Oxygen

Oxygen
Oxygen
Oxygen and its compounds play a key role in many of the important processes of life and industry.
Oxygen in the biosphere is essential in the processes of respiration and metabolism, the means by
which animals derive the energy needed to sustain life. Furthermore, oxygen is the most abundant
element at the surface of the Earth. In combined form it is found in ores, earths, rocks, and
gemstones, as well as in all living organisms. Oxygen is a gaseous chemical element in
Group VA of the periodic table. The chemical symbol for atomic oxygen is O, its atomic number is
8, and its atomic weight is 15.9994. Elemental oxygen is known principally in the gaseous form as
the diatomic molecule, which makes up 20.95% of the volume of dry air. ... Show more content on
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Several different structures are known for solid oxygen: solid type III, from the lowest temperatures
achievable to 23.66 K; type II, from 23.66 to 43.76
K; and type I, from 43.76 to 54.39 K. The critical temperature for oxygen, the temperature above
which it is impossible to liquefy the gas no matter how much pressure is applied, is 154.3 K (–118.9
deg C; –181.9 deg F). The pressure of liquid and gaseous oxygen coexisting in equilibrium at the
critical temperature is 49.7 atmospheres. Oxygen gas exhibits a slight but important solubility in
water. Molecular oxygen dissolved in water is required by aquatic organisms for their metabolic
processes and is ultimately responsible for the oxidation and removal of organic wastes in water.
The solubilities of gases depend on the temperature of the solution and the pressure of the gas over
the solution. At 20 deg C (68 deg F) and an oxygen pressure of one atmosphere, the solubility of
O(2) in water is about 45 grams of oxygen per cubic meter of water, or 45 ppm
(parts per million). Molecular diatomic oxygen is a fairly stable molecule requiring a dissociation
energy (the energy required to dissociate one mole of molecular oxygen in its ground state into two
moles of atomic oxygen in its ground state) of 493.6 kilojoules per mole. The molecule is
dissociated by ultraviolet radiation of any wavelength shorter than 193 nm. Solar radiation striking
stratospheric oxygen dissociates it into atomic oxygen for this reason.
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Biography Of Joseph Priestley
Dr. Brian McCarthy The Gifted Nature of Joseph Priestley Part 1: Rationale for choosing this person
I became interested in Joseph Priestley during my undergraduate studies. The year I became
involved in research was the same year that Furchgott, Ignarro and Murad won the 1998 Nobel Prize
in Physiology or Medicine based on their research into "nitric oxide as a signaling molecule in the
cardiovascular system" (nobelprize.org). The most famous application of this work has been the
male stimulant, Viagra. In 1998 antioxidants were all the rage and oxygen clubs were springing up. I
began to research these new findings and found this quote of Priestley's (1775) "though pure
dephlogisticated air [oxygen] might be useful as a medicine, it might ... Show more content on
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From her differentiating characteristics of cognitive function Priestly exhibited superior levels of
information quantity, retentiveness, comprehension, interests, curiosity, language development,
processing information and thought processes (Clark 2013, p. 47). The only one he does not meet is
"high level of verbal ability" (p. 47). One of the most telling is a "heightened capacity for seeing
unusual and diverse relationships, integration of ideas and disciplines" (p48). As a part time scientist
he changed the world of chemistry permanently by seeing what others had overlooked. He created
devices that were so elegant, others could easily reproduce and verify his work (McEvoy, 2014). On
Clark's list of affective functions, idealism and a sense of justice (p. 49) appeared at an early age,
which was assisted by his mother's strong morals (Holt, 1931, p.

The Chlorine Debate: How White Do You Want It? Essay
The Chlorine Debate: How White Do You Want It?
Chlorine is one of the world's most widely used chemicals, the building element vital to almost
every United States industry. We use chlorine and chlorine–based products whenever we drink a
glass of water, buy food wrapped in plastic, purchase produce in the supermarket, pour bleach into a
washing machine, have a prescription filled, print out a computer document like this one, or even
drive a car. (Abelson 94)
Chlorine, a member of the halogen (salt–forming) group of metallic elements, was first made by
Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1774, who treated hydrochloric acid with manganese
dioxide. In 1810, the English chemist ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The chlorine industry has presented many statistics on what it says will be the cast to society of
substituting other substances for chlorine, and these figures are staggering. The net cost to
consumers would exceed $90 billion a year, about
$1,440 a year for a family of four, according to studies conducted by the
Chlorine Institute. About 1.3 million jobs depend on the chlorine industry, an amount equal to the
number of jobs in the state of Oregon. Wages and salaries paid to those employees totaled more than
$31 billion in 1990, approximately the same as the total payroll that year for all state and local
government employees in Oregon. (WHO 94–95)
With its call for a total ban, Greenpeace has gone beyond common sense and is jeopardizing the
health and economic well–being of this country," Anziano charged. Greenpeace is also well–
armed with statistics. Their spokesmen argue that, if implemented with careful planning, the
transition to a chlorine–free economy could save money, create new jobs, and be
"economically and socially just." Greenpeace puts the savings from phasing–out
chlorine at $80 to $160 billion annually.
The phase out of chlorine would take place over a 30–year period and would involve substituting
what Greenpeace describes as "traditional materials and non–chlorinated plastics." In
the pulp and paper industry, for

Robert Boyle 's Discovery Of The Charcoal, Graphite, And...
Dating to the prehistoric times, carbon have already been founded as the charcoal by Egyptians and
Sumerians. The founder's name is still unknown. Carbon's name comes from its Latin name carbo
which means burnt wood. Although, the use of carbon was from a very early time, people never see
it as an element until Robert Boyle's discovery in seventeenth century. Carbon occurs naturally as
many forms included anthracite, graphite, and diamond. Charcoal and soot were more prevalent in
history and diamond was much more difficult to identify. Giuseppe Averani and Cipriano Targioni
were the first people who discovered that diamond could be destroyed by heating. In 1694, they
made the diamond disappeared just by using a gem and a large magnifying glass to focus the
sunlight to the diamond. In 1772, Antoine Lavoisier showed that diamonds are a form of carbon
because when he burned the samples of charcoal and diamond, they didn't produce any water and
they both released the same amount of carbon dioxide per gram.
In 1779, Carl Wilhelm Scheele showed another allotrope of carbon graphite, which were known as a
form of lead in early times. He found out that graphite was almost identical to charcoal except a
small admixture of iron, and when it oxidized with nitric acid, it gave out "aerial acid" (carbon
dioxide). In 1786, the French scientists Claude Louis Berthollet, Gaspard Monge and Vandermonde
confirmed that graphite was mostly carbon by oxidizing with oxygen in the same way

The History of Chemistry Up to the XIX Century Essay
History of chemistry encompasses a span of time reaching from ancient history to the present. By
1000 BC, ancient civilizations used technologies that would eventually form the basis of the various
branches of chemistry. Examples include extracting metals from ores, making pottery and glazes,
fermenting beer and wine, extracting chemicals from plants for medicine and perfume, rendering fat
into soap, making glass, and making alloys like bronze. The protoscience of chemistry, alchemy,
was unsuccessful in explaining the nature of matter and its transformations. However, by performing
experiments and recording the results, alchemists set the stage for modern chemistry. The distinction
began to emerge when a clear differentiation was made ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Alchemy was discovered and practised widely throughout the Arab worlds after the Muslim
Conquest, and from there, diffused into medieval and Rennaissance Europe through Latin
translations. Under the influence of the new empirical methods propounded by Sir Francis Bacon
and others, a group of chemists at Oxford, Robert Boyle, Robert Hooke and John Mayow began to
reshape the old achemical traditions into a scientific discipline. Boyle in particular is regarded as the
founding father of chemistry due to his most important work, the classic chemistry text The
Sceptical Chymist where the differentiation is made between the claims of alchemy and the
empirical scientific discoveries of the new chemistry. He formulated Boyle's law, rejected the
classical "four elements" and proposed a mechanistic alternative of atoms and chemical reactions
that could be subject to rigorous experiment. The theory of phlogiston (a substance at the root of all
combustion) was propounded by the German Georg Ernst Stahl in the early 18th century and was
only overturned by the end of the century by the French chemist Antoine Lavoisier, the chemical
analogue of Newton in physics; who did more than any other to

Oxygen Is A Chemical Element With Symbol O And Atomic...
"Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8. It is a member of the
chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive non metal and oxidizing agent that
readily forms oxides with most elements as well as other compounds."By mass, oxygen is the third–
most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium. At standard temperature and
pressure, two atoms of the element bind to found dioxygen, a colorless and odorless diatomic gas
with the formula O2. This is an important part of the atmosphere and diatomic oxygen gas
constitutes 20.8% of the Earth 's atmosphere. Additionally, as oxides the element also makes up
almost half of the Earth 's crust.Oxygen is necessary to sustain most terrestrial life. Oxygen is used
in cellular respiration and many major classes of organic molecules in living organisms contain
oxygen, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and fats, as do the major constituent
inorganic compounds of animal shells, teeth, and bone. Most of the mass of living organisms is
oxygen as a component of water, the major constituent of lifeforms. Conversely, oxygen is
continuously replenished by photosynthesis, which uses the energy of sunlight to produce oxygen
from water and carbon dioxide. Oxygen is too chemically reactive to remain a free element in air
without being continuously replenished by the photosynthetic action of living organisms. Another
form (allotrope) of oxygen, ozone (O
3), strongly absorbs ultraviolet UVB

Weapon Of War: Chlorine Gas
Chlorine is the 17th element on the periodic table, and at –34 degrees Celsius and above it becomes
a yellow gas that is fatal to humans. The use of chlorine gas as a poison on the battlefield came
quickly after the start of World War One. It's has been heavily influenced by politics, and sometime
politics fails to limit harmful uses. To this day weapons grade chlorine gas is stockpiled and
occasionally used despite multiple United Nations (UN) restrictions and international agreements. A
political solution is needed to keep chlorine for only beneficial uses.
Chlorine is a halogen gas, and one of its characteristics is that it bonds with nearly every element,
and for that reason it was difficult to discover initially. In 1774 a Swedish scientist ... Show more
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The Geneva Protocol effectively banned the use of "asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and of
all analogous liquids, materials or devices." (Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War, 1925,
January 1)Since then several UN General Assembly resolutions have been made regarding the
Geneva Protocol, and today it casts a far larger net over what cannot be used in armed conflict. In
1997 the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) was formed. Today 187
nations making up 98% of the world's population are a part of the

Brief Historical Development and Contributions of...
Brief Historical Development and Contributions of Chemistry for Modern Civilization
Introduction: As defined by Oxford Dictionary, Chemistry is the scientific study of the structure of
substances, how they react when combined or in contact with one another and how they behave
under different conditions . In other words, Chemistry is the study of the materials and substances of
the world in which we live. The materials, which make up the earth, sea and air, are called raw
materials. These include many importance natural resources like ores, rocks, coal, and gas.
According to me, Chemistry is the study of the composition and properties of matter. Chemistry
answers questions like, What kind of stuff is this sample made of? What does the ... Show more
They thought that metals in the earth sought to become more and more perfect and thus gradually
changed into gold. It seemed to them that they should be able to carry out the same process more
rapidly in their own workshops and so artificially to transmute common metals into gold. Beginning
about 100 AD this idea dominated the minds of the philosophers as well as the metalworkers, and a
large number of treatises were written on the art of transmutation, which became known as alchemy.
At almost the same time, and probably independently, a similar alchemy arose in China. Here, also,
the aim was to make gold, although not because of the monetary value of the metal. The Chinese
believed that gold was a medicine that could confer long life or even immortality on anyone who
consumed it. As did the Egyptians, the Chinese gained practical chemical knowledge from incorrect
theories.
In the 7th and 8th centuries Arab conquerors spread Islamic culture over much of Asia Minor, North
Africa, and Spain. The caliphs at Baghdâd became active patrons of science and learning. The
Syriac translation of Greek texts were again translated, this time into Arabic, and along with the rest
of Greek learning the ideas and practice of alchemy once again flourished.
A great intellectual reawakening began in western Europe in the 11th century. This was stimulated in
part by the cultural

Why Do We Discover Oxygen
Oxygen
Halle Bratvold
December 15th 2017
Physical Science Period 3
Abstract There are many debates on which element is the most important for this planet, but oxygen
is definitely one of the most necessary for life to survive. In order for humans, animals, and anything
living to survive, they must have oxygen. Oxygen is produced by a process called photosynthesis,
which is when plants produce glucose and oxygen by using carbon dioxide. Oxygen also makes up
about 21% of our entire atmosphere. All in all, oxygen can do many things, good, bad and
otherwise. But no matter what, it is still one of the most essential elements needed for earth to
survive.
Introduction Many people underestimate how important oxygen actually is. They don't realize that
their entire survival relies on one element in more ways than one.
Background
Who Discovered It
Oxygen was discovered by two different people on two separate occasions in the same year of 1774.
The men who discovered it were Joseph Priestly and Carl Wilhelm Scheele. Joseph Priestly was
born in 1733 in Wiltshire, England. He was a very smart young child, learning six languages before
he reached high school. He also had a very large passion for chemistry. After he discovered oxygen,
he used his discoveries to invent carbonated water. Carl Wilhelm Scheele was born in 1733 in
Uppsala, Sweden. When he was 22 years old, he got a job at a pharmacy, and that spiked his interest
in chemistry, which led him to

Tungsten Essay
In 1781, Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered Tungsten, which is also known as Wolfram. The word
Tungsten is used in the United States, but Wolfram is still used in some European countries.
Tungsten comes from the Swedish language which means "heavy stone". Tungsten is a very strong,
shiny, gray–white metal that makes up just a tiny fraction of the earth's crust and is always combined
with other elements as compounds. Every tungsten atom has 74 positively charged protons in the
nucleus which means it also has 74 negatively charged electrons revolving around the nucleus.
Tungsten played a big role in the background of World War II. Portugal was the main source of this
element which meant, they were put under pressure by both sides because of ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
However it combines with other elements to form compounds in minerals. An interesting fact is that
wolframite and scheelite are the only two important sources of the metal. Wolframite contains
varying amounts of iron tungstate and manganese tungstate. Another important tungsten mineral is
scheelite, which varies in color from white to green. The leading producers of tungsten are China,
with 37,000 tons, Russia, with 3,600 tons and Austria, with 1,700 tons. Another interesting fact is
that more than half of the world's supply of tungsten comes from mines in the Nah Ling Mountains
of Jianxi, Henan and Quangdong provinces of China. The method to extract tungsten ore is
generally a compromise between safety and cost. One way to mine it is using the room–and–pillar
method, which is cutting "rooms" in tungsten, and leaving a series of columns called "pillars".
However other mines use the bulk mining method of "slashing out the ore". This involves drilling
into the face of the tungsten deposit to carve out large chunks of the ore. Around 30% of tungsten
comes from scrap and waste metal. Tungsten its self is not a major pollutant, but scrap and waste
tungsten may contain other metals that are harmful to the environment. In addition, recycling is a lot
cheaper than disposing of the waste

Chemistry And Periodic Table By Carl Wilhelm Scheele
One of the most famous element in periodic table is chlorine with atomic number 17 and with
atomic weight of 35.453. It is located in the Halogens group in the periodic table right below the
element fluorine.
The picture on the left is of Carl Wilhelm Scheele, He was Swedish chemist who discovered many
elements in the history of science. He was one of those people who never took any credits in his
favor. The element chlorine was discovered by him in 1774, when he reacted hydrochloric acid
(HCL– a solution made up of hydrogen chloride) with manganese dioxide (MnO2). 4HCl + MnO2 –
 MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2
According to Jack challoner, in his book "The elements" he says, after the reaction has occur
"Scheele noted that gas produced by the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But Guess what, Chlorine has a very strong smell with yellow– green tinge to it.
There are some elements that cannot exist by themselves and chlorine is one of those type of
element which cannot be stable by itself. In order to be stable this type of elements combines with
atoms of same element. In simple words we can say that chlorine is a diatomic element meaning it
cannot be by itself. Simply it cannot exists as Cl. Chlorine is reactive and that's when it is isolated
from everything but chlorine will combine into a diatomic (two atom of chlorine) molecule.
Therefore sometimes chlorine will appear in form of gas.
Still not clear about what diatomic mean? Well, di mean 2 and atom is atom so it simply means two
atoms of chlorine combines with each other. Look at the diagram below,
Cl2
By looking at my above diagram it should have been clear that diatomic simply mean two atom of
same element joint together that is a diatomic element. Therefore chlorine is often found as Cl2.
But there is something to more to it and that is chlorine is diatomic ONLY when it is found alone,
whenever chlorine are chemically bonded to another atom they are NOT diatomic. In fact when
chlorine are bonded to another atom other than itself, then the number of chlorine depends on charge
of other atom. To make it simpler to understand I can say chlorine doesn't like to stay alone, he
always needs his brother to stay with him unless he

How Did Joseph Priestley Discover Oxygen
Joseph Priestly was an English scientist who found out about oxygen. Joseph Priestly had thought
before that there was more than one type of air. He discovered eight gases of which one was oxygen.
The element of oxygen was discovered by him during his many experiments. He did this by an
experiment involving the isolation of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Joseph Priestly discovery of
oxygen was significant by revealing the process of photosynthesis. Joseph Priestly discovered
oxygen because of where he lived. He was next to a brewery where the alcohol smell was inhaled by
Priestly. The idea of the brewing process produced gasses that helped him in the discovery of
oxygen. He found how to make carbon dioxide into a soluble. Joseph found out that carbon dioxide
was heavier than other gases. From being able to produce carbon dioxide had led him closer to the
discovery of oxygen. With his last experiment of producing carbon dioxide he made another
experiment. Mercury helped Priestly discover oxygen because he put carbon dioxide into mercury.
He had experimented with the use of a twelve inch burning lens and heated mercuric oxide that
contained an atom of oxygen. When he heated the liquid he discovered oxygen was emitted from the
experiment. From this experiment ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sealed tightly, the mouse died and was because of the need of oxygen. Joseph Priestly then put a
plant, a mint leaf to see if the mouse would live with the plant next to it. For certain, the mouse lived
and Joseph Priestly realized the plant had cleaned the poison gas and gave fresh air. Joseph Priestly
knew that for something to keep burning there must be one element, oxygen. So he then sealed a
candle tight to see if it would burn. The fire of course burned out, he then did the same experiment
but this time adding a plant to see a difference. The candle was still burning because of the plant's
production of

Oxygen : The Four Main Elements Of The Elmosphere
The atmosphere is what helps all life forms on Earth to breathe. The atmosphere stretches into space
but, also stretches to include the various bodies of water and land on Earth. The atmosphere is the
envelope of gases that surrounds the Earth. As many know, the main element of the atmosphere is
oxygen. Oxygen is what life forms on Earth use to breathe. There are many other elements that
make up the atmosphere besides oxygen. Each element plays an important part in the atmosphere.
Since there is more than one element in the atmosphere, it is considered a homogeneous mixture or a
solution.
The atmosphere is made up of four main elements: 20.95% of oxygen, 78.09% of nitrogen, .93% of
air, .0.387% of carbon dioxide. Nitrogen is the the element that is the most plentiful in the
atmosphere. Even though it can be found in minerals and ammonia, nitrogen is mostly found in the
atmosphere. It was discovered by a Swedish chemist by the name of Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1772.
It is a colorless, odorless gas and is the eighth element on the periodic table. Argon is third most
plentiful element in the atmosphere. It was discovered by Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsay in
1894. It is colorless and odorless when in both the liquid and gas phase. It is the eighteenth element
on the periodic table is one of the noble gases. Carbon Dioxide is the fourth most plentiful element
on the periodic table. It was discovered by a Belgian chemist named Jan Baptista van Helmont
during the seventeenth

Oxygen Essay
Oxygen
Oxygen, symbol O, colorless, odorless, tasteless, slightly magnetic gaseous element. On earth,
oxygen is more abundant than any other element.
Oxygen was discovered in 1774 by the British chemist Joseph Priestley and, independently, by the
Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele; it was shown to be an elemental gas by the French chemist
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier in his classic experiments on combustion.
Large amounts of oxygen are used in high–temperature welding torches, in which a mixture of
oxygen and another gas produces a flame of much higher temperature than is obtained by burning
gases in air. Oxygen is administered to patients whose breathing is impaired and also to ... Show
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Gaseous oxygen can be condensed to a pale blue liquid that is strongly magnetic. Pale blue solid
oxygen is produced by compressing the liquid. The atomic weight of oxygen is 15.9994.Oxygen
composes 21 percent by volume or 23.15 percent by weight of the atmosphere; 85.8 percent by
weight of the oceans and, as a constituent of most rocks and minerals,
46.7 percent by weight of the solid crust of the earth. Oxygen comprises 60 percent of the human
body. It is a constituent of all living tissues; almost all plants and animals, including all humans,
require oxygen, in the free or combined state, to maintain life.3
Three structural forms of oxygen are known: ordinary oxygen, containing two atoms per molecule,
formula O2; ozone, containing three atoms per molecule, formula O3; and a pale blue, nonmagnetic
form, O4, containing four atoms per molecule, which readily breaks down into ordinary oxygen.
Three stable isotopes of oxygen are known; oxygen–16 (atomic mass 16) is the most abundant. It
comprises 99.76 percent of ordinary oxygen and was used in determination of atomic weights until
the 1960s.
Oxygen is prepared in the laboratory from salts such as potassium chlorate, barium peroxide, and
sodium peroxide. The most important industrial methods for the preparation of oxygen are the
electrolysis of water and the

Chlorine In The Swimming Pool
chlorine is a chemical element, its roughly basic ( 90 ). Naturally chemically reactive, chlorines is
combined with other elements and compounds has been used to produce essential products. Chlorine
was discovered in 1774, by the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele, he observed a greenish gas
when he combined manganese dioxide and hydrochloric acid. Carl Wilhelm Scheele thought the gas
contained oxygen. Carl didn't realize that had generated an unknown chemical element. In 1810 a
British scientist called Sir Humphrey Davey identified the gas as a distinct chemical element and he
was the one who called it "chlorine". Chlorine is a naturally reactive chemical element that can bond
readily with any other substances to form a vast array of a useful compound. Chlorine has a melting
point of 155.6 degree ( c ) and boils at 100.1 degree (c ). It may be produced by the direction of its
elements at 225 degree ( c ). The symbol of chlorine in the periodic table is ( CI ) and its atomic
number is 17 while it has a mass of 35.4527amu. people uses chlorine mostly in water in specific in
swimming pools. This essay will talk about why do people use chlorine in the swimming pool and
the disadvantages of chlorine and how it affects the human body.
There are many different types of swimming pool that people use one of the most common is the
chlorine pool even though it is not the only choice available. But people usually use the chlorine
because it does what

Yellow Number Five Essay
Yellow #5: yellow number five also known as tartrazine affects the human body in several ways.
When one consumes products with yellow 5 you lose zinc through your saliva and urine. Zinc is an
essential element for the chemical compound of one's body. Your body uses zinc in hundreds of
ways, zinc is required for your metabolism of carbohydrates and fat, protein, alcohol. Not just
limited to that zinc "is also critical for wound healing, sense of taste and smell, immune system
function, bone strength, thyroid function, blood clotting, cognitive functions, prenatal development,
and sperm production" ("yellow No. 5").
Blue #1: Blue number one can be known as Brilliant Blue FCF can be traced to pesticide
formulations applied to growing crops or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The pigment comes from the coating of the seeds it is not uncommon to see this colorant as a paste
or a powder. Coming from a Hispanic family, I am surprised to learn that the coloring that is used in
tacos al pastor is being used in the food I consumed. This colorant is exempted from the FDA guide
lines because of it being a natural substance not a man–made colorant.
Soy lecithin: Soy lecithin is found in almost all the products that we consume. Soy lecithin is created
by extracting the oil from the beans usually hexane, after this the raw oil goes through a refining
process where the crude oil gets mixed with water so that the lecithin may become hydrated so that
they can be removed. But there is a staggering concern with the amount of hexane let over from this
process. People with soy allergies should try to avoid this chemical but not necessarily cancel this
product from their diet, but should be cautious.
Malic Acid: Is considered to be safe by the FDA, malic acid was first isolated by Carl Wilhelm
Scheele in 1785. This acid is very tart it is most commonly found in green apples and present in
wine grapes. One should not consume so much malic acid because it can cause irritation of the

World War 1 Chlorine Research Paper
Backtrack to April 22, 1915. Halfway around the world in Ypres, Belgium, German forces surprise
two French Colonial divisions by unleashing nearly 150 tons of pure fatal chlorine gas. Because
they had never been exposed to chemical warfare on a scale like this; The French forces had no
protection against this deadly toxin. This lack of preparation sent front line troops into a panic.
Nearly 6,000 troops were killed because of the deadly gas. These soldiers did not die peacefully, as
they choked and burned to death as if they were parasites. The Germans, who bombarded "No man's
land" and the front line trenches with the chlorine gas were equally as surprised with the devastation
the unbeatable gas left. Long story short, although German forces had a major advantage with this
toxic new weapon; they failed to come out of the Second Battle of Ypres with a victory. Shortly after
worldwide mass production of gas masks were being put into effect for the war. This first use of
chemical warfare changed the entire ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These Halite mines are very common, as there is a natural abundance to the element Chlorine. The
top three Chlorine producers in the world are China, India, and the United States of America, in that
order. Chlorine is used in everyday cleaning products like water purifiers, like pools so common in
the American backyard, and bleach. Chlorine is used in things like swimming pools and bleach
because of how powerful of an element it is. In pools it is used to clean out any unnatural
unnecessary objects in the water like algae. Its immense amount of strength is why it is such an
important element in bleach as like the pool, it kills nearly everything. Nearly 20% of all Chlorine
that is mined is used to create PVC, which is used in the production of things like window frames,
car interiors, water pipes, blood bags, electrical wiring, and vinyl

Chemical Reactions And Polyphenol
To begin with, a chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms when bonds are broken in the
reactants and new ones form which are the products. Atoms cannot be lost, changed, or gained in
identity. For example, when hydrogen and oxygen are put together, they make water (Shipman,
2014). The chemical reaction known as oxidation is when oxygen, a very reactive element,
combines with many substances in a reaction (Cobb, 1972). This reaction occurs in many fruits,
especially apples because they contain a vast amount of an enzyme known as polyphenol oxidase
(Gritzer, 2015).
By slicing or bruising an apple, the cells are ruptured and the enzyme comes in contact with
substrate (Gritzer, 2015). When this occurs, the enzymes cause the fruit to turn ... Show more
Both lemon, orange, and pineapple are acidic, and the lower pH that they bring about results in PPO
becoming less active (McLandsborough, 2007). Also, oranges and lemons contain vitamin C,
additionally known as ascorbic acid. This vitamin slows down enzymatic browning in apples as well
(Cobb, 1972). During the eighteenth century, however enclosed in 1784 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele
from lemon juice, the making of citric acid started at the end of the nineteenth century, from Italian
lemons. Citric acid is one of the most widely known food additives in use today. Specifically, citric
acid is organic and apart of every aerobic living organism (Canon, 2013). It is used abundantly in
fruits and neutralizes the enzymes that turn fruit brown when exposed to oxygen (Powell–Smith,

Manganese and Iodine
Manganese and Iodine are both elements on the periodic table. Both are used greatly in our lives
every day.
Manganese is a brittle metallic element that is important in many industrial processes. It was
discovered by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1774. Manganese was given its name from the Latin word
magnes meaning magnet. Manganese belongs to a set of elements called the transition metals.
Manganese is the 12th most common element found in the earth's crust and is the 4th most common
medal mined. It is also found in meteorites, asteroids and some comets. Manganese is widespread in
lava rock but it is not present in very high amounts so, it's not worth digging up the rock to extract it.
Instead mining companies mine the manganese from deposits that form from chemical changes in
the rocks after millions of years. Manganese also grows under water; it builds up on a tiny piece of
rock or even a shark tooth and increases by a fraction of an inch every million years.
Manganese is used for many things from steel to spacecraft to batteries. It is also used for purifying
water and forms very brightly coloured compounds used for glazing pottery and glass.
Manganese Facts:
Chemical Symbol Mn
Atomic Number (number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom)
25
Mass Number

The Element Oxygen
The Element Oxygen has a chemical symbol O and atomic number 8. Oxygen was produced by
numerous chemists prior to discovery in 1774, but each chemist failed to record it as an element.
The main people are British clergyman Joseph Priestley, Swedish pharmacist Carl Wilhelm Scheele
and French chemist Antoine Laurent Lavoisier all independently discovered oxygen. But Priestley
usually gets the credit for the discovery. The name oxygen was first used by Lavoisier in 1777.
Oxygen plays an essential role in the lives of humans and other living organism. As well as being
important for health and medical treatments it also helps us burn fuels, teat waters and even protect
us from dangerous UV light thank to the ozone layer. Oxygen therapy is used as a common medical
treatment. You may have seen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is almost the most abundant element in the human body. Oxygen represents about half of the
world's mass outside, 66% of the human's mass body and nine tenths of the mass of water. A lot of
oxygen can be removed from condensed air through a procedure known as fragmentary refining.
Oxygen can likewise be delivered through the electrolysis of water or by warming potassium
chlorate. A reduction in the measure of oxygen per unit volume of air results in a deficient measure
of oxygen entering the circulatory system. The body responds to this condition quickly. This
shortage in oxygen is called Hypoxia. At the point when the body recaptures its ordinary oxygen
supply, one may recuperate from hypoxia. A complete absence of oxygen, which brings about
changeless physical harm or passing, is called Anoxia.
The element oxygen atomic weight is 15.999 and it is classified as a gas and nonmetal. It has the
density of 1.429g/L and the melting pint of –218.79 degree Celsius and –361.82 degree Fahrenheit.
It also has the boiling point of –182.95 degree Celsius and –297.31 degree

Periodic Table Research Task
Periodic Table Research Task By Kevin Shaji
Part A. You are to research the task below and submit as a written piece of work i) John Dalton
proposed his atomic theory in 1808. Outline his theory. (4 marks) ii) Explain which part of Dalton's
atomic theory was later found to be incorrect. (3 marks) iii) Dalton developed a way to measure the
relative atomic mass of the different elements. Using examples research and describe the meaning of
the term 'relative atomic mass'. (3 marks)
i) 1) Elements are made up of tiny particles called atoms.
2) Atoms cannot be destroyed or created but can be rearranged during chemical changes.
3) Atoms of a particular element are identical in mass, size, shape and other properties.
4) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even though Aristotle's theory was wrong he contributed indirectly to the periodic table. The
periodic table consists of elements and he hypothesised that elements exist.
John Dalton
John Dalton was an English chemist, meteorologist and physicist. He was born on the 6th of
September 1766 and died on the 27th of July 1844. He began to study at a local village school and at
the age of 12 began to teach there. At the age of 15, he began to teach at a Quaker school in Kendal.
After teaching here for 10 years he moved to Manchester as a teacher. While there he joined the
Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, which provided him laboratory facilities. The first
paper he presented was about colour blindness which he suffered from. Dalton arrived to atomism
by his fascination of meteorology. Dalton stated that the forces of repulsion thought to cause
pressure acted only between atoms of the same type. From here on he proceeded to calculate the
atomic weight of atoms from percentage compositions of compounds. After this he developed his
own atomic theory, which completely revolutionised the way we see the world today. Dalton
contributed indirectly to the development of the periodic table. Dalton's information on atomic
weights was a huge factor in the creation the periodic table. He also proposed a chemical symbols
for some elements. Without Dalton's ground–breaking work the periodic table would not be
possible.
Johann

The History of Carbon
The sixth element on the Periodic Table is Carbon. Carbon's name originated from the Latin word
"carbo."This in Latin actually means charcoal, which is the first basic form Carbon was used for.
("History of Carbon")There are many compounds that Carbon is found in our world. Carbon was
first found in prehistoric times and therefore there is no true discoverer. In these times the Egyptians
and Sumerians used charcoal, a form of carbon, to reduce metals to make bronze. ("History of
Carbon") Later, charcoal was used for medicinal uses by the Egyptians. They used charcoal as a way
to absorb odors from wounds that were infected and from inside the digestive system. This started
the use of charcoal more and more for medical purposes. ("History of Carbon") It is recorded that
charcoal started to be used for even epilepsy around 400BC. ("History of Carbon") Scientist recently
have found barrels found in ship wrecks shortly after this time wear charred to help extend the use
of water and it is also reported that filters made of charcoal came to be about around this time. In the
late 1700's carbon was found to have great absorptive powers, mostly in the form of charcoal.
("History of Carbon") I scientist by the name of Carl Wilhelm Scheele performed a serious of
experiments involving gasses and saw how carbon from different origins would absorb it. Later,
Lowitz another well–known scientist in his time, study in broader terms the same thing as Scheele.
("History of Carbon") He also

The Threat Of Chlorine As A Weapon Essay
In the post 9/11 era of America, terrorism has become an unfortunate part of life. Since that day,
America has seen six different attacks that have been aspired by Islamic extremism. From the
anthrax attack in late 2001 to the San Bernardino attack in 2015 the increased violence has only
become more frequent and more difficult to predict (Ilich, 2016). This includes the most recent
example or Islamic extremism that occurred in Orland, FL at Pule night club when 29 year old Omar
Mateen opened fire on unsuspecting victim claiming the lives of 49 and wounding an additional 53
(Ilich, 2016). The Boston bombing was the first time since the anthrax attacks that terrorism
involved more than just a firearm (Ilich, 2016). The evolution of attacks makes since to move on
from simple weapons to chemical attacks. The threat of chlorine attacks has to be considered with
the ever growing use of it in Iraq and Syria. This discussion will look at the history of chlorine as a
weapon. Then review current uses of chlorine as a weapon by Islamic extremist. Afterwards,
theoretically look at how a chlorine weapon should be used in the United States, specifically Las
Vegas. Then finish with how to prevent that attack. Chlorines history was never intended to be used
as a weapon. In 1774 German–Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered the chemical
(Chlorine, 2013). The uses for liquid and solid chlorine was found to kill bacteria and has been
developed to be used in small quantities to

How Astronomy Has Changed The World
Astronomy is an ongoing process because it has changed the world and continues to throughout
time. For example, NASA astronauts have continued in their mission to establish a human
settlement on Mars from the first successful flyby of Mariner 4 to the current Mars rover, the
Curiosity. NASA has even planned future missions to the planet. For example, they have future
plans for a rover called the ExoMars Rover to be sent in 2018 that will carry the equipment needed
to truly answer if life ever existed on Mars. Astronomy is an ongoing process because over time, our
atmosphere has continued to change, so astronomers have to continue to learn about our skies in
order to keep the people on earth safe.
Scientific discoveries influence everything

Chloride Research Paper
Chloride is derived from the Greek word "chloros" meaning pale green. It was discovered in 1744
by Carl Wilhelm Scheele. He combined mineral pyrolusite (manganese dioxide, MnO2) with
hydrochloric acid (HCl), and thought that the produced gas has oxygen on it. In 1810, Humphry
Davy named and validated Chlorine as a discrete element. Chloride is an essential mineral required
for both human and animal. Chloride is an electrolyte which carries negative charged ion, it
represents the 70% of the body's total negative ion content. Chloride is one of the necessary mineral
that occurs primarily in body fluids of human. On average, an adult human body contains
approximately 115 grams of chloride, making up about 0.15% of total body weight.1 The suggested

Discoveries in Chemistry and Their Impacts on Public Life
DISCOVERIES IN CHEMISTRY AND THEIR IMPACTS ON PUBLIC LIFE INTRODUCTION
Every single day, without even realising it, we use so many things that are brought to us by the
discoveries and advances in chemistry. Many of these things we take for granted, and don 't even
bother to question how it got there, why it is there, and how it works. Chemistry makes up
everything in our lives, from the air that we breathe, to the plastic on the keyboard I 'm typing on
now, and a in depth study of some of the wonderful things chemistry has do for the modern day
world, will help us to appreciate everything we have a great deal more. For as long as we know,
scientists have been creating, and improving new strategies to improve the lives of humans. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
EFFECT: improved workability, decreased residual deformation, increased relative elongation at
rupture, and improved appearance. 2 tbl, 4 ex | | | HIGH–PRESSURE BOTTLE AND METHOD OF
ITS MANUFACTURE | FIELD: protracted storage and transportation of compressed and liquefied
gases, mainly fire extinguishers. EFFECT: enhanced reliability and durability; facilitated procedure.
3 cl, 11 dwg | | | | | ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– INVENTION OF
PAINT: Paint is one of the greatest inventions. The secret is a new "copolymer surfactant" molecule
that binds the color into a thicker, more durable paint. The new paint molecules are long chains that
surround pigment molecules, much like a strip of Velcro wrapped around a tennis ball, which
provides more space for the latex to cling to. As a result, the paint covers any color in a single coat,
leaves a washable finish. | | INVENTION OF MOLDING FINGERPRINTS:Benjamin Moore's new
Aura interior paint doesn't require a primer, and the paint doesn't stick, thanks to innovative
chemistry.Materials chemists at the University of Toronto have developed a new elastic light–
sensitive material that changes color based on pressure and could be used to capture data–rich
fingerprints in multiple colors. The material could also be used in pressure sensors in consumer
products, such as consumer electronics, airbag

Chlorine Research Paper
In 1774, a man by the name of Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered the element Chlorine when he was
combining the mineral pyrolusite with hydrochloric acid. Mr. Scheele had first thought that the gas
he had just discovered contained oxygen, but that was not the case. Later, in 1810, Sir Humphry
Davy proved that chlorine was a distinct element. During World War I, chlorine was used. It was the
first poisonous gas used in warfare. Because of the choking odor, chlorine's alias is "Choking
Charlie".
On the periodic table, chlorine is located in group 17, period 3, and block p. Chlorine is a part of the
Halogen family and is a nonmetal. The word "halogen" means salt–former.
ATTRIBUTES
Chlorine is described as an irritating, toxic, greenish–yellow gas. It is 2 ½ times as dense as air and
has a very strong, choking odor. Chlorine's boiling point is –34.6 °C, and its melting point is –
100.98 °C. "A maximum conductivity below the freezing point of chlorine trifluoride (–83° C.) has
been observed, and possible mechanisms for the negative temperature effect are discussed." (Toy &
Cannon) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first is 35, with an abundance of 75.76%. The other isotope is 37, with an abundance of 24.24%.
Both of these isotopes are stable.
Chlorine can be dissolved at any given temperature in a given amount of water. Due to the formation
of the mixture of Hypochlorous Acid and Hydrochloric Acid, when chlorine is mixed with water, it
loses its yellow

The History of Chemistry Essay
History of Chemistry
Chemistry has been around for a various amount of years. The beginning of chemistry was first
acknowledged in 10,000 BC. The ancient civilizations used technologies that came to become the
makeup of the many branches of chemistry. These early civilizations would extract metal from ores,
make pottery and glazes, beer and wine fermentation, extraction of chemicals from plants for
medicine, making fat into soap, making glass, and many chemistry related tasks were done.
Alchemists set the stage for modern chemistry by performing experiments and recording the results.
Robert Boyle wrote The Sceptical Chymist in 1661, and in this book it he talks about the difference
between chemistry and alchemy. Although was not the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Henry Cavendish had isolated hydrogen in 1766. He soon called "inflammable air." In 1773, Carl
Wilhelm Scheele discovered oxygen. He came to call this "fire air." Scheele had not published his
achievement soon enough, and Joseph Priestley did instead. Priestley revered to oxygen as
"dephlogisticated air." He had also invented soda water. In 1789 Antoine Lavoisier, father of modern
chemistry, established the law of conservation of mass, Lavoisier's law. He had made a system
which named chemical compounds. This was put into his book called Methods of Chemical
Nomenclature in 1787. This chemical compound naming system is still used today. John Dalton
proposed Dalton's law in 1803. This law describes the relationship the makeup in a mixture of gases
and the pressure that each contributes to the mixture. Dalton had also proclaimed in 1803 that all
matter was composed of small indivisible particles. In 1808 he published New System of Chemical
Philosophy where he proposed a modern atomic theory. In this book he made an outline of the
identification of the atomic theory. Dalton claimed that atoms of a given element possess unique
characteristics and weight, and three types of atoms existed. Those three types are simple
(elements), compound (simple compounds), and complex (complex molecules). There were many
uncertainties about Dalton's published book. In 1811, Amedeo

What Is Lactate?
Lactate and its Production 1.1 History of Lactate Lactate was first described or discovered if you
will by the pseudo Swede Carl Wilhelm Scheele way back in 1780. He did get credit for this
discovery but much else he did not, such as his discovery of oxygen. The credit to that went
elsewhere. In terms of healthcare and disease, the first description of lactate belongs to Joseph
Scherer who is the fist to identify the molecule in human blood. He did so on two occasions, once in
1843 and again in 1851. The first occasion was that of a young pregnant woman who gave birth to a
healthy child but became sick herself. She developed what we would today recognise as classic
sepsis like symptoms such fever, tachycardia and night sweats. Unfortunately she was treated with
blood letting and eventually died. Post mortem it was discovered that she had purulent endometritis
along with shocked internal organs. But what is interesting is that Scherer analysed her blood and
found lactic acid to be present. It is thought that she may have died from a streptococcus infection.
Later that same year another pregnant female came to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In that paper they also synthesised the information necessary, the information found in all
biochemistry books, to understand lactate metabolism. In order to truly understand lactate we must
understand ATP, the energy currency of the body. ATP drives a vast array or processes, from the
operation of ion channels to the contractions of muscle, to our ability to think. Without the ATP we
would not survive. In order to keep up with he demand of ATP our body has we like most living
things have developed a way to utilise oxygen to extract energy via glycolysis and oxidative
phosphorylation. Glycolysis is an ancient process, formed 3 billion years ago according to Bakker et
al, is capable of generating 2 molecules of ATP

Jean Antoine Laurent Lavoisier And The Kings Of France
Antoine–Laurent Lavoisier was born in Paris, France, August 26, 1743. Lavoisier's parents, Jean–
Antoine Lavoisier, a lawyer, and Emilie Punctis, belonged to a rich and influential family.
Lavoisier's father was also a member of the prestigious Order of Barristers. Lavoisier's family had
been of service to the kings of France. Lavoisier's had one sibling, her name was Marie Marguerite
Emilie. She was born in 1745. Lavoisier's sister died at the age of fifteen. Their mother died when
Lavoisier was only 5 years old and Marie was only 3 years old. Lavoisier inherited a lot of his
Mother 's money, when she died, which also made him very wealthy. Their Father never remarried,
after his wife's death. After Lavoisier's and Marie 's mother died they spent the majority of their life
living with their Aunt, Mlle Constance Punctis. Mlle Constance Punctis ensured Lavoisier had a
good education. In 1763, Lavoisier received his bachelor's degree and in 1764 he practiced his
profession. Lavoisier wanted to be a writer, and he won several awards for his compositions in
French, Latin and Greek.
He pursued a law degree to please his father but, Lavoisier realized that his true passion was
science, so he attended the College of four nations or also known as College Mazarin, which was
named after the founder, Cardinal Mazarin. It was founded through by Cardinal Mazarin. Lavoisier
studied math, astronomy, chemistry, and botany in college. He received recognition in botany, in
geology and

Chalcogen Essay
Also known as the oxygen family, chalcogens are sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium(Te), and
polonium (Po). Oxygen (O) is also in group 16, where chalcogens are located on the periodic table.
While it is defined as a chalcogen, oxygen and oxides are often separated from chalcogens because
its chemical behavior is much different than that of the other elements in the group. The other
elements in the group show similar patterns in their electron configurations resulting in similar
chemical behavior. The name chalcogen means "ore former," derived from the Greek words chalcos:
ore and –gen: formation. An interesting fact is that oxygen is the most abundant element on Earth,
second most in the Atmosphere, and third in the whole universe. It is ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Selenium itself is a nontoxic element, but when made into a compound, it can become very toxic.
For example, Hydrogen selenide is intolerable to humans. Tellurium's name is derived from the latin
word for earth, "tellus". It is very brittle and has a silvery–white appearance. When a human is
exposed to even the smallest amount of Tellurium, they develop "Tellurium breath", which smells
like garlic. It was discovered by Franz Joseph Mδller von Reichenstein, who was a the chief
inspector of mines in Transylvania, but was name by M. Klaproth. Polonium, which is very
poisonous and radioactive, was discovered by Marie Curie. She named it after her native country,
Poland. It is very rare and is made only in small quantities through a nuclear reaction of bismuth. An
interesting fact about polonium is that there actually is no real world use for it, but it can be used as
a poison.
This should be a paragraph about history which this thesis statement is NOT representative of. Once
again this paragraph is a list of facts not a summary of trends with specific examples. You need to
cut back.
The Chalcogens group of elements is comprised of oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and
polonium. Joseph Priestly discovered the element Oxygen in 1776. Priestly loved to experiment and
did many experiments of carbon dioxide, even with his meager money intake. These experiments
led him eventually to experimenting on the isolation of oxygen. Although Priestly was the

Chemistry : The Causes And Uses Of Chlorine
Chlorine is a widely known element found in salt, cleaning agents, antibacterial agents, and some
dyes. Chlorine is an extremely reactive halogen, its chemical symbol is Cl, and its atomic mass is
35.45. The element's atomic number is 17, and its density is 0.003214 g per cubic cm. Chlorine is
not a free element, but it is sometimes found in volcanic gas. The element is mostly found in other
compounds, and when extracted, is a dense gas that is heavier than air; its color is a greenish–
yellow. The gas has an extremely overpowering smell, and it is toxic to humans in large quantities. It
is extremely corrosive, and it can also explode if it mixes with Hydrogen. Chlorine is soluble, and if
mixed with water it dissolves to create an acid. Chlorine's boiling point is –34.6 °C, it freezes at –
100.98°C, and it melts at –101.5°C. The element's electron configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p5.
Chlorine was discovered in 1744, by Carl Wilhelm Scheele. When he first researched and extracted
the gas, he did not believe that it was a true element. He collected the Chlorine from a reaction
between manganese dioxide and hydrochloric acid, and noted that the gas had a green color. He also
observed that it was highly reactive, had bleaching properties, and was toxic to insects. From the
1700s to the 1800s a theory called the Phlogiston theory was used to explain chemical changes like
burning or rusting. Because Chlorine could rust metals and even combust if it was placed in specific

Tungsten Research Paper
Tungsten is a chemical element with atomic number 74 and symbol of W. The word tungsten comes
from the language Swedish which means heavy stone. This is a rare, hard metal under normal
conditions when it's uncombined. Tungsten is found naturally on Earth only in chemical compounds.
It was identified as a new element in 1781. Its ores contain wolframite and scheelite. The element is
remarkable for its robustness. It has the highest melting point of all the elements. Also its high
density of 19.3 times that of gold or even water. Polycrystalline tungsten is an intrinsically hard and
brittle material because of its weak grain boundaries, making it difficult to work with. However,
pure single–crystalline tungsten can be cut with a hard–steel ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They are made due to its excellent properties in shielding. A powder form of Tungsten is used as a
filler material in composites of plastic. They are used as a substitute for lead in bullets that is also
non–toxic. It is also used in shots and radiation shields. Because this element is thermal and the
expansion is similar to borosilicate glass, it is can be used for making glass to metal seals on its
own.
In soil, the tungsten metal can oxidize the tungstate anion. It can be non–selectively or selectively
imported by prokaryotic organisms that may substitute for molybdate as it does in certain enzymes.
It affects the action of these enzymes in some cases inhibitory. Then in the others, it is positive. The
soil's chemistry ultimately determines how tungsten polymerizes with the alkaline soils because of
the monomeric tungstates. The acidic soils can cause some polymeric tungstates.
Lead and sodium tungstate were studied for their effect on earthworms and other organisms. Lead
was found to be the most lethal and harmful of the low levels and sodium tungstate. The sodium
tungstate was much less toxic but it completely went against their reproductive process and

The Discovery Of Tungsten, Formerly Wolfram Or Wolframite
History
Tungsten, formerly Wolfram or Wolframite, is not naturally found in nature, and can only be created
by taking either protons or neutrons from naturally occurring substances. In the sixteenth century,
German smelters discovered it as an accompanying mineral to tin ores. When trying to smelt these
ores, they sometimes found foam like deposits would form, consuming the tin ores they found
valuable. Due to this phenomenon, it was said that it "Tears away the tin and devours it like a wolf
devours sheep." and labeled somewhat of a nuisance material. The name wolfram was also due to
the substances black color and its hairy appearance. A century and a half later it would be given the
name Tungsten after another tungsten ore called ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first were given to an engineer by the name of Robert Oxland, who had perfected the rendering
process. Oxlands process helped to open the pathway to industrialization, making Tungsten a metal
that was readily attainable for use in many different applications. Following his innovations, as soon
as ten years later, patents for tungsten used as an alloy in steels, and high speed steels became
common strengthening the material by as much as 20 percent. Many of the same steels are still in
wide use today. In 1904, Tungsten was used to replace the filaments in lightbulbs, as an alternative
to the much less efficient carbon filaments that were the standard of the era. This application was
used to illuminate the world, changing the way humans live forever, and is also still in wide use
today. Only in recent years have alternatives that are safer and more energy efficient been created.
Applications
Tungsten is applied to different metals for a variety of uses. In applications where strong steels are
needed, tungsten can be added in higher and lower quantities based on need to increase strength due
to its increased durability. Some common uses for the material are electron television tubes,
filaments in electric lamps, winding/heating elements for electric furnaces, missile/ high temperature
applications, and high speed tool steels to name a

Chlorine Gases
I: Chemical Formula and Breakdown
Chlorine gases chemical formula is CI2. The elements that make chlorine gas is mainly chlorine.
Chlorine is a common element and is used in salt, which is very important. Chlorine is highly
reactive. Also, a highly toxic greenish yellow gas, has a pungent odour, and fumes in moist air. Its
density is .003, so it is very light.
II: Physiological/Psychological Effects
Because of its reactivity, Chlorine does not exist in the free elemental state in nature, although it is
widely distributed in combination with other elements. It also kills pool germs. When chlorine
enters the body as a result of breathing, swallowing, or skin contact, it reacts with water to produce
acids. The acids damage cells in the body on contact. Effects of chlorine are blurred vision, burning
pain, redness, and blisters on the skin if exposed to gas. Burning sensation in the nose, throat, and
eyes, coughing, chest tightness. Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath. Nausea and vomiting,
watery eyes, wheezing. Chlorine gas affects your lungs, chest, and eye, as well as your skin. And
mainly your respiratory system.
III: History and Development
Around 1630, chlorine was recognized as a gas by the Flemish chemist and physician John Baptist
van Helmont. Elemental ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mainly as an disinfectant. It should be used today because it is very useful and cleans many things
that get dirty. The Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other
Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, usually called the Geneva Protocol, is a treaty
prohibiting the use of chemical and biological weapons in international armed conflicts. They have
this because chlorine gas is so deadly. think that using chlorine gas in war is fine if it is a last resort
after all peaceful methods have been tried. Also, if you are defending yourself. Although, it is a very
dangerous weapon if you don't have gas

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