Lab on a chip technology integrates laboratory functions onto a single chip only millimeters in size through microfluidics and electronic components. It utilizes materials like glass, silicon, and polymers for microchannels and metals for conductive parts. Fabrication involves deposition, etching, and bonding processes to pattern channels, electrodes, and seal the device. Sensors can detect low concentrations using nanomaterials. Advantages include faster analysis, compact size, and lower costs, while challenges include new technology and detection scaling issues. Applications include point-of-care diagnostics, pollution monitoring, and military medicine.

1. Presentation on
Lab on a Chip technology
Submitted by
SANJIB PASHI
(Department OF AEIE)

2. • Introduction
• What is LOC
• Chip materials & fabrication technology
• Electronic circuitry on lab-on-chips
• Role of Nanotechnology
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Application
• Conclusion

3. • Lab-on-a-chip refers to technologies which allow operations
which normally require a laboratory synthesis and analysis of
chemicals on a very miniaturized scale, within a portable or
handheld device.
• A typical lab-on-chip device contains micro channels, which
allow liquid samples to flow inside the chip, but also integrates
measuring, sensing and actuating components.

4. • A lab-on-a-chip (LOC) is a device that integrates one or several
laboratory functions on a single chip of only millimeters to a few
square centimeters in size.
• Lab-on-chip technology focuses on the development of hybrid
devices, which integrate fluidic and electronic components onto the
same chip.
• Basically lab-on-chip integrate nonmaterial, micro fluidics,
nanosensors, micro electrics, biochemistry, fluidic and electronic
components onto the same chip.

5. Chip materials
•lab-on-chip devices are hybrids that combine glass, silicon and
various polymers like acrylic, polyester, polycarbonate, resists,
thermoplastics or molds like the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).
• Silicon, glass or polymers are suitable for making the microfluidic
components of the chips; metals like gold, platinum or titanium are
used for the conductive parts; silicon dioxide, silicon nitride and
titanium nitride are for insulation and passivation.

6. Lab-on-chip fabrication techniques are analogous to those of
microelectronics, since closely related micro fabrication and
integration methodologies are shared by both.
There are 3 way of fabrication process:-
Deposition method
Etching process
Bonding

7. Deposition method
•Here we can use any vapour deposition process that produces
thin metal, ceramic, or compound films, through thermal
oxidation in a gas chamber at an elevated temperature.
(a) Metallization of the substrate by sputtering a metal film of
Au, Pt, or ITO.
(b) Spin coating of photosensitive resist film onto the metal film.

8. In lab-on-chip fabrication technology, patterning is the transfer of
outlines of features (which define micro channels, microelectrodes, or
other components) on the top of a substrate by means of ultraviolet
illumination via a photo mask.
(c) exposure of the photosensitive film via a photo mask that results in the transfer of
the desired electrode patterns onto the photosensitive film.
(d) after photo-development, chemical etching removes the bare metalized areas,
which results in the formation of the electrodes.

9. After patterning all features on substrates (micro channels, elements,
inlets, etc), the base plate and the cover plate must be bonded in
order to seal the chip. It is possible to bond silicon, glass, or rigid
polymer plates, by bonding
Bond the PDMS channel to a glass
substrate

10. Electronic circuitry on lab-on-
chips
• The sensor is followed by an analogue front-end, which conditions
the measuring signal, analogue-to digital converters (ADC), and a
digital signal processor that analyses the signal.
analogue front-end

11. • The signals can be electrical, optical, etc.
The analyzed data further sent via a bus to external computer for
post-processing, or even visualized on integrated displays or
external screen.

12. • Nanosensors are also a key element of many lab-on-a-chip systems.
Sensors have been developed using nano materials like carbon nano
tubes, capable of detecting very low concentrations, even down to
single molecules in some cases. These are extremely useful in
allowing a high degree of analytical flexibility in a lab-on-a-chip
system without increasing the overall size of the device.

13. • Faster analysis and response times due to short diffusion
distances, fast heating, high surface to volume ratios, small
heat capacities.
• Better process control because of a faster response of the
system (e.g. thermal control for exothermic chemical
reactions)
• Compactness of the systems due to integration of much
functionality and small volumes
• Massive parallelization due to compactness, which allows
high-throughput analysis
• Lower fabrication costs, allowing cost-effective disposable
chips, fabricated in mass production

14. • Novel technology and therefore not yet fully developed.
• LOCs more complex than in conventional lab equipment.
• Detection principles may not always scale down in a positive
way, leading to low signal-to-noise ratios.

15. •Personalised medicine
•Point-of-care diagnostics
•Marine sensors
•Monitor pollution
•Monitor pandemics / diseases
•Link to medical and patient databases
•Usage as terminal testers
•Military medicine

16. •Future advancements in lab-on-a-chip technology will
always depend on at least two major scientific disciplines
- microfluidics, and molecular biology. Nanotechnology
will play a key role in tying these two fields together as
the technology progresses.
•Despite the hurdles always associated with
commercialization of a new technology, viable examples
of these devices are beginning to appear on the market. It
seems that lab-on-a-chip technology will become
increasingly important in the coming years, both in the
medical world and in the chemical industry