Black sand is sand that is black in color, there are a number of different dark sand grains that can form black sand, it concentrates often contain additional valuables, other than precious metals: rare earth elements, thorium, titanium, tungsten, zirconium and others are often fractionated during igneous processes into a common mineral-suite that becomes black sands after weathering and erosion, several gemstones such as garnet, topaz, ruby, sapphire, and diamond are found in placers and in the course of placer mining, and sands of these gems are found in black sands and concentrates. black sand is found in Egypt with economical quantities, it is located in the Mediterranean sea coast from Al Arish in north Sinai to Rashid in Al Buhayrah, the main concentration of black sand is in Kafrelshiekh. Black sand is considered as source of many ores used in building and construction such as Iron and steel industry, that is beside wide application in concrete and painting industries. In this work, Chemical, physical and mechanical characteristics of black sands compounds in Egypt are mentioned, the composition and locations of black sand will be discussed, the main common applications of black sands in building and construction industries will be mentioned, the application of black sands in insulation materials industries will be discussed the disadvantages and precautions of using black sands in some applications in buildings will be evaluated. The work end with group of results and recommendations to improve the economic of black sand applications in new fields related to construction and building material industries such as Titanium industries and composite materials.

2. "Measurements & Detection techniques in
Nanotechnology in Road Applications"
Hebatalrahman11@yahoo.com
Hebatalrahman ,
Saaid I. Zaki

3. Abstract
 In recent years , the world of science has started to produce advanced
materials and technology in the nano scale, which known as
nanotechnology . The use of nanotechnology has become wide spread
in all branches of science , so there is an essential need to prepare
advanced nanotechnology tools and detection systems contain very
recent instruments needed for nanotechnology studies , since the
physical , chemical and biological properties of the material at nano
scale differ in fundamental and valuable ways from that at normal
scale. In this work the different technique in measuring and detection
techniques in nanotechnology will be discussed the method of
operation and accuracy of each technique will be evaluated, the main
applications of each technique in industrial and construction field will
be evaluated. The techniques mentioned are Nano indentation
technique which evaluate the mechanical properties of the nano-
materials such as reduced modulus, stiffness and Hardness. The
quantitative and qualitative analysis detection systems such as SEM ,
AFM, STM and Zeta potential will be evaluated . The analysis and
tooling equipments will be also evaluated. At the end of work the main
conclusions and recommendation about using nanotechnology
detection tools and difference between them are mentioned.

4. Introduction
 This study is aiming to achieve the following purposes :
 Helping in finding the right way , of using the nano materials in
constructions development.
 Guiding in finding of an external applications (in organizations ,
factories and companies), which related to construction process.
 The Nanotechnology in building and construction fields are
planned to achieve the following aims :-
 Synthesizing and preparing of the required Nano materials.
 Dealing with the Nano materials in different applications .
 Enhancement the properties of steel suing nano materials .
 Production of smart concrete and smart building .
 Improvements of glasses to increase deylighting and decreasing
thermal effect using nano TiO2 .
 Purification of drinking water using nano membranes.
 Development of energy efficiency in building using
nanotechnology.
 Improving the efficiency of the components used in solar systems
for generating electricity using nanotechnology .

5. The above goals will need
developing methods such as
 New preparing method to achieve the size ,
shape and mode of the used nano materials that
causes the required effect .
 The suitable method of using nano materials in
coating , dopping , matrix and interfaces .
 The tools that helping in achieving the above
items .
 Precautions that could be taken into
consideration through working in each item.

6. Innovative application of Nanotechnology

7. Sources of nanoparticles

8. Measurements and Detection
Techniques in Nanotechnology

9. nano Indenter .
The Nano Indenter Apparatus

10. The Nano Indentor Benefits
 Standardized measurements of Young’s modulus and
hardness according to ISO 14577.
 · Controlled and quantitative scratch testing., in addition to
Quick and easy results with little sample preparation.
 ·Unparalleled dynamic range in force and displacement.
 · Support from a world-renowned scientific staff. A platform
that expands with your testing needs to allow: frequency-
specific testing,
quantitative scratch testing, integrated AFM-style imaging,
·high-temperature testing,
expanded load capacity up to 10N,
· Custom experiments, and user-friendly finite-element
simulations.

11. nano indentation

12. Atomic Force Microscope
This tool is the most important tool for Nano Technology it’s commonly
known as the eye of nano and it’s serve all Nano Technology
Applications like
 Electrochemistry
 Life Sciences
 Nanoscience Applications
 Materials Science
 Polymer Science
 Electrical Characterization
 Nano Lithography
 Nano Manipulation
 The AFM, is measuring tool at Nano Scale which can give us the
ultra-High resolution Image which can reach to atomic resolution and
also high resolution measurements at nano scale

15. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)

16. The Nano particle size analyzer

17. Zeta Potential

18. Scanning Tunneling
Microscope STM
The principle of the STM. The instrument relies on the
tunneling current between the conducting substrate and
the metallic scanning tip. Through a computer controlled
feed-back loop and a piezo-element this current controls
the height d over the substrate. Scanning across the
surface is controlled by a piezo-robot. The feed-back
voltage is used as output. To the right is shown a 3 nm by
3 nm surface scan with atomic resolution of a graphite
surface,

19. Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)

20. Transmission Electron Microscopy
(TEM/EDS)

21. Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Analysis
(SEM/EDX)

22. Conclusions & Recommendations

23.  There is an essential need to prepare advanced
nanotechnology tools and detection systems, contain
very recent instruments needed for nanotechnology
studies , since the physical , chemical and biological
properties of the material at nano scale differ in
fundamental and valuable ways from that at normal
scale.
 The new techniques are Nano indentation technique
which evaluate the mechanical properties of the nano-
materials such as reduced modulus, stiffness and
Hardness.
 Atomic Force Microscope is the most important tool for
Nano Technology , it’s commonly known as the eye of
nano and it’s serve all Nano Technology Applications .
So , the AFM is measuring tool at Nano Scale which can
give us the ultra-High resolution Image which can reach
to atomic resolution and also high resolution
measurements at nano scale .
 The zeta potential is a good predictor of the magnitude
of electrical repulsive forces between particles of known
size and shape as a function of distance.