The document discusses the concepts of absolute and comparative advantage as they relate to international trade. It uses a hypothetical example of two countries, Country A and Country B, that each produce two goods: cloth and wine. It calculates the opportunity costs of producing each good for each country. Country B has an absolute advantage in cloth production and Country A has an absolute advantage in wine production. However, when considering comparative advantage based on opportunity costs, Country B has a comparative advantage in cloth while Country A has a comparative advantage in wine. Specializing and trading allows both countries to consume beyond their production possibilities. An acceptable terms of trade is derived that benefits both countries.

1. Absolute and Comparative
Advantage
“To Trade or not to Trade, that
is the question.”
As we say in economics, it
depends and it’s all relative

2. Absolute and Comparative
Advantage
O The US produces some bananas for
domestic consumption, but not enough to
satisfy total demand for bananas.
O Question: Could we produce enough IF we
REALLY wanted to? Yes, we could probably
even produce MORE bananas than, say,
Guatemala where they grow easily. We
have the technology and know-how BUT is
it a good idea to use our scare resources to
do so?

3. Absolute and Comparative
Advantage
O Guatemala produces some medicines for
domestic consumption, but not enough to
satisfy total demand for medicines.
O Question: Could they produce enough IF
they REALLY wanted to? Yes, they probably
could produce enough for domestic
consumption BUT is it a good idea to use
their scare resources to do so?

4. Absolute and Comparative
Advantage
O A BETTER IDEA!!
O Why don’t the US and Guatemala specialize in
what they produce MORE efficiently rather
than use scarce societal resources to produce
something they are not so good at producing,
and then TRADE with each other?
O THIS is the fundamental principle behind the
concept of COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE
O Are you ready to see how this works???

6. Absolute and Comparative
Advantage
O What follows is an analysis of 2
economies---Country “A” and Country “B”.
Assume they produce just 2 goods:
O Cloth
O Wine
O Assume each country has different
resources that vary in quantity and quality
to produce these 2 goods

7. Given its resource endowment, if
Country “A” allocates all it resources
to the production of Cloth, it can
produce 10 yards of cloth.

8. Given its resource endowment, if
Country “A” allocates all it resources
to the production of Wine, it can
produce 20 gallons of Wine.

9. If we connect these two extreme points
will have a Straight Line PPF. Country “A”
has the ability to produce combinations
of Cloth and Wine anyplace ON this PPF

10. Let’s assume Country “A” chooses to produce a
balance of Cloth and Wine with their given
resources. They make the Allocative Efficiency
decision to produce 5 yards of Cloth and 10
gallons of Wine

11. Given its resource endowment, if
Country “B” allocates all it resources
to the production of Cloth, it can
produce 20 yards of cloth.

12. Given its resource endowment, if
Country “B” allocates all it resources
to the production of Wine, it can
produce 20 gallons of Wine.

13. If we connect these two extreme points
will have a Straight Line PPF. Country “B”
has the ability to produce combinations
of Cloth and Wine anyplace ON this PPF

14. Let’s assume Country “B” chooses to produce a
balance of Cloth and Wine with their given
resources. They make the Allocative Efficiency
decision to produce 10 yards of Cloth and 10
gallons of Wine

15. The first concept we want to define is ABSOLUTE
ADVANTAGE.
Absolute Advantage: Given its respective societal resources
which country, in absolute terms, can produce more of one
good than the other country.

16. Look at cloth production for each country. “A” can produce 10 yards
of cloth if it allocated all of its scarce resources to the production of
cloth. “B” can produce 20 yards of cloth if it allocates all of its scarce
resources to the production of cloth.
Country “B” can ABSOLUTELY produce more cloth than “A”
Country “B” is said to have the ABSOLUTE ADVANTAGE in the
production of Cloth

17. Look at wine production for each country. “A” can produce 20 gallons
of Wine if it allocated all of its scarce resources to the production of
wine. “B” can produce 20 gallons of Wine if it allocates all of its
scarce resources to the production of Wine.
In this case NEITHER country has produces more Wine that the other
Neither country is said to have the ABSOLUTE ADVANTAGE in the
production of Wine

18. Currently each country is in a state of
“Autrarky”. This is a fancy way of saying
they are Closed Economys and they do
not engage in trade---they are “self-sufficient”

19. Assume each country is exploring the possibility of engaging in trade with each other. However,
they are not sure which good, cloth or wine, they are better (or more efficient) at producing
relative to the other country.
In other words, is there one good that each country would be better off specializing
in and then trading some of it away for the good they are not so efficient at
producing?
To help them decide, we are going to (1) calculate their “internal” opportunity costs of
producing each good and (2) then compare those Opportunity Costs relative to EACH OTHER
across their borders.

20. The first thing we want to do is organize our production data for each country. I like
to use this graphic organizer below. Notice I have put each countries production
data (from the Graphs) in the appropriate category and inserted blank boxes where
we are going to calculate our Internal Opportunity Costs. We will then use those
Opportunity Costs to compare each country across borders---The RED line
represents the border between Country “A” and “B”.

21. Our first calculation will be to calculate Country “A”’s Opportunity Cost of producing
Cloth in terms of Wine.
In other words, to get cloth how much in wine production does “A” have to give up.
Below we set 10 Cloths “10C” to 20 Wines “20W”

22. If we divide both sides by 10 we will reduce our ratio to a single unit on the left side. This
Is what we want---to see how much of the other good (Wine) we have to give up in order
to get ONE yard of Cloth. When we divide “20W” by 10 we get “2W” or 2 Wines.
So, for Country “A” to produce 1 yard of Cloth they must give up 2 gallons of Wine.

23. Now, we want to move to the Right and calculate Country “A”’s Opportunity Cost of
Producing Wine in terms or Cloth---this IS just the reciprocal of what we just did for Cloth
in terms of Wine.
We set the ratio “20W = 10C”

24. If we divide both sides by 20 we will reduce our ratio to a single unit on the left side. This
Is what we want---to see how much of the other good (Cloth) we have to give up in order to
get ONE gallon of Wine. When we divide “10C” by 20 we get “.5W” or .50 (half) Wines.
So, for Country “A” to produce 1 gallon of Wine they must give up .5 yards of Cloth.

25. Now, lets move ACROSS the border to Country “B” and perform the SAME math as we did for
County “A”. Remember, we are calculating each countries internal Opportunity Costs of
Producing one good in terms of the other.
Country “B”’s Opportunity Cost of Producing Cloth in terms of Wine is “20C = 20W”

26. Divide each side by 20 and we are left with a simplified ratio of:
“1C = 1W”
Country “B”’s Opportunity Cost of producing 1 yard of Cloth is 1 gallon of
Wine given up

27. Move over to the Right side and calculate Country “B”’s Opportunity Cost of
Producing Wine in terms of Cloth---remember, it is the reciprocal of the left side.
“20W = 20C” Divide each side by 20

28. Divide each side by 20 and we are left with a simplified ratio of:
“1W = 1C”
Country “B”’s Opportunity Cost of producing 1 yard of Cloth is they
have to give up 1 gallon of Wine

29. Ok, we have calculated the INTERNAL Opportunity Costs for
producing Cloth and Wine for both “A” and “B”. What’s next?
Comparative Advantage
Now, we want to “Head for the Border” and compare each
countries Opportunity Costs for producing a good.
Let’s look just at Cloth right now…

30. To Determine which country has the Comparative Advantage in the production
of Cloth, you want to ask yourself the following question:
Which country produces Cloth at the LOWEST OPPORTUNITY COST?
Look at the TWO Opportunity Cost ratios we have calculated.
Country “A” produces a yard of cloth at the expense of 2 gallons of Wine
Country “B” produces a yard of cloth at the expense of 1 gallon of Wine.
Given there respective resource endowment, which country can produce cloth
at the lowest Opportunity Cost?

31. ….That would be Country “B”.
To produce 1 yard of Cloth they have to give up only 1 gallon of Wine
whereas Country “A” produces 1 yard of Cloth they have to give up 2
gallons of Wine. So, just in terms of resources given up:
COUNTRY “B” IS MORE EFFICIENT AT PRODUCING CLOTH THAN
COUNTY “A” therefore….
Country “B” should NOT produce Wine at all and SPECIALIZE in the
production of CLOTH. They should EXPORT Cloth and IMPORT Wine
Country “B” is said to have the Comparative Advantage in the
Production of Cloth…

32. Are you STILL not sure how to find the Country with the
Lowest Opportunity Cost in CLOTH?
Let me give you a hint. Just look at the numbers to the
RIGHT of the equal sign.
Which one is SMALLER---”2W” or 1W”???
Easy Cheesy! “1W” is smaller so Country “B” produces Cloth
at the Lower Opportunity Cost

33. Now, lets look at Wine. Same analysis as for Cloth.
Which country produces Wine at the LOWEST OPPORTUNITY COST?
Look at the TWO Opportunity Cost ratios we have calculated on the Right
Country “A” produces a gallon of Wine at the expense of .50 yards of Cloth
Country “B” produces a gallon of Wine at the expense of 1 yard of Cloth
Given there respective resource endowment, which country can produce wine
at the lowest Opportunity Cost?

34. ….That would be Country “A”.
To produce 1 gallon of WIne they have to give up only .50 yards
of Cloth whereas Country “B” produces 1 gallon of Wine they
have to give up 1 Cloth
So, just in terms of resources given up:
COUNTRY “A” IS MORE EFFICIENT AT PRODUCING WINE THAN
COUNTY “B” therefore….
Country “A” should NOT produce CLOTH at all and SPECIALIZE
in the production of WINE. They should EXPORT Wine and
IMPORT Cloth
Country “A” is said to have the Comparative Advantage in the
Production of Wine…

35. Are you STILL not sure how to find the Country with the
Lowest Opportunity Cost in WINE?
Let me give you a hint. Just look at the numbers to the
RIGHT of the equal sign.
Which one is SMALLER---”.50C” or 1C”???
Easy Cheesy! “.50C” is smaller so Country “A” produces Wine
at the Lower Opportunity Cost

36. What now?
We have determined that Country “A” has the Comparative
Advantage in the production of Cloth. They should specialize
in producing Cloth and give up the production of Wine.
We have determined that Country “B” has the Comparative
Advantage in the production of Wine. They should specialize
in producing Wine and give up the production of Cloth.

37. On the above graphs, we illustrate this SPECIALIZATION. The RED circles show the amount
the country is going to produce and there is a RED line through the amount of the good the
country is NO LONGER going to produce

38. 5 Gallons of Wine
To trade away
Look just at Country “A”. They now produce 20 gallons of Wine BUT they only
Want to CONSUME 10 gallons. This means they have a SURPLUS of 10 gallons
Of Wine leftover that is available to trade away (EXPORT)---IF the price is right!

39. 5 Gallons of Wine
To trade away
10 yards of cloth
To trade away
Look just at Country “B”. They now produce 20 yards of Cloth BUT they only
Want to CONSUME 10 yards of Cloth. This means they have a SURPLUS of 10 yards
Of Cloth leftover that is available to trade away (EXPORT)---IF the price is right!

40. 15Gallons of Wine
To trade away
10 yards of cloth
To trade away
Now that these two countries are “ALL IN” in terms of Specialization, they must settle on
some acceptable TERMS OF TRADE.
In other words, they have to agree on a PRICE that works for each country to commit
to specialize and make it worthwhile for them to SELL what they produce and BUY what
they don’t produce.
Read the following 2 points CAREFULLY:
(1) If I produce something, I want to SELL it for MORE than what it costs me to produce it.
(2) If I am going to BUY something, I want to BUY it for LESS than what I can produce it for.

41. Determining Acceptable Terms of Trade
10 Gallons of Wine
To trade away
10 yards of cloth
To trade away
Lets look at CLOTH. Country “B” produces 1 yard of Cloth at a cost of 1 Wine.
If they can sell a yard of Cloth for MORE than 1 Wine then they are better off.
Country “A” produces a yard of Cloth at a cost of 2 Wines. If they can BUY a yard of Cloth
For LESS than the 2 Wines if costs them to produce then they are better off.
BOTTOMLINE: An Acceptable TERM OF TRADE will by ANY ratio of Cloth to Wine BETWEEN
The 2 countries Opportunity Costs of producing Cloth.
A Term of Trade ABOVE “1C=1W” and BELOW “1C = 2W”

42. Determining Acceptable Terms of Trade
Lets look at CLOTH. Country “B” produces 1 yard of Cloth at a cost of 1 Wine.
If they can sell a yard of Cloth for MORE than 1 Wine then they are better off.
10 Gallons of Wine
To trade away
10 yards of cloth
To trade away
Country “A” produces a yard of Cloth at a cost of 2 Wines. If they can BUY a yard of Cloth
For LESS than the 2 Wines if costs them to produce then they are better off.
BOTTOMLINE: An Acceptable TERM OF TRADE will by ANY ratio of Cloth to Wine BETWEEN
The 2 countries Opportunity Costs of producing Cloth.
A Term of Trade ABOVE “1C=1W” and BELOW “1C = 2W”
**Use the SAME methodology for Wine**
Country “A” has the Comparative Advantage in the production of Wine.
An Acceptable Term of Trade will be a ratio of Wine to Cloth
Between “1W=.50C” for Country “B” and “1W = 1C” for Country “A”

43. 10 Gallons of Wine
To trade away
10 yards of cloth
To trade away
GOT THAT????
Lets go back to Cloth and see how this works for Country “B”.
Assume the Terms of Trade are “1C = 1.5W”
Notice this is IN BETWEEN each countries Opportunity Costs.
If Country “B” trades away the SURPLUS 10 yards of Cloth it has they
will receive 1.5 gallons of Wine for each Cloth
So, after Country “B” sells their Cloth to Country “A” they will now
Be able to “consume” 15 gallons of Wine (10 yards of Cloth X 1.5 Wines)

44. 10 Gallons of Wine
To trade away
10 yards of cloth
To trade away
Country “B” STILL consumes 10 yards of cloth
they produced,
BUT they trade (export) away the surplus 10
yards for 1.5 Wines each for a total of 15
gallons of Wine (Import). They now
Are consuming a combination of Cloth and
Wine OUTSIDE of their ability to produce
it WITHOUT Specialization and Trade.
The people of Country “B” are clearly better
off because they get to enjoy the amount of
cloth they want to consume PLUS extra Wine!
15
“B”

45. How is this going to work our for Country “A”?
Acceptable Terms of Trade will be a ratio of Wine to Cloth between “1 W =.50C” And “1W = 1C”.
Hint: If we take the RECIPROCAL of the terms of trade we used for Cloth it will fall in between the
ratio we are looking for here.
The Reciprocal of “1C = 1.5W” is:
“1W = .67C”
Country “A” can SELL 1 gallon of Wine and get .67 yards of cloth for each gallon.

46. If Country “A” sells (EXPORTS) its surplus 5 gallons of Wine (it still
keeps 5 gallons for its own consumption) and can receive .67
Cloths for each gallon (IMPORT) then it can consume 6.7 yards of
Cloth (10 Wines X .67Cloths) It can now CONSUME a
combination of Cloth and Wine (Point “A”) GREATER than it
could before specialization and trade.
Country “A” is better off as well!!
6.70
“A”
15

47. 5 Gallons of Wine
To trade away
10 yards of cloth
To trade away
15
“B”
6.70
“A”
REMEMBER: The Terms of Trade MUST fall in between each countries
Opportunity Cost of producing the goods.
If is falls outside, on the low side or the high side, then trade will not
Be advantageous for BOTH countries.
Example follows

48. 5 Gallons of Wine
To trade away
10 yards of cloth
To trade away
15
“B”
6.70
“A”
Assume the Terms of Trade were “1C = 3W” or “1W = .33C” (reciprocals)
This means Country “B could sell 10 yards of Cloth and get 30 Wines.
They are CLEARLY better off because they consumer 10 yards of Cloth
And 30 gallons of Wine
What about Country “A”?

49. 5 Gallons of Wine
To trade away
10 yards of cloth
To trade away
15
“B”
6.70
“A”
Assume the Terms of Trade were “1C = 3W” or “1W = .33C” (reciprocals)
Country “A” at the current terms of trade would sell it surplus 5 yards of Cloth
For .33 gallons of Wine for a total of 1.65 gallons of Wine.
WITHOUT TRADE, Country “A” produces 5 gallons of wine with its resources.
These terms of trade are NOT Advantageous to “A” so trade will not occur

50. 6.70
“B”
“A”
15
Summation:
Even if a country, given its resource endowment, can produce
more of a good relative to what another country can produce
with its resource endowment, BOTH countries can benefit by
specializing in the production of the good in which they have the
COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE.
“Do what you do best and trade for the rest”