1. If you can't fly, then RUN.
If you can't run, then WALK.
If you can't walk, then CRAWL.
But whatever you do,
YOU HAVE TO KEEP MOVING.
Martin Luther King, Jr. – Civil Rights Activist and Pastor
3. What is Process Selection?
refers to the strategic decisions of selecting the kind of
production process
refers to deciding on the way production of goods or
services will be organized
It is basically the way goods or services are made or
delivered, which influences numerous aspects of an
organization, including capacity planning, layout of
facilities, equipment and design of work systems
4. What is the Purpose of
Process Selection?
The key to process selection is to balance the
costs, efficiency, output and quality of each
option to meet your production goals.
To maximize space, by filling locations to their
maximum capacity and emptying partially filled
locations as quickly as possible
To maximize productivity, by minimizing the
number of trips or movements that your
employees make
5. What are the Key Aspects
Process Selection?
Capital Intensity – The mix of equipment and labor that
will be used by the organization
Process Flexibility – The degree to which the system
can be adjusted to changes in processing requirements
due to such factors as changes in product or service
design, changes in volume processed and changes in
technology
How much variety
in products or
services will the
system need to
handle
What degree of
equipment
flexibility will be
needed
What is the
expected volume
of output
6. What are the Key Aspects
Process Selection?
Forecasting
Product and
Service Design
Technological
Change
Capacity
Planning
Process
Selection
Facilities and
Equipment
Layout
Work Design
7. What are the Different
Process Types?
JOB SHOP
◦ A job shop usually operates on a relatively small scale. It is
used when a low volume of high variety goods or service
will be needed.
◦ Here processing is intermittent – work includes small jobs,
each with different processing requirements
◦ High flexibility using general purpose equipment and skilled
workers are important characteristics of a job shop
Organization producing state of the art tools
Hospital medical service
8. What are the Different
Process Types?
BATCH
◦ Batch processing is used when a moderate volume of goods
or services is desired. Also it can handle a moderate variety
in products or services
◦ The equipment need not be as flexible as in a job shop but
processing is still intermittent
◦ The skill level of workers does not need to be as high as in a
job shop because there is less variety in the jobs
Bakeries which make bread, cakes, cookies in batches
Plane carrying batches of people from airport to airport
Class room lecture, Concerts, Television programs
9. What are the Different
Process Types?
REPETITIVE
◦ When higher volumes of more standardized goods or
services are needed, repetitive processing is used.
Standardized output means only slight flexibility of
equipment is needed
◦ The requirement of skilled workers is generally low
Manufacturing plants producing pencils, television sets etc.
Automatic carwash, cafeteria lines etc.
10. What are the Different
Process Types?
CONTINUOUS FLOW
◦ When a very high volume of nondiscrete, highly
standardized output is desired, a continuous system is used
◦ These systems have almost no variety in output and hence
no need for equipment flexibility
◦ Highly specialized equipment can turn down the
requirement of expert worker
Factory producing sugar, flour, steel, salt
Internet service
11. What are the Different
Process Types?
PROJECT
◦ A nonrepetitive set of activities directed toward a unique
goal within limited time frame
◦ A project is used for work that is nonroutine, with a unique
set of objectives to be accomplished in a limited time frame
◦ Equipment flexibility and worker skill can range from low to
high
Building a dam, making a motion picture,
Launching a new product or service
12. What is Facility Layout?
it is an arrangement of different aspects of
manufacturing in an appropriate manner as to
achieve desired production results
it looks at physical allocation of space for economic
activity in the plant
it is simply the way a facility is arranged in order to
maximize processes that are not only efficient but
effective towards the overall organizational goal. It is
also dependent on process selection.
An effective facility layout ensures that there is a
smooth and steady flow of production material,
equipment and manpower at minimum cost under
safe and comfortable environment.
13. What are the Odjectives of
Facility Layout?
To provide optimum space to organize equipment and
facilitate movement of goods and to create safe and
comfortable work environment.
To promote order in production towards a single objective
To reduce movement of workers, raw material and
equipment
To promote safety of plant as well as its workers
To facilitate extension or change in the layout to
accommodate new product line or technology upgradation
To increase production capacity of the organization
14. How to Attain the Facility
Layout Objectives?
Better training of the workers and supervisors.
Creating awareness about of health hazard and safety
standards
Optimum utilization of workforce and equipment
Encouraging empowerment and reducing administrative
and other indirect work
15. What are the Factors Affecting
Facility Layout?
The design of the facility layout should consider overall
objectives set by the organization.
Optimum space needs to be allocated for process and
technology.
A proper safety measure as to avoid mishaps.
Overall management policies and future direction of
the organization
16. What are the Factors in Detemining
Facility Layout Design?
Flexibility: Facility layout should provide flexibility
for expansion or modification.
Space Utilization: Optimum space utilization reduces
the time in material and people movement and
promotes safety.
Capital: Capital investment should be minimal when
finalizing different models of facility layout.
Impact on employee morale and job satisfaction:
Since countless studies have indicated that employee
morale has a major impact on productivity.
17. What are the Factors in Detemining
Facility Layout Design?
Promotional value: If the business commonly
receives visitors in the form of customers, vendors,
investors, etc., the small business owner may want
to make sure that the facility layout is an attractive
one that further burnishes the company's reputation.
Safety: The facility layout should enable the
business to effectively operate in accordance with
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
guidelines and other legal restrictions.
18. What are the 4 Major
Types of Facility Layout ?
PROCESS LAYOUT - groups together workers or
departments that perform similar tasks. Goods in
process(goods not yet finished) move from one
workstation to another. At each position, workers use
specialized equipment to perform a particular step in
the production process.
19. What are the 4 Major
Types of Facility Layout ?
PRODUCT LAYOUT - high-volume goods are produced
efficiently by people, equipment, or departments
arranged in an assembly line—that is, a series of
workstations at which already-made parts
are assembled.
20. What are the 4 Major
Types of Facility Layout ?
CELLULAR LAYOUT - in which small teams of workers handle all
aspects of building a component, a “family” of components, or
even a finished product. Each team works in a small area, or cell,
equipped with everything that it needs to function as a self-
contained unit. Machines are sometimes configured in a U-shape,
with people working inside or outside the U.
21. What are the 4 Major
Types of Facility Layout ?
fixed-position layouts in which the product stays in one place and
the workers (and equipment) go to the product.
22. How to Match-up Process Selection
with Facility Layout?
Correlation
Choosing the right processes and laying out
processes in the most efficient manner can
increase production output, decrease
operational costs and enhance product
quality -- the ultimate goals of operations
management. Operations managers
continually re-evaluate their production
setups to look for opportunities to save
money or boost production effectiveness.
23. How to Match-up Process Selection
with Facility Layout?
Critical Path Method (CPM)
The Critical Path Method can help you to make
informed process selection and facility layout
decisions. This production mapping technique uses a
visual string of nodes representing individual activities
to show the flow of materials in a multi-step process,
while conveying a range of useful information about
each activity, including its shortest and longest possible
completion times, its required inputs, expected
outputs and labor needs. Using CPM to map out your
production processes can reveal areas of slack time,
non-value-adding activities and opportunities to
streamline production processes.
