personal intelligenc
 Accurate Self Assessment-It is a candid sense
of our personal strengths and limits ,a clear
vision of where we need to improve and the
ability to learn from experience.
This includes the following:
1.Being aware of our strengths and
weaknesses.
2. Being reflective ,learning from experience.
3. Being open to candid feedback ,new
perspectives , continuous learning and self
development.

intelligence
Self Confidence
 It is the courage that comes from a certainty
about our capabilities, values and goals. This
helps us to
1. Present ourselves with ‘Self assurance’
2.Voice views that are unpopular and to go out
what is right.
3. Be decisive and able to make sound
decisions despite uncertainties and pressures.

B. Motivating Oneself
1.Achievement drive:
 Achievement drive is striving to improve or
meet a standard of excellance .People with
achievement drives:
1. Are result oriented
2. Set Challenging goals and take calculated
risks.
3. Pursue information to reduce uncertainty and
find ways to do better.
intelligence

2. Commitment -
 People with commitment :
1. Readily make sacrifices to meet larger
organisational goals.
2. Find a sense of purpose in larger mission.
3. Use group’s core values in making decisions
and clarifying choices.
4. Actively seek out opportunities to fulfill the
group mission
intelligence

intelligence
3. Initiative and Optimism-
These are the twin competencies that mobilize
people to seize opportunities and allow them
to take setbacks and obstacles in stride.
Initiative: The qualities of people who take
initiatives are as follows:
 They are ready to seize opportunities
 They pursue goals beyond what is required or
expected from them

intelligence
 They cut through the red tape and bend the
rules when necessary to get the job done.
 They mobilise others through unusual
,enterprising efforts.
Optimism: The qualities of optimist people are
as follows:
 They persist in seeking goals despite
obstacles and setbacks
 They operate from hope of success rather
than fear of failure

intelligence
 They see setbacks as manageable
circumstances rather than a personal flaw.

intelligence
C. Managing Emotions:
 This relates the ability to handle uncomfortable
emotions once we have accepted we are
feeling them.
 When we are depressed ,we can manage it by
not beating ourselves up about it but by
switching to a caring mode.Reading a good
book,preparing a nice meal ,planning a
vacation –whatever it takes to make us feel
better

intelligence
 Self Control –Self control is managing
disruptive emotions and impulses
effectively.People with self control :
1. Manage their impulse feeling and distressing
emotions well.
2. Stay composed , positive and undisturbed in
difficult moments.
3.Think clearly and stay focused under pressure.

Component of Intra personal intelligen
Trustworthiness –
 Trustworthiness is the quality of displaying
honesty and integrity.
1. Act ethically and are above reproach.
2. Build trust through their reliability and
authenticity.
3. Admit their own mistakes and confront
unethical actions with others.
4. Take tough, principled stands even if they are
unpopular

intelligence
Conscientiousness-
It is a quality of dependability and responsibilty
in fulfilling obligations.
Such people
1.Meet commitment and keep promises.
2 Hold themselves accountable for meeting their
objectives.
3. Are organised and careful in their work.

intelligence
 Adaptability
 It is the ability to be flexible in handling
changes and challenges. They are
1. Smoothly handle multiple demands ,shifting
priorities and rapid change.
2 Adapt their responses and tactics to fit
circumstances.
3. Are flexible in how they see events.

 Innovation
 Innovation is the quality of being open to novel
ideas, approaches and new information.
Innovative people:
1. Seek out fresh ideas from a wide variety of
sources.
2. Generate new ideas.
3. Take fresh perspective and risks in their
thinking
intelligence

intelligence
A. Knowing One’s Emotions
1. Emotional Awareness
2. Accurate Self Assessment
3. Self Confidence
B. Motivating Oneself
1.Achievement drive:
2. Commitment
3. Initiative and Optimism

intelligence
C. Managing Emotions:
1.Self Control
2.Trustworthiness
3.Conscientiousness
4.Adaptability
5.Innovation

Components of EI
Inter personal intelligence –Outside in approach’
 It’s the ability to understand other people and
their overall behaviour.

Components of Interpersonal
Intelligence
A. Empathy –Recognizing Emotions in others
When we can feel with someone rather just
feel about him /her
 Understanding others –Sensing other’s
feelings and perspective and taking active
interest in their concerns:
1. Are attentive to emotional cues and listen well.
2. Show sensitivity and understand other’s
perspective as well.
3. Help out based on understanding other’s

Intelligence
 Service orientation –Capacity to anticipate
,recognise and meet customer’s
needs.Service oriented people :
1. Understand customer’s needs and match
them to services or products.
2. Seek ways to increase customer loyalty and
satisfaction.
3. Gladly offer appropriate assistance.
4. Understand the customer perspective ,act as
a trusted advisor.

Intelligence
 Developing /Mentoring others:
 Sensing other’s development needs and
bolstering their abilities.
1. Acknowledge and reward people strengths
and accomplishments.
2. Offer useful feedback and identify people’s
needs for further growth.
3. Mentor,give timely coaching ,and offer
assignments that challenge and foster a
person’s skills.

 Leveraging Diversity –
 Cultivating opportunities through diverse
people.
1. Respect and relate well to people from varied
backgrounds.
2. Understand diverse world views and be
sensitive to group differences.
3. See diversity as opportunity, creating an
environment where diverse people can thrive.
4. Challenge bias and intolerance
Intelligence

Intelligence
 Political Awareness-
 It is the ability to read the political and social
currents in the organisation.
1. Accurately read key power relationships.
2. Detect crucial social networks.
3.Understand the forces that shape views and
actions of clients ,customers or competition.
4. Accurately read organisational and external
realities.

B Handling Relationships
 Relationships which donot merely depend on
power and predefined roles require EI.
 Understanding other people emotions gives
the ability to motivate them to be effective
leaders and be spontaneous.
Intelligence

 Influence
 Influence is the wielding of effective tactics of
persuasion . Influential people.
1. Are skilled at winning the people
2. Fine tune presentations to appeal the listener.
3. Use Complex strategies such as indirect
influence to build consensus and support.
4. Use dramatic events to effectively make a
point.
Intelligence

 Communicate
 Communication is art of sending clear and
convincing messages. People with good
communication skills:
1. Are effective in give and take registering
emotional cues in attuning their message.
2.Deal with difficult issues straightforwardly
3. Listen well ,seek mutual understanding and
welcome sharing of information fully
4.Foster open communication and stay open to
bad news as well as good
Intelligence

 Conflict Management
 It is the skill of negotiating and resolving
disagreements .People with conflict
management skills.
1. Handle difficult people and situation with
diplomacy and tact.
2. Spot potential conflicts, bring disagreements
into the open and help deescalate.
3. Encourage debate and open discussion.
4 Look for win win situation
Intelligence

 Leadership :
 It is the ability of inspiring and guiding
others .People with leadership skills
1. Are articulate and arouse enthusiasm for a
shared vision and mission.
2. Step forward to lead as needed, regardless of
position.
3. Guide the performance of others while holding
them accountable.
4. Lead by example
Intelligence

 Change Catalyst
 A person who can initiate ,promote or manage
change . Change catalyst :
1. Recognise the need for change and remove
barriers
2. Challenge the status quo to acknowledge the
need of change.
3. Champian the change and enlist others in its
pursuit.
4. Model the change expected of others.
Intelligence

Intelligence
A. Empathy
1. Understanding others
2. Service orientation
3. Developing /Mentoring others
4. Leveraging Diversity
5. Political Awareness

Intelligence
B Handling Relationships
1. Influence
2. Communicate
3. Conflict Management
4. Leadership
5. Change Catalyst

Transforming Emotions
 Merely being high on EI does not necessarily
guarantee that a person would have learnt
emotional competencies. It only means that
he/she has excellent potential to learn these
competancies
 EI (Intrapersonal and interpersonal ) when
transformed into ability and skill in action
becomes emotional competence.
 The emotional competence facilitates an
individual to understand , manage and handle
oneself and others positively in various

 For e.g a person may be highly empathetic yet
he may not have acquired skills based on
empathy that translate him to superior
customer service or ability to coach or monitor
staff.
 Understanding your own emotions helps in
achieving personal and life changing
transformation.
 Transforming depression into anger ,despair
into attitudinal hope or loneliness into
connection with other living beings

 It requires our ability to transform destructive
emotions into constructive emotions .

Self Knowledge and Family
patterns
 These are two further ingredients in EI
 Self knowledge includes an understanding of
how you function emotionally.
 Do you go though many emotions in the space
of a few hours ?
 Do you tend to project your emotions on to
other people and try to fix their lives instead of
your own?

patterns
 People tend to fall into three distinctive styles
for attending to and dealing with their
emotions:
1. Self aware-
 These are the people who are aware of their
moods ,they have some sophistication about
their emotional lives.
 Their clarity of emotions may undergrid their
personality trait,they are autonomous and sure
of their boundaries
 They are in good psychological health,and

patterns
 When they are in bad mood they are not
obsessed about it and are able to get out of it
sooner.Hence their mindfullness helps them to
manage their emotions
2. Engulfed –
 These people are often swamped by their
emotions and are helpless to escape them ,as
though their mood has taken their charge.
 They are not much aware about their feelings
 They do little to try to escape bad moods
,feelings .

patterns
3. Accepting –
 Accepting people are clear about what they
are feeling and moods and so donot try to
change them
Two types:
1. Those who are usually in good moods and so
have littile motivation to change them.
2. People who despite their clarity about their
moods are susceptible to bad ones but they
do nothing to change them despite their
distress.

Stress Management
and
Prevention

Stress
 Stress is derived from latin word “Stringer”
which means “to draw tight”.
 Stress is the mental turbulence caused by an
unfulfilled desire.
 Stress is the reaction people have to
excessive pressures or other types of demand
placed upon them. It arises when they worry
that they can’t cope.
 The stress symptoms include mental, physical
and social manifestations.

Three Models of stress
 Cox identified three distinctive models of
stress:
1. Response Based Models : This model
conceived stress as a dependant variable ,i.e
response or reaction to a stressor (such as
danger or overwork)
2. Stimulus based Model: This model considered
stress as a environmental variable (such as
excessive noise, cold or task to be completed
in short time).
3. Interactive Model: These models incorporates

Stress Process
 Stress exists when an environmental situation
is perceived as presenting a demand which
threatens to exceed the person’s capabilities
and resources for meeting it
 Under conditions where an individual expects
substantial differential in the rewards and the
costs for meeting the demand versus not
meeting it.

Types of Stress
 Eustress(good)
 Distress (Bad)

Types Of Stress
1.Eustress also known as curative stress
helps us :
 Feel good.
 Makes one excited about life.
 Gives an individual a feeling of fulfillment
or contentment
 Motivates us to complete projects on time,
 Inspires creativity as we attempt to
resolves the conflicting tension we feel.

Types Of Stress
2. Distress – This is a ‘negative stress’ It is
caused by adverse events and often
influences a person’s ability to cope.
Some events leading to distress are
 Death of loved one.
 Financial problems
 Heavy work responsibility and workload.
 Strained relationships
Acute stress- Short lived
Chronic stress -pronlonged

Causes of Stress
Working
Conditions
Changes at
work
Excessive
Travel
Penalty of
mistakes
Work
Overload /
Underload
Unpleasant Conditions
Excessive and
inconvenient hours
Time pressures and
deadlines
Repetitive Hours
Physically demanding
tasks
Embarrassment
Job dissatisfaction
Threat
Smoking/drinking
Nervous reaction
Lowerself esteem
Job tension
HigherCholesterol
PoorPhysical Health
PoorMental Health
Quantitative/Qualitative
The Job

Causes of Stress-Work Related
1. Occupational demands intrinsic to the job:
The stressful jobs are those :
 Which requires making frequent decisions
 Constant monitoring of machines and materials
 Repeated exchange of information with others
 Unpleasant physical conditions
 Performing unstructured tasks

2. Role Conflict( Stress related to conflicting
demand)
 Rapid role switching
 Rapid switching from one type of activity to
another
 Boss to friend
 Law enforcer to father confessor
Although adverse effect of role conflict are less
pronounced in work settings.

3. Role ambiguity (stress resulting from uncertainty)
 When managers are uncertain about their scope of
responsiblities , what is expected about them ,
unclear job descriptions causes stress
4. Over- and Underload stress from having too little
or too much to do: Work overload can be both
quantitative and qualitative.
 Quantitative work stress – More work in a limited
period.
 Qualitative work stress –When the person feels that
they lack the required skills,ability or resources to
perform a given job.

 Quantative underload leads to boredom that occurs
when employees have too littile work to do.
 Qualitative underload stress occurs when boring ,
routine and repetitive jobs which are low in mental
stimulation.
5. Responsibility for other (stress resulting from a
heavy burden)-
 Responsibility of subordinates
 Listening to complaints ,disputes

6. Lack of social support (stress from being socially
isolated or ignored)
7. Lack of participation in decisions (stress from
helplessness and alienation)
 Sometimes managers are neither allowed to witness
nor allowed to contribute to important decisions that
affect their actual jobs.

8. Poor performance appraisal
 Stress from little, none or obviously biased feedback.
 Negative feedback without being told how to
improve causes stress.
9. Working conditions-
 Jobs which are to be done in difficult working
conditions
 Extreme temperature, noise, crowd.

10. Organizational change (stress that comes from
adaptation)
 Shifts in company policy ,mergers, acquisitions and
delays all lead to uncertainty and hence cause stress.
11. Career development (stress from being stuck at
the same level or beneath the ‘glass ceiling’)
 When carrer development is based on both
performance and seniority
 Realistic or unrealistic expectations

12. Home/work interface (stress that results from
having two jobs)
 Conflicts related to over time and loyalties between
the demands of home and work place.
 More common among females

Indicative behaviour due to
work stress

Occupational Stress
1. Much support, little challenge
 Have good technical and social support
 But Under challenged means they
underperform hence stressed by
boredom and monotony.
2. Much support, much challenge
Moderate stress

Occupational Stress
3. Little support, much challenge
 They have to work consistently hard
 Offered minimal emotional support.
 Offered little feedback of their performance.
 Little resources support.
4. Little support, little challenge
 Neither the person nor his organisation
benefits.They are psychologically quite but
physically stay employee.

Common Symptoms of Stress
Physiological symptoms
1. Noticable decline in physical apperance.
2. Chronic fatigue and tiredness
3. Frequent infections.
4. Headaches ,backaches , stomach and
skin problems
5. Signs of depression.
6. Change in weight and eating habits

2. Emotional symptoms
 Boredom or apathy
 Cynicism and resentfulness
 Depressed appearance , sad
expressions , slumped posture.
 Expressions of anxiety , frustration ,
tearfulness.

3. Behavioural symptoms
 Absteenism,accidents.
 Increase in alcohol or caffeine
consumption.
 Increase in smoking
 Obsessive exercising.
 Irrational behaviour.
 Reduced productivity –In ability to
concentrate or complete a task.

Preventive Strategies
1. Know your self and your personality, and
find the purpose of your life.
2. Keep your anger under check and
control. Learn emotional regulation for
healthy living, meaning thereby
channelizing negative energy (anger) into
positive energy and action.
3. Develop good habits and healthy life
style.
4. Develop a hobby or try to play one

6. Solve and resolve your problems and
issues.
7. Relationship with God gives meaning to
life.
Preventive Strategies

Spirituality
 Spirituality is a belief in our relationship with
some higher power ,creative force ,divine
being or an infinite source of energy.
 The word spirituality comes from latin word
Spirare (to breathe) .As without breadth we
could not live .
 Similarly spirit has to do with energy or force
that give us gift of life.
 When this energy is relaxed ,calm and poised
it leads to good health.

 Highest energy belongs to consciousness.
With awareness energy follows its appropriate
path.If we wish to have more energy we need
to expand our field of awareness
Spirituality

Ayurveda and Health
 Five types of stressors have been enunciated:
1. Ignorance.
2. Egoism.
3. Attraction.
4. Repulsion.
5. Lust for life.
Whenever we caught in them suffering arises

According to Ayurveda cause of
disesase

Basic Concept of Health
 Our health has three basic component
1. Physical
2. Mental
3. Spiritual

Spiritual dimension of health
 According to Bisht (1985) ,the need for a new
defination of health as a state beyond the
mere absence of disease has been
recognised
 The ‘perfect functioning’ approach to
health conceptualizes health in different
ways:
1. Biologically-Every cell and every organ is
functioning at optimum capacity and in
perfect harmony with the rest of body.

2. Psychologically-A state in which the individuals
feel a sense of subjective well being and a
mastery over his environment
3. Socially –A state in which the individual
capacity for participation in the social system
are optimal.
The true health must include not only the
physical fitness but also the simultaneous
psychological and spiritual well being.
Spiritual dimension of health

Healing from Within
 We all know that a loving touch can heal;
when we were children and we hurt ourselves,
perhaps the first person we ran to was our
mother or whoever we felt loved us the most.
Just being in the presence of someone who
loves us makes us feel better.
 Pursuing a spiritual path or personal growth
strategy such as counselling or therapy
alongside using natural healing therapies helps
in healing.

Techniques of Spirituality
1. Yoga
 Yoga is one of the self healing therapy
developed in Northern India more than 5000
years ago.
 The first systematic presentation of yoga was
Patanjali’s yoga sutras,this text describes the
path of Raja yoga.
 Patanjali organised the practice of yoga into
a eight limbed path,containing steps and
stages towards obtaining samadhi or
enlightment

1. Yoga
 After few centuries after Patanjali,yoga
masters created a system of practices to
rejuvenate the body and prolong life.They
developed Tanta yoga,with radical techniques
to cleanse the body in order to break the
knots that bind us to our physical existence
 This exploration of these physical spiritual
connections and body centered practices led
to the creation of Hatha Yoga.

 Yogi revere the body because they realise that
a weak and tired body can hinder spiritual
progress.By being mindful of their breathing
while practicing the various postures ,they
discipline their mind.
 Yoga not only improves the body but it keeps
it in radient health by aiding in keeping our
glands ,nerves and other internal organs in
good health.By releasing physical and mental
health we liberate vast resources of toxic
energy.

Five Principles of Yoga
1. Relaxation – By releasing the tension in the
muscles and putting the whole body at
rest ,we can revitalise our nervous system
and helps in achieving inner peace.
2. Exercise – Proper exercise is achieved
through the yoga postures. these postures
enhance flexibility and improve circulation.
Each movement and stretch should be
coordinated with breath

Five Principles of Yoga
3. Breathing –This means breathing fully and
rhythmically making use of all the parts of
lungs to increase the oxygen intake. Proper
breathing should be deep , slow and
rhythmical.
4. Diet-Poor diet results in mental inefficiency
and blocks spiritual awareness.A good diet in
yoga means eating natural foods in
moderation and eating when hungry.
5. Meditation –Positive outlook in life encourage
a peaceful mind.Positive thoughts and
meditation helps removing negative thoughts

Techniques of Spirituality
2.Meditation
 Meditation aims to relax the body and promote
peaceful and positive state of mind.With
meditation we gain improved health,well
being,more energy ,level of stress are greatly
reduced and positive peaceful and confident
states of mind are easily generated.

2.Meditation
1. Relaxation meditation-This can be done either
sitting or lying down .
 Begin by conscious intention to completely
relax your mind and body.Take some deep
breadths and settle into a confortable
position.Bring the attention to toes and try to
find tension to release it.Move the attention
from toes towards feet and than upper body
consciously relaxing each part

2.Meditation
2.Healing Visualisation - Visualise the spirally
stream of a golden or white light entering
through the crown of your head and filling
every part of the body .
 This visualisation can be very powerful and
uplifting and especially helpful for those with
constant health problems.
 We can also use visualisation meditation to
send the light within you to other helpless
people to heal them.

Meditation For Developing
Compassion
 To develop compassion first step is to identify
how the anger causes so many problems.
 The selfish mind of anger is responsible for all
conflicts,relation problems without anger we
would live in a peaceful world
 Than consider how wonderful it would be to
free from these heavy negative thoughts.
 Next step is to contemplate the problems that
people often experience in their lives

Meditation For Developing
Compassion
 When a feeling of compassion arises in the
mind toward others we should hold on to it for
as long as possible .
 Compassion in this context is a wish for others
to be free from suffering.
 At the end of the meditation we can make a
firm determination to help others whenever we
can and try to remember that determination
through the rest of the day.

Ten Spiritual Needs
 The ten spiritual needs as identified by Sandra
J.Daily in spiritual wellness are as follows:
 Acceptance
 Personal worth and identity
 Forgiveness
 Hope
 Love
 Humour
 Faith

Ten Spiritual Needs
 Workship
 Meditation and prayer
 Peace

Benefits of Spirituality
 Freedom from anxiety or stress
 Relief from unwanted drives and habits
 Attaining peace of mind.
 Felt real happiness from within.
 Cohesive and growing family

Spirituality and Humanity
 If one achieves knowledge and makes a
purpose of it, then life becomes missionary. It
inspires people and serves the whole course of
humanity. Otherwise, life is simply inauthentic.
 Meaningful life consists of using one’s strength
in the human service that one believes is larger
than oneself.
 Sai Baba’s Theory of Everything (TOE) states
that ‘in the drama of Universe there are only two
actors who play a million roles, Energy and
Consciousness (Sat and Chit)’

 Einstein wrote his famous equation in
1905 at the age of 26. In this equation, he
unknowingly has built in the TOE:
E= mc2
In the above equation, m (matter or mass) is
the visible facet of energy and light is the visible
facet of c (consciousness).

 That is why the three facets of God, in His
functional name, Sat– Chit– Anand
(energy–consciousness–bliss), are
inseparable.

Spirituality: Mind Management
 Managing mind leads to a meaningful life. This
is possible through spirituality and meditation
which can help us establish contact with the
field of absolute existence.
 Lord Krishna expressed it forcefully to a
remorse-stricken Arjuna: ‘Go fight for the right
and no sin will visit you if your actions are
prompted by a pure mind’.
 The mind is, therefore, the pilot of our actions
and it is not the outward deed but the pure inner
motive that matters.

Spiritual Healthy Way
 Spirituality is the right breath and it talks about
science of breath. The breath we take in should
enhance our spirituality and the breath we take
out should spread the message of spirituality as
far as our understanding goes and beyond.
Divine I-am, called aham in Sanskrit, is
inhalation (ah) and exhalation (ha).
 It is the first of all letters (a) and the last of all
letters (h). If we fully energize our breath,
speech and mind in seeking the divine self
within our hearts, we will be able to attain what
is the highest and best for all.

Spirituality and Indian Ways
 In Indian philosophy, we find that the highest
purusarthas is self-realization. Braham anas ,
Upanishads and such philosophical sutras
clearly mention that life is a boon. Only then one
understands the mystery of life and becomes
able to perform one’s duties to the fullest.

Wisdom
 Wisdom is the highest form of thinking/
cognitive ability which facilitates human
being to discriminate between right and
wrong, and helps in taking right and
sound decision for self and others.
 Wisdom is entailing good judgement and
advice about difficult but uncertain matters
in life- Baltes

Wisdom
 Wisdom is to be wise
 Having overall competency (a feature that
surpasses logical intelligence and technical skill)
 A high level of understanding of day-to-day
issues and concerns
 Reflective or meta-analytical abilities
 Unusual insight regarding differences in values
and priorities
 Ability to comprehend and deal with uncertainty.

Wisdom
 Wisdom involves integration of knowledge
,experience and deep understanding that
incorporates tolerance for the uncertainties of
life as well as its ups and down

Functions of Wisdom
1. Enable individual to resolve dilemmas
and make decisions in life.
2. Helps in advising others
3. Managing and guiding others
4. Reviewing life
5. Questioning life’s meaning

Wisdom from Bhagavad Gita
 Bhagavad Gita means “The Songs Of
God,The Song of Spirit”
 Atheistic doctrine of the Gita is that “God is
Everything”
 Bhagavad Gita is one of the Holy scripture that
answers many issues that bother mankind in
order to help human beings face and solve the
ever present problems of birth and death , of
pain , suffering , fear,bondage,love and hate.

Wisdom from Bhagavad Gita
 Bhagavad Gita has 18 Chapters which reveals
human drama,the drama of the ascent of man
from a state of utter dejection,sorrow and total
breakdown and hopelessness to a state of
perfect understanding, clarity ,renewed
strength.
 Each chapter describes a highly specialized
yoga revealing the path of attaining realisation
of the ultimate truth.

 The first six chapters have classified as the
karma yoga section,as they mainly deal with
the science of the individual consciousness
attaining communion with the ultimate
consciousness through action.
 The middle six chapters have been designated
as the Bhakti yoga section ,as they principally
pertain to the science of the individual
consciousness attaining communion with the
ultimate consciousness by the path of
devotion.

 The final six chapters are regarded as the
Jnana yoga section as they are primarly
concerned with the science of the individual
consciousness attaining communion with the
ultimate consciousness through the intellect.

Eternal cornerstone of Gita
 The grand edifice of the ethics of Bhagavad
Gita has been built on the eternal cornerstone
of:
 Immortality of the soul.
 Immanence of god.
 Impermanence of the world.
 Immediacy of liberation

Summary of Chapters 1-12 of
Bhagavad Gita
 According to Gita there are three forms of
Yoga
 First is yoga of action and consists of doing
your duty i.e Serving others according to your
particular abilities and skills with the same
devotion as you serve yourself.
 When one practices yoga of action a moment
will come when you think,’I am not performing
these actions .My body is merely acting as the
soul requires.

Summary of Chapters 1-12 of
Bhagavad Gita
 The second form of yoga is the yoga of
devotion . This consists in becoming aware of
god’s beauty,and loving him with all your heart
thereby committing yourself with devotion and
dedication for the love of god.
 It reflects emotional commitment for god’s
love.

Yoga of Knowledge (Summary
of last six Chapters
 The third form of yoga is the yoga of knowledge.
This does not mean knowledge of facts. It
means direct knowledge of the soul, attained
through quite meditation; and this leads to
knowledge of God.
 Through meditation, you will gradually become
aware of the soul within you; and as you
become aware of the soul within you, you will
become aware of the soul within all living
creatures. As this knowledge deepens,
meditation grows easier.

The Equality of All Religions
 Since every living being contains the soul,
and since the soul is divine, every living
being is the body of God.
 Every man and woman, and every boy
and girl, embodies God.
 Every animal and insect, and every bird
and fish, embodies God.
 Every holy book and wise sermon, and
every parable and miracle, is inspired by
God.

Erosion of Human Values in Management and
Human Practices
 The present alarming erosion of human
values in management and human
practices leading to ethical dilemmas
could prove a threatening factor for all-
round development of a nation. India has
the eternal wealth of human values which
were taught in the cosmic science of
Bhagavad Gita and Upanishads.

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