What You Should Know About Stem Cells Essay

What You Should Know about Stem Cells Essay
What You Should Know about Stem Cells
A topic of extended scientific and ethical debate in our society as of late has been the question of
Stem Cell research. Going down this path could yield unprecedented medical leaps in treatment and
prevention that medicine will be able to offer. Before I address the debate of whether or not Stem
Cell research should be done, I want to first explain to my readers what stem cells are, how they
come to be and what we can use them for. We must first start with the different types of cells, I will
explain them as I take you through part of the fetal development process. The first type of cell is the
totipotent cell. This cell is created when a sperm fertilizes an egg. This kind of cell can ... Show
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Once we are able to create these stem cell lines a variety of possibilities will be open to us. The first
is the ability to speed up our future drug testing. This benefit should please animal rights activists. If
we create a line of human stem cells for new drugs to be tested on than we can assess the negative
and positive effects on the stem cell tissue before the drug is ever used on an animal or a human. Not
only that but testing new drugs on stem cells increase the amount of information we can learn
because we can target specific and more varied tissues that previously we had access to. Now I will
get into more direct benefits of stem cell research. Pluripotent stem cells can be directed to develop
into almost any kind of tissue, and this creates the possibility for a renewable source of replacement
tissues and cells. What does that mean? We would be able to better treat and cure a large number of
diseases and injuries including but not limited to: Parkinson?s, Alzheimer?s, spinal cord injury,
stroke, burns, heart disease, diabetes, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. I have included an
example taken from the National Institute of Health?s Primer on Stem Cells:
Transplant of healthy heart muscle cells could provide new hope for patients with chronic heart
disease whose hearts can no longer pump adequately. The hope is to develop
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Staphylococcus Aurosis Research Papers
Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen of more importance due to rise in resistance to antibiotic
(Lowy, 1998).It is different from the CoNS (e.g. S. epidermidis), and more venomous despite their
phylogenic similarity (Waldvogel, 1990; Projan and Novick, 1997). CoNS when grown on solid
media form translucent white color colonies (Howard and Kloos, 1987). Genome databases to date
the staphylococcus aureus have been completed for 7 strains, MRSA, 8325, MSSA COL, MW2,
N315, and Mu50. S. aureus genome average size is 2.8Mb (Kuroda et al., 2001). S. aureus cell wall
is 20–40 nm thick a hard protective coat, which is generally unstructured in appearance (Shockman
and Barrett, 1983). Under the cell wall is the cytoplasm that is enclosed by the cytoplasmic ... Show
Cell wall teichoic acid and cell membrane associated lipoteichoic acid are two types of teichoic
acids; are inserted in the bacterial lipid membrane or covalently bound to the peptidoglycan. These
acids provide a negative charge to the cell surface of staphylococcus and play an important role in
the activities of autolytic enzymes the localization of metal ions especially divalent cations and
acquisition (Wilkinson, 1997). These two components only accounts for about 90% of cell wall
mass, remaining is composed of exoproteins, autolysins and surface proteins. These components are
virulence determinants and are involved in bacterial attachment to surfaces (Karakawa and Vann,
1982; Thakker et al., 1998). Staphylococcus aureus has three virulence determinant production
regulators that regulate the expression of different proteins necessary for growth are agr, sar and sae
(Recsei et al., 1986; Morfeldt et al., 1988; Cheung et al., 1992; Giraudo et al.,

Selective Breeding And Mammal Cloning
BIOLOGY
Level 3
Achievement Standard: 91607 (3.7) v1
Selective Breeding and Mammal Cloning
'Demonstrate understanding of human manipulations of genetic transfer and its biological
implications'
3 Credits
Name: NadyaBuksh
Year: 13G
2015
Selective breeding is the result of human manipulation of genetic transfer. It uses the same principle
as natural selection. However, natural selection is the process of selection by the environment
whereas;selective breeding is a form artificial selection by humans. Hence, selective breeding can be
defined as the artificial process by which desirable or specific traits are selected to produce ideal
breed of animals.
This process of artificial selection is nothing recent as agriculture began thousands of years ago.
Selective breeding however did commence with selection of plants containingdesired traits with the
purpose of producing bigger and easier to harvest grains with a greater yield.
As the decades progressed, technology became widespread and selective breeding started producing
animals for meat, milk, clothes, eggs and several other human desires. Due to selective breeding, a
smaller number of animals were required yet they produced a large amounts and better quality
products. This was possible as the animals were being genetically manipulatedso that they contained
desired traits.
Similar is the case of birds especially chickens and turkeys whose are meat widely popular in a
range of cuisines. There are two different types of

Stem Cell Essay
How many know someone who has or had heart disease? Keep your hands up. How many know
someone who has or had diabetes? How many know someone who has or had cancer? Okay, you
can put your hands down. Right now in the United States alone, thirty million people have heart
disease ("Heart Disease"), twenty–five million people have diabetes (Santos–Longhurst), and fifteen
million people have cancer. (Cancer Statistics"). That equals seventy million moms, dads, or
children that are suffering from these chronic diseases, but can be treated with the use of embryonic
stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are cells derived from the undifferentiated inner mass cells of
human embryo. In simpler terms, these cells have the ability of developing into any of ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States ("Heart Disease"). This disease can
be treated using embryonic stem cells. The goal is that when the tissue of the heart is damaged,
embryonic stem cells can be specialized into heart cells and replace the damaged ones, giving the
heart the ability to beat and function as normal (Murnaghn). The initial research that has been
conducted on laboratory animals such as mice has suggested that this may be a possibility
(Murnaghn). Embryonic stem cells can also treat people with type I diabetes. Type I diabetes is an
incurable, chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin (Santos–Longhurst).
The pancreatic cells that are supposed to produce the insulin are damaged by the immune system
causing imbalanced blood sugar levels (Murnaghn). Research is showing a possibility in
specializing the stem cells into cells capable of producing insulin, which when transplanted into
diabetics, would remove their need for insulin injections (Murnaghn). Furthermore, patients with
cancer may also benefit from embryonic stem cell transplants. Cancer, the disease caused by an
uncontrollable division of abnormal cells in a part of the body, is the cause of one in every four
deaths in the United States ("Cancer Statistics"). A common treatment of this disease has

Type VI Secretion System
Type VI secretion system and effector proteins
Abstract:
(T6ss) is one of several secretion systems particularly in gram negative bacteria , such as Vibrio
cholerae and pseudomonas aeruginosa .Although, it is toxic system these bacteria has immunity
protein to protect itself from lytic enzymes.
Introduction:
Gram negative bacteria have two layers of peptidoglycan which make import and export molecules
(protein, enzymes and toxins) through them difficult, for that reason they have special mechanizes
which known secretion systems .There are six type of these secretions type I, type II, type III, type
IV, type V and type VI .The latter is the resent type has been discovered.
T6ss is a complex apparatus to compete or defend against other microbes. These secretion export
and release three effectors proteins Tse1, Tse2 and Tse3 into recipient cells. Tse2 is a toxin which
attacks directly the cytoplasm by unknown technique until now .The others, Tse1 and Tse3 are lytic
enzymes which have ability to break down the peptidoglycan in target cells.
1– Tse1 and Tse3 are lyse proteins:
There are several experiment have done by the scientist to prove their theories about the ability of
Tse1 and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The sheath and the tube extend across the inner membrane, the periplasm and the outer membrane in
the donor cell until the outer membrane in the recipient cell. The sheath shrinks through a helical
movement and the inner tube punctures the target cell in particular its outer membrane. However,
this action allows the effector proteins and the toxin to release inside the cell. After the injection and
deliver the proteins, the inner tube is dissociated and the sheath is degraded by ClpV ATPase
enzyme. In addition to Hcp and VgrG proteins are released into the extracellular space as secreted
proteins ( Basler et al,2012) .the whole process can start over

paper
Embryonic Stem Cell Research
What if there was a way to cure previously in–curable diseases with the help of something in the
very first stages of human life, but thousands upon thousands of lives had to be taken to perfect the
use of this material? That is exactly what is happening with embryonic stem cells around the world.
Pro–life activists, who originally organized to stop the abortions of unborn fetuses, were most
angered with the process of actually destroying an embryo solely for research purposes. However,
scientists, such as Dr. Andrew Yeager of the University of Pittsburgh, argue that embryonic stem
cells are the future of medicine. "This is really where, I think, so much of biomedicine is going to be
going in the twenty ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are other less controversial methods of obtaining stem cells, however none of those methods
seem to retrieve stem cells with the same "vitality and versatility" as those taken from embryos
(Reaves). Umbilical cord blood has proven to be effective in some cases. Keone Penn, a fifteen year
old from Atlanta, Georgia, was cured of his sickle cell anemia by receiving a stem cell injection.
Although stem cells from umbilical cord blood are high proportioned compared to are own bone
marrow and circulating blood (Dr. Andrew Yeager), they are still pluripotent, meaning that they can
develop into many of the 220 cell types in the human body, but not all, therefore limiting their
usefulness. Another and most obvious alternative would be to take stem cells from already grown
adult stem cells. However, scientists around the world soon discovered that there were many
setbacks to using adult cells. The first is that adult stem cells are already specified, meaning that if a
biomedical technician were to take out a blood stem cell, it could only be used for the replacement
of blood cells. Embryonic stem cells, on the other hand, are not specified, or have not yet developed
into a certain type of cell. The process is controversial because of the cloning that takes place in a
culture. First, the nucleus from an unfertilized egg is extracted. The nucleus contains the
chromosomes of the cell, and in this case, the chromosomes of the egg. An egg alone only

Thiazole Reaction Lab Report
The balanced reaction of Thiazole when combusted perfectly is;
4C3H3NS + 13O2 12CO2 + 2H2O + 4H2S + 2N2
The requirements for a perfect combustion to take place in the air is the enough supply of oxygen. In
this case, only oxygen reacts with the thiazole and other elements does not play any role thus
yielding products such as carbon dioxide, water, hydrogen sulphide and nitrogen. The RMM of
thiazole;
C3H3NS
(12*3) + (1*3) + 14 + 32 = 85 The fuel–air Mass ration;
Fuel–air ratio = Fuel–air ratio=(4(36+3+14+32))/(13(16*2)) = 0.817 The oxygen depletion
Grahams ration is used to determine the oxygen depletion
GR = (100 X CO2)/ (0.265 X N2 – O2)
Where;
GR = Graham's ratio COf = final carbon monoxide concentration (%) N2f = final nitrogen ... Show
The upper zone is characterized by the presences of hot gases produced by the fire. While the lower
zones is the entire space beneath the upper zone. Zone model considers the upper space/zone as the
area for control volume in the sense that it receives both energy and mass from the fire as well as
losing the energy to the surface through the process of radiation and conduction. While the lower
zone is considered to retain the ambient conditions. An example of zone model is the

Using Non Embryonic Stem Cells For Cure Degenerative Diseases
Using Non–Embryonic Stem Cells to Cure Degenerative Diseases Biological concepts and
processes A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell of a multicellular organism which is capable of
giving rise to indefinitely more cells of the same type, and from which certain other kinds of cell
arise by differentiation. In simpler terms, it is a cell which has the potential to develop into a number
of different cell types in the body. Because they are undifferentiated/unspecialised, this makes them
capable of self–renewal by cell division, and can be induced to become specific mature cells with
desired functions, meaning they can not only multiply, but turn into different types of tissues. In the
world of health and medicine, this is very exciting. Stem cells are not only found in the human body.
They exist in other advanced organisms, such as animals and plants. There are three known types of
human stem cells; Embryonic, Induced pluripotent (iPS) and Adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells
are pluripotent (capable of giving rise to several different cell types) cells derived from four to five
day old embryos. These cells have the potential to differentiate into any cell in the human body. In
most cases, these embryos are unwanted overflow from vitro fertilization clinic, rather than
specifically created for the purpose of obtaining stem cells. There is a large ethical debate around the
use of embryonic stems cells and experience has shown that there are often problems with

Embryonic Stem Cell Research Pros And Cons
Embryonic stem cell research is a highly debated and sensitive topic. There is a lot of good that can
come from researching this technology of stem cell research because many people all across the
globe would benefit from it. The United States will soon fall short while other countries are already
using this advancement if we cannot come to a logical conclusion on this vital issue. In the human
body alone, there are more than 220 different cell types. All of these cell types are derived from a
cluster of cells known as embryonic stem cells. These unique cells come from the inner cell mass of
what is referred to as a blastocyst. A blastocyst is a young embryo approximately four to five days
old. What makes these cells so ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Without federal funding, it becomes very hard for medical facilities to continue studying embryonic
stem cells. Almost all of the men and women who we elected to represent us in office are God–
fearing people, but not all of them are against the research. The politicians who do not support the
research are generally conservative, where as the ones who are in support of the stem cell research
are mostly liberal. For example, President Bush cut off the federal funding for stem cell research,
but President Obama resumed the funding shortly after taking office. Although, in late August of
2009 a federal judge declared that embryonic stem cell research was once again off limits for federal
funding. The reason for this was because Obama's action violated the previous 1996 Dickey–Wicker
amendment which disallows funding for any procedure in which embryos are "created, destroyed, or
discarded or knowingly subjected to risk of injury or death." In 1999, Harriet Rabb, counsel for the
Department of Health and Human Services, determined that human embryonic stem cells that are
derived from embryos are not the same as embryos and are therefore immune to the federal funding
cuts. A federal court said that this deciding question was whether or not an embryo was destroyed as
a result of the

Support of Embryonic Stem Cell Research Essay
Embryonic stem cell is one of the most controversial, widely discussed medical issues in the United
States today. The medical use of stem cell raises difficult moral and political questions. To
understand about embryonic stem cell. I thought we should discuss what embryonic stem cells are.
According to Scientific American; June 2004, embryonic stem are derived from the portion of a very
early stage embryo that would eventually give rise to an entire body. Because embryonic stem cells
originate in this primordial stage, or having existed from the beginning. They retain the pluripotent
the ability to form any cell type in the body. To cell line create an embryonic stem cell, scientist
remove the inner cell mass from a blastocyst created in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Currently stem cells have proved effective against sickle cell anemia. The use of the more versatile
embryonic stem cells will speed up the process significantly because embryonic can be more easily
cultivated not to mention that it can mature in to more specialized cells that adult stem cells. In
addition to potential treatments, stem cells can also be used for drug testing. Drug testing of stem
cells is more accurate than animal testing. Although there is no guarantee that stem cell can be
delivered on all of its promises, the potential is simply too grand to avoid.
Ethical Issues with Embryonic Stem Cell. Some urologist have mixed feelings over stem cell
research. According to urology time; 10/1/2005, Vol. 33. Urology Times spoke with urologist from
across the United States about their personal and professional perceptions of stem cell research. Is it
viable and ethical? Should the government fund the research or should the funding be left to the
private sectors? Louis Galdieri, MD, of West Orange, NJ stated that stem cell research is something
I think is promising. The issue with embryos is, of course, a sticky one, depending on where you
stand. Ethically and logically, it's difficult. Louis Galdieri, stated that "he is catholic, so he would
tend not to want to use embryonic stem cells if we don't need to" He continued. If there is an
alternate source that would give us the same potential, I would want to do that instead. Lyman R.
Brothers

Embryonic Stem Cells Informative Essay
Stem Cells are the unspecialized cells from which differentiated cells develop. Scientists say that
stem cells are totipotent. I will talk about that later. There are two different types of stem cells. One
is an embryonic stem cell and the other is an adult stem cell. The two are very different. Let's talk
about the difference.
The difference between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells is actually not difficult to
understand. An embryonic stem cell is found in the Inner Cell Mass of a newly fertilized egg called
an embryo. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent. I will talk about that later as well. Embryonic stem
cells are practically the star of stem cell research. Many scientists research them to try and figure out
what stem cells are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Totipotent stem cells are able to do everything. They can take form of all the tissues in your body.
Pluripotent stem cells are cells made from the inner cell mass. These cells are capable of turning into
all but some of the body's cell types. Multipotent stem cells are the cells that usually only produce
the type of cell from which they came. So if a lung cell were multipotent, it would divide and turn
into a lung cell. That is the same for a heart cell, fat cell, or muscle cell.
Stem cell research is so controversial because stem cells have the potential to fix damaged cells or
tissues. It is also because when researching stem cells, human embryonic stem cells are damaged.
One side of the argument is "stem cells can heal people!" "we have to fund this because it could help
with other diseases!!". The other side is "you are damaging embryonic stem cells, therefore
damaging a human life."
In my opinion, stem cell research could help save many lives. I would be all for it, if they didn't
damage the embryo in the process. I am Catholic, and as a Catholic, I believe killing a baby or in
this case, an embryo, is wrong. A baby is a human being the second it is conceived. Therefore, when
people research the embryos and damage them, they are killing a being. I just think that is

Why Is Embryonic Stem Cell Research Important
On Aug 9, 2001, Numerous American's turned their television sets on to hear what they were
communicated to be an important message from President George W. Bush that could have a key
impact on medical study. President Bush revealed his long awaited decision on federal subsidy of
scientific research on human embryonic stem cells. These cells are a distinctive type of cells in
human embryos that have the capability to produce any type of tissue in the human body. Many
individuals were expecting that the federal government would provide funding this research. They
wanted to hear about whether embryonic stem cells would be developed in laboratory, into tissue
and organs that could be utilized to treat or cure numerous medical conditions such as diabetes, heart
damage, cancer, and disorders of the nervous system, etc. On the other hand, since embryos must be
destroyed to extract their stem cells, many other people watching the president's address, believed
that such research would lead to the taking of human life expectancy, and they began to oppose the
government support.
A human body is made up of billions of cells that form all our diverse ... Show more content on
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In my opinion it's like taking a human life. I understand the importance of stem cell research, but I
would rather than using embryonic stem cells that scientist would focus on adult cells and blood
taken from the umbilical cord of a newborn baby. In either approach it doesn't require destroying an
embryo or harming a donor. This research uses only embryos that would be discarded by fertility
clinics. In 2003, a study estimated that in the U.S fertility clinics, stores some 400,000 frozen
embryos, of which couples have designated about 11,000 for research. I would rather they donate
the discarded embryo to help an infertile woman to have a baby than to kill or destroy a potential

The Pros And Cons Of Embryonic Stem Cells
This research has a lot of risks, but the potential outcomes are spectacular. The production of
embryonic stem cells could help so many people. People could theoretically be created new tissue
for them to use if lost. The immune system, in theory, should not reject the new tissue, due to it
being an exact copy. This has been a major concern when it comes to any kinds of transplants. This
could resolve that issue and save many lives in the process. Now I will delve into the legal aspect of
all of this. As stated before, it is legal in some states, one in particular being Oregon. It is legal to
produce ESCs in Oregon, although it is somewhat limited. The FDA states that they have
jurisdiction of this process, although they don't regulate it

Over Nutrition And Obesity In Australia
Though many are suffering from malnutrition and anorexia, Australia is becoming a major part of an
epidemic that is impacting mass number of people globally. Obesity. In every three Australians, 2
will be obese. Obesity, though preventable, is very damaging to the society due to the health aspects
and societal impacts. The shocking figures are only expected to increase, unless there are immediate
changes applied to the current diet and lifestyle habits. Furthermore, as a chain affect, the risk of
developing other diseases increases drastically.
The effect of over nutrition and obesity on the human body
Obesity is mainly caused by poor diet, consisting of high calorie and/or over nutritious foods.
Protein, carbohydrate and fats, classified ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Liver produces bile, which helps to decompose lipid molecules, during digestion. It also produces
certain proteins and cholesterol that are needed in the blood plasma, and that carry fats around the
body. The liver stores iron, so if the liver is negatively impacted, it can lead to iron deficiency
(Stanford Children's Health 2015). Furthermore, it is vital is removing toxin from the body, so if the
liver can't function properly, the toxins will be left in the body, causing further damage. It also
regulates blood clotting, so without the liver, the body won't be able to stop bleeding in an injury,
and blood may clot in arteries, which will lead to heart attack (Stanford Children's Health

Embryonic Stem Cells Persuasive Essay
Many, as of currently incurable diseases plague the Earth. Thanks to technological advancements
and better understandings of cells, scientists believe that it may be possible to cure diseases by the
use of embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are cells obtained from an embryo when they are
only a few days old. Because they have only begun to differentiate, these cells have the capability of
developing into any cell in the human body, and that's why they can be used for the progression of
medicine. Scientists hope to cure some diseases but if that isn't possible they at least hope to create
treatments using them.
The stem cell of the embryo can divide for long periods of time and still have the ability to produce
all cell type in an organism. Their ability to do so is why scientists are trying to find ways to use
them to cure or treat diseases. They think that they can programed to repair or replace the disease
ridden cells of an infected patient Some diseases that they think can be ... Show more content on
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While the study is designed primarily to test the safety of the treatment, researchers will looks for
signs of improvement in the patients' vision. The company hopes the approach will work for many
conditions, including the leading cause of blindness among the elderly.
"I think this marks the beginning of a new era for stem cell research," Robert Lanza, the company's
chief scientific officer, wrote in an email. "After a decade of intense controversy, the field is finally
ready to prove itself––and to actually start helping patients suffering from a range of horrific
diseases. It also shows the new readiness of the FDA to work with researchers to move exciting new
stem cell therapies out of the laboratory and into the clinic." Later this month they plan on cluding
and gathering the result of the

Type 1 Diabetes Hypothesis
Introduction:
Several people in the United States suffer from diabetes. Some of the worst cases can cause kidney
failure and even death. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune metabolic condition which kills off all the
pancreatic beta cells that produce the insulin needed for glucose regulation in the body. (2) Finding a
cure for type 1 diabetes would be one of the most successful thing we can do. By testing a human
insulin producing cell, we can see if injecting a type 1 diabetic with the insulin producing cell that
would then help generate their own insulin producing cells.
Hypothesis:
My hypothesis is by using stem cells to create human insulin producing cells we can eliminate Type
1 diabetes.
Methods:
In this method we will be testing

What Is Mitochondria?
The body contains trillions of cells, and within one of those cells are thousands of miniscule
organelles. They provide a eukaryote with the ability of cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is
defined as: "...a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to
convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release
waste products". Basically these organelles produce energy, and that is what allows us to live. They
are called "mitochondria", and their processes involve very complex biomolecular procedures, all
happening on the scale of a few atoms. They can be difficult to understand but I hope to clear that
up.
Mitochondria consist of two membranes, the outermost of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Material is brought into the matrix by electron transport chains, which are used to set up a proton
gradient between the inner and outer membrane (called the inter membrane space). These protons
accumulate to such a point in the inter membrane that they naturally flow back into the matrix. The
electron transport chains are made possible by a number of proteins studding the inner membrane,
such as the cytochrome electron shuttles. Upon reentering the matric the H+ (Hydrogen ions, which
are the carriers of the protons that were previously mentioned– no need to worry!) go through ATP
synthase, which in turn powers the synthase to phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to
adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Then the ATP can be used later on to be coupled with
thermodynamically unfavorable reactions which allows those chemical actions to carry one.
Thermodynamically unfavorable reactions are ones in which the energy state of the products is
higher than that of the reactant, the energy in this instance being thermodynamic (Means pertaining
to heat). Thermodynamically favorable reactions are self–sufficient and work by themselves
whereas thermodynamically unfavorable reactions do not.
The outer membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer (Membrane that has a hydrophilic, water
repelling side, and a hydrophobic, water attracting side), spreading throughout integral proteins. The
phospholipid bilayer contains porins which allow the passage of molecules that are 10,000 Daltons
(Biochemical measure of proteins, the chemist in me likes to say atomic mass units: the two are
equivalent) or less. The permeable membrane allows for ions, water and some certain proteins to
flow freely into the membranes working

Describe The Four Main Types Of Plant Cells And Their...
TASK 2 i. Name and describe the four main types of tissues in animal ii. Describe the two types of
Plant cell and their function FOUR MAIN TYPES OF TISSUES IN ANIMAL There are four types
of main tissues in human body 1. Epithelium – Epithelium tissues are composed of layers of the
cells that are closely packed together which is specialised to form the covering or lining of both
external and internal surface of body such as surface of your skin and internal digestive system. The
main function of epithelium tissues are to provide protection like skin that protects you from injury,
secretion like glands such as enzymes, and to absorb materials like intestine such as waste products
etc. The two examples of Epithelium tissues are Squamous epithelium and Glandular epithelium. 2.
Connective tissue – Connective tissues holds and binds everything together which are found all
around the body. This type of tissue is also called fibrous connective tissues as they are consisting of
a lot of fibres eg. Collagen and Elastin. The basic function of the connective tissue is to support,
bind or connect all other types of tissues together in the body.Blood, cartilage, and bone are usually
considered as connective tissue 3. Muscle tissue – Muscle cells are the contractive tissue of body
that produce force and cause motion within internal organs. Muscle tissue is separated into three
different categories: visceral or smooth muscle that are located in the inner linings of organs and
skeletal

Stem Cells And Its Effects On The Human Body
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have potential to be developed into many different
specialized cell types, such as skin cells, bone cells, muscle cells, and many more. Stem cells used in
research today derive from mainly two sources, embryos from the blastocyst phase of embryological
development, known as embryonic stem cells, and adult tissue, known as adult stem cells ("Stem
Cell Basics"). Embryonic stem cells come from human embryos that are roughly five–days–old,
when it is in the blastocyst phase. A blastocyst is composed of an outer cell mass and an inner cell
mass. The inner cell mass is made up of totipotent cells, cells that have potential to develop into any
specialized cell in the body, and is where embryonic stem cells are found. These stem cells have the
ability to divide and replicate while maintaining their potential to become any specialized cell in the
body. Adult stem cells exist throughout the human body in many different tissues. These stem cells
remain in a non–dividing state for many years until an injury or disease triggers them to divide.
They can divide indefinitely and can even regenerate the entire original tissue; however, it is thought
that adult stem cells have a limited ability to differentiate based on their tissue of origin (Crosta).
Research is being conducted on both embryonic and adult stem cells due to their ability to divide
indefinitely. By keeping a close eye on stem cells as they mature into specialized cells, doctors and

Ear: Auditory System and Semicircular Canals
The ear is an organ of the body that is used for hearing and balance. It is connected to the brain by
the auditory nerve and is composed of three divisions, the external ear, the middle ear, and the inner
ear. The greater part of which is enclosed within the temporal bone.
The ear is looked upon as a miniature receiver, amplifier and signal–processing system. The
structure of the outer ear catching sound waves as they move into the external auditory canal. The
sound waves then hit the eardrum and the pressure of the air causes the drum to vibrate back and
forth. When the eardrum vibrates its neighbour the malleus then vibrates too. The vibrations are then
transmitted from the malleus to the incus and then to the stapes. Together ... Show more content on
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This is called the Eustachian tube.
This tube is made up of both bone and hyaline cartilage and connects to the middle ear with the
nasopharynx which is the upper part of the throat. This is generally closed at the medial end. When
swallowing or yawning occurs, it opens. This allows the air to enter or leave the middle ear until the
pressure in the middle ear equals the atmospheric pressure. When both pressures are balanced, the
eardrum then vibrates freely as the sound waves hit it. If these pressures are not balanced, an intense
pain, hearing impairment, ringing in the ears or vertigo could develop.
The Inner Ear or Labyrinth– consists of two main divisions an outer bony labyrinth which
encloses an inner membranous labyrinth and the bony labyrinth which is a series of cavities in the
temporal bone and it is divide into three areas. These are the semicircular canales, the vestibule and
the cochlea. Both the semicircular canals and the vestibule contain receptors for equilibrium. The
Cochlea contains receptors for hearing.
The labyrinth is lined with periosteum and contains perilymph. This fluid surrounds the
membranous labyrinth, which is a series of sacks and tubes inside of the bony labyrinth and has the
same common form. The vestibule is the oval central proportion of the bony labyrinth. Attached to
the vestibule are three bony semicircular canals. They are named based upon their positions,

Stem Cells: What How and Why? Essay
Stem Cells: What, How and Why?
Stem cells are infinitely valuable when considering their potential applications in the medical
profession. While current legislative restrictions have halted the development of new ?stem cell
lines? to any agency or company that receives any form of governmental grants, there is no question
that the medical profession is standing at the brink of a new era of technological advancements in
healthcare and research.
Stem cells are valuable due to the fact that they are
?non–designated,? (have no specifically assigned task in the body, i.e. liver cells, brain cells, skin
cells, etc.) and they also have the ability to divide indefinitely. Thus, theoretically stem cells could
replace any damaged or lost ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first method, developed by Dr. Thomson involves ?the isolation of pluripotent stem cells
directly from the inner cell mass of human embryos at the blastocyst stage. Dr.
Thomson received embryos from IVF (InVitro Fertilization) clinics. ?.Dr. Thomson isolated the
inner cell mass and cultured these cells producing a pluripotent stem cell line.?
(NIH Primer)
The second method of deriving pluripotent stem cells was developed by Dr. Gearhart. In this more
controversial method,
Gearhart obtained stem cells from the fetal tissue of terminated pregnancies. He took cells from
areas of the fetus that would soon develop into the reproductive organs of the fetus. He then isolated
the inner cell mass and cultured these cells. In was in this way that Dr. Gearhart produced a
pluripotent stem cell line which would be available to other researchers. What little we know about
stem cells has already altered the course of medical research and new findings are sure to expand on
this occurrence. The potential applications of stem cell research include advancements in the study
of Parkinson?s,
Alzheimer?s, spinal cord damage, stroke, burn victims and patients in need of skin grafts, heart
disease, diabetes and arthritis in addition to answering some of the many questions regarding gene
therapy.
So what?s the problem? Well, the NIH (National Institutes of Health) issued a ?primer? to explain
what exactly are stem cells and what

Unspecialised Stem Cells
Stem cells are cells which can be specialised to become any type of cell which is required in the
body.
Stem cells come from the embryos formed during the blastocyst period and from adult tissue.
Adult stem cells which are found throughout the body are found in different types of tissue. Stem
cells are found in tissue such as bone–marrow, blood vessels, skin and the liver.
Stem cells are referred to as blank cells because they are unspecialised and do not have any
particular function. The role of the stem cell is not determined .They continuously divide and renew
to ensure there are enough cells to replace those which are damaged or destroyed. Cells stay inactive
until they become specialised for a particular function. These cells are unique ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
These type of cells have adapted structure to work how the body needs them to be. These cells carry
out specific functions and tasks in the body. These cells differ from stem cells as they do not
replicate themselves and they generally die once they have carried out there cycle and carried out
the specific function. The same group of specialised cells join together to form tissues such as a
muscle. The body consists of millions of specialised cells. However stem cells are much more rarely
found in the body and do not carry out any functions in the body. They can however become any
type of specialised cells. Specialised cells are referred to as differentiated

Nucleus Research Paper
Nucleus is the dominant organelle controlling all the activities of the eukaryotic cell. Schneider and
Schwann (1838 & 1839) believed that the nucleus had a central role in the growth and
differentiation of an organism.
Some cells like the sieve tubes of vascular plants and red blood cells of mammals do not possess
nuclei during the major part of their existence. They, however, possess nuclei during early stages of
their development. The prokaryotes have an incomplete or incipient nucleus without a nuclear
envelop while eukaryotes have prominent and well–defined nuclei. Some cells may have more than
one nucleus.
Structure:
The nucleus is normally a spherical body. In plant cells, the nucleus is pushed to the periphery due
to the presence ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It controls all the activities of the cell. It contains the bearers of hereditary characters called
chromosomes. The DNA present within the chromosomes forms the molecular basis of heredity.
Chromosomes:
Chromosomes (chroma, colour; soma, body) are thread–like colour bodies, as these are known,
since these are stained by characteristic basic dyes. E.Strasburger (1875) observed thread like
structures during cell division. W.Fleming described the splitting of chromosomes and termed the
stained material as chromatin. Waldeyer (1888) named these structures as chromosomes.
Chromosomes undergo a regular cycle of condensation and decondensation during the cell division.
During interphase, the chromosomes are–elongated and fine thread–like structures. They are present
as an interwoven mass, such that the individual chromosomes can not be identified. This mass stains
lightly with basic dyes and is known as chromatin. The chromatin is heterogeneous, i.e. it consists of
relatively deep and light staining regions. The deep staining regions are known as heterochromatin,
while the light staining regions as chromatin the maximum condensation occurs during the
metaphase, such that the chromosome is visible under a low resolution

Why Are Stem Cells Important
Ryan Highfield Corradini Honors Biology 2/23/17 Stem Cells Researchers are currently attempting
to master one of the most influential medical breakthroughs of the twenty–first century, stem cells.
Stem cells are the cells that form days after fertilization of a human embryo. Stem cells are
undifferentiated, meaning they have the ability to change into any type of cell; however, the level of
undifferentiation varies and is put into three main categories multipotent, pluripotent, and totipotent.
Stem cells come from embryos, and full grown adults. Stem cells in adults are multipotent cells
because of the ability to change into multiple different cells but not all types of cells. The University
of Michigan describes the actions of stem ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People wonder if using embryonic stem cells is feasible. Stem cells is a new area of innovation
where scientists are not yet comfortable; stem cells is an area that is not fully understood. Stem cells
challenge the limits of possibility. Innovation is built around the question "what if"; what if it might
just be possible? Before a plane was invented, people thought flying was impossible. Before
vaccines were discovered, people thought smallpox was impossible to cure. Everything has a before.
Stem cells are in their before right now, yet people still denounce the idea as crazy. The Wright
Brothers first ever airplane flight lasted only 12 seconds, now commercial airlines control a multi–
billion dollar industry. Currently, stem cells are still only able to fly for 12 seconds, but if society
would allow innovation to take place, if they could just forget about religious ideology, and only
think of the good of humanity, stem cells would be able to cure people in millions. In the words of
Joe Palca, "nobody was ever cured from a kidney transplant until somebody had the idea to try it".
Nobody will ever be cured by stem cells if no one ever has the courage to reach past the limitation
of what is considered possible, and just try

Embryonic Stem Cell Research Benefits
Biomedical sciences have made extremely beneficial impacts through the development of new
medicines, treatments, and therapies. One particularly innovative field of research is the use of
human embryonic stem cells. There are different types of stem cells being used, such as adult stem
cells, but human embryonic stem cells are quite magical. They have the capability to develop into
any type of cell in the body. Thus, leaving the door open to new possibilities wide open. Despite
being tremendously beneficial, there is a high amount of controversy surrounding the research.
Which brings me to my search question: If human embryonic stem cell research is beneficial, what
causes the controversy surrounding it? My research led me to discover that

The Pros And Cons Of Stem Cell Research
Stem cell is a multicellular organism that raises more cells that are the same type, stem cell is
considered to be the master cells of the body, and they have the potential to become many different
types of cells. Stem cells have the ability to multiply into different cells in order to replace all the
damaged cells. Embryonic stem cells are cells delivered for the inner cell mass. (Thiroux, 2012)
The pros of stem cell research can help find cures for many different medical problems, the research
can help scientist move closer to finding these cures. The diseases the research can cure are
Parkinson's disease, Heart disease, Alzheimer's disease and many others. Stem cell research can play
a major role in the battle with cancer. There are always

Persuasive Essay On Stem Cell
Raise of hands. How many know someone who has or had heart disease? Keep your hands up. How
many know someone who has or had diabetes? How many know someone who has or had cancer?
Okay, you can put your hands down. Right now, in the United States alone, thirty million people
have heart disease ("Heart Disease"), twenty–five million people have diabetes (Santos–Longhurst),
and fifteen million people have cancer. (Cancer Statistics"). That equals seventy million moms,
dads, or children that are suffering from these chronic diseases, but can be treated with the use of
embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are cells derived from the undifferentiated inner mass
cells of human embryo. In simpler terms, these cells have the ability to develop into any of the two
hundred different cell types in our bodies. Unlike most of the cells in our bodies, such as heart cells
or skin cells, which conduct a specific function, a stem cell does not have a specific function until it
is specialized (Hogan). A stem cell that is becoming specialized will go through steps, which are
simulated by scientists in the laboratory. When scientists manipulate these cells, they first must
extract the inner cell mass of an embryo and place the cells in a cell culture, which you can visualize
better looking at this diagram ("Basic Stem Cell Facts"). After the cells are placed in the culture,
which is just an artificial environment for the cells to grow, the scientists will mimic similar signals
in order for

The Phenotypic Effects Observed With Either Mutant Alleles...
Question 3
Based on the phenotypic effects observed with either mutant alleles (forward genetic screen) or
knockdown effects (e.g. RNAi or morpholino), you determine that you would like to generate a
conditional knockout animal (in this case, in a mouse model).
(3A) What is the procedure to generate a conditional knockout mouse and how would you use it?
1.Create targeting construct using recombinant DNA technology. The construct must contain the
transgene DNA sequence and the promoter necessary for gene expression. The taransgene has to be
flanked by long segments of DNA homologous to endogenous mouse genome. The targeting
construct must also contain positive selection gene between the homology arms and a negative
selection gene outside of the homology arms.
To create a conditional KO mouse carrying a null gene identified in answer A, I would use a Cre/lox
binary expression system. I would have to generate two mouse lines, TH–Cre mouse and mouse
with a floxed gene (same orientation) of interest, and then cross these mice to produce a mouse
which has a knock out of gene identified in answer A in DA neurons only (Cre expressing neurons).
I could also generate an additional KO animal in which Cre expression is limited to E11.5–E18 by
injection of tamoxifen in Cre–ER fusion paradigm to investigate the effect of gene knock out during
the time frame in which DA projections develop (although, tamoxifen exposure of the fetus might
affect other developmental processes).
2.

Pros And Cons Of Therapeutic Cloning
Therapeutic cloning is now in reach due to cloned early–stage human embryos and human embryos
generated only from eggs, in a process called parthenogenesis. The use of therapeutic cloning is
aimed to implant a cloned embryo into a woman's uterus leading to the birth of a cloned baby.
Reproductive cloning is thought to have potential dangers to both mother and fetus that make it
unwarranted today. Because of that, a restriction is placed until the issues of safety and dangers are
solved. First what was needed to be done was to recruit women willing to contribute eggs who meet
the requirement of being anonymous and women who are between the ages of 24 and 32 who had at
least one child. Psychological and physical tests were submitted to ensure

Persuasive Speech On Stem Cell Speech
Sophia Lima
Mr. Mannes
AICE General Paper AS
5 December 2017
Stem Cell Research Speech: Should Stem Cell Research be Allowed? Intro Imagine being diagnosed
with a life threatening or life changing disease, such as Leukemia or Alzheimer's and all hope has
been lost, until someone tells you that stem cells could save your life. Stem cell research should be
allowed because they can be used to cure various diseases, save lives with stem cell operations, and
can be used for further research. Scientists continue to study this controversial topic to develop ways
besides using embryonic stem cells so the use of stem cells altogether is more accepted throughout
society.
–Reasons/Thesis points
~Saves many lives
~Could possibly cure any disease
~The embryo from an embryonic stem cell doesn't even have a heartbeat/ conscience yet (it's only
3–5 days old) central nervous system is still not yet formed
Bodies (aka thesis points)
Cure disease If you personally knew someone suffering from a disease such as Huntington's, you
would most likely want that person to be treated somehow. Scientists have discovered that stem cells
can cure almost any disease. Dr. Phillips gives more information about the overall benefits with
using stem cells, "Stem cells provide huge potential for finding treatments and cures to a vast array
of diseases including different cancers, diabetes, spinal cord injuries, Alzheimer's, MS, Huntington's,
Parkinson's and more." Stem cells are used for all great

Ethical Implications For Inner Cell Mass Isolation
One anti–ESC argument is the ethical concerns that have been linked to the routinely used methods
for inner cell mass isolation (ICM) that required some destruction of an embryo. One rebuttal to this
argument is the fact that 400,000 frozen embryos are already existed and stored in United States and
statistics show that actually the number is higher and higher every year. These embryos are collected
from couples that reach to the point where they don't want to have another baby. The choices the
couples have at this point regarding these extra embryos are four choices: keep them in a storage for
a fee, discard the embryos, donate the embryos to other couples, or donate them to science. Many
couples don't like to donate their embryos to another couple and let them raise their children. Other
couples would like to keep their embryos, but they don't have the money to pay the fee. Therefore, it
is concluded to either discard the embryos, which is a waste of great resources, or donate them to
science and benefit from their potentials. "Deciding the Fate of Frozen Embryos" is a survey has
been done by the Journal of Fertility and Sterility and showed that 66% of fertility patients that
decided to not have any more children would have liked to donate their embryos to research.

Red Blood Cells
Red blood cell
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
[pic]
Human red blood cells (6–8μm)
Red blood cells (also referred to as erythrocytes) are the most common type of blood cell and the
vertebrateorganism's principal means of delivering oxygen (O2) to the body tissues via the blood
flow through thecirculatory system. They take up oxygen in the lungs or gills and release it while
squeezing through the body'scapillaries.
These cells' cytoplasm is rich in hemoglobin, an iron–containing biomolecule that can bind oxygen
and is responsible for the blood's red color.
In humans, mature red blood cells are flexible biconcave disks that lack a cell nucleus and most
organelles. 2.4 million new erythrocytes are produced per second.[1] The cells ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Membrane composition
The membrane of the red blood cell plays many roles that aid in regulating their surface
deformability, flexibility, adhesion to other cells and immune recognition. These functions are
highly dependent on its composition, which defines its properties. The red blood cell membrane is
composed of 3 layers: the glycocalyx on the exterior, which is rich in carbohydrates; the lipid
bilayer which contains many transmembrane proteins, besides its lipidic main constituents; and the
membrane skeleton, a structural network of proteins located on the inner surface of the lipid bilayer.
In human erythrocytes, like in most mammal erythrocytes, half of the membrane mass is represented
by proteins and the other half are lipids, namely phospholipids and cholesterol.[29]
[edit]Membrane lipids
[pic]
[pic]
The most common erythrocyte cell membrane lipids, schematically disposed as they are distributed
on the bilayer. Relative abundances are not at scale.
The erythrocyte cell membrane comprises a typical lipid bilayer, similar to what can be found in
virtually all human cells. Simply put, this lipid bilayer is composed of cholesterol andphospholipids
in equal proportions by weight. The lipid composition is important as it defines many physical

properties such as membrane permeability and fluidity. Additionally, the activity of many membrane
proteins is regulated by interactions with lipids in the bilayer.
Unlike cholesterol which is

Stem Cell Research Outline
Jai Hathiramani
Marc Desilets
Research Essay – Stem Cell Research
April 8, 2018
Stem Cell Research "Stem cells are a class of undifferentiated cells that are able to differentiate into
specialized cell types" (MNT). Stem cells are found throughout the body and are usually found in
certain points of tissue. Stem cells form into brand new cells that have the potential to replace
currently damaged or aged cells. Stem cells are very important because they have the potential to
change modern day medicine. Stem cells could be used to treat thousands of diseases and injuries.
Stem cells can easily regenerate into a cell that a particular human needs, providing a new method of
treating. Stem cells have the remarkable potential to save thousands of lives and cure millions of
diseases. There are two main kinds of stem cells; embryonic and adult cells. "Embryonic stem cells
are derived from a four– or five–day–old ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Radiovision: and Administrator. How Stem Cells Work, www.caricord.com/why–save–your–baby–
s–cells/how–stem–cells–work.
"Embryonic Stem Cells." National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, stemcells.nih.gov/info/Regenerative_Medicine/2006Chapter1.htm.
Hildreth, Cade. "Definitive Guide to Perinatal Stem Cells." Bioinformant.com,
www.bioinformant.com/perinatal–stem–cells/.
Hildreth, Cade. "Definitive Guide to Perinatal Stem Cells." Bioinformant.com, 23 Aug. 2017,
www.bioinformant.com/perinatal–stem–cells/.
"Read 'Guidelines for Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research' at NAP.edu." National Academies
Press: OpenBook, www.nap.edu/read/11278/chapter/4.
"Stem Cell Basics IV." National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/4.htm.
Team, The MNT Editorial. "What Are Stem Cells?" Medical News Today, MediLexicon
International, 19 July 2017,

Embryonic Development Research Paper
When you look at different species you see remarkable similarities across the border it is the same
when you look at the embryos of different species because of their common ancestors vertebrate
embryos have similar stage of development many scientists have studied embryos of multiple
species Charles Darwin's book on the origin of species touched on embryonic development. Ernest
Hackel also in his book the evolution of men depicted the course of evolution on the phylogeny of
humans. Before darwin Ernst Von Baer almost noticed a similarity in development too closely
related species.
When scientist speaks of embryonic development they are referring to the period when egg is
fertilized to period of birth or hatching. Early embryology consist of fertilization, cleavage
formation and gastrulation. This is followed by the embryonic stage where embryonic cells become
organs and tissues termed histogenesis and organogenesis.
In humans once the egg is fertilized, the zygotes goes through repeated cell division, a process
called cleavage as it travels down the fallopian tube then into the uterus to form the ball of cells
called blastocyst. The blastocyst is a trophoblastic cell on the outer layer and on one wall is the
pluripotent inner cell mass. Both cells will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Just like it is in birds the beginning of gastrulation is marked by the appearance of a primitive streak
at week two. This occurs within the third week. The primitive streak determines determines the
body's midline. During this point the placenta is formed which produces cells that aid in the
formation of the embryo. Some cells develop into an outer layer of membranes called the chorion
around the blastocyst. Other cells develop into an inner layer of membranes called the amnion. The
blastocyst is then considered an embryo. The amniotic sac fills with amniotic fluid. The embryo is
within this fluid, floating within

Informative Speech On Embryonic Stem Cells
Today, what I would like to talk about is stem cells, which is a kind of the most important cells
because it is a foundation for the development and growth of other lots of different cell types. There
are many other tissues they are working with internal repair system and they also can divide
necessarily for supplement to other cells if they are still alive. But, the condition is different of stem
cell, which has two major functions compare with other cell types, remaining a stem cell continually
or transforming to other cells that have specialized functions like bone marrow cells, and they can
divide and renew by themselves for a long time. Today, there are two main stem cells are used by
scientists with many different ways: embryonic stem ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Induced pluripotent stem cells were first reported in 2006 by two scientists in Japan. A Japanese
patient was suffering from degenerative eye disease accepted therapy with using Induced Pluripotent
Stem Cells in September. 2014. Although these cells have been approved use in undergoing human
clinical trials, but there still are some disadvantages for using them compare with Human embryonic
stem cell. For example, organ transplantation, because of human embryonic stem cells can become
all types of cell in a specific area of organs, so these cells can develop, grow ，and repair the
damaged organ. But they can only get from early embryo, and this way will have harm for the
embryo, that's why it is very hard to get and still has many limits for using them on therapies.
Induced pluripotent stem cells come from adult stem cell through reprogramming to make them
have similar functions as human embryonic stem cell. Otherwise, they can make from any cells by
several steps, so it would be easier, but there is a problem that The ectopic transcription of Oct4 ,
Sox2 , Klf4 , and c–Myc can lead to neoplastic development from cells derived from iPSCs, because
the expression of Oct4 , Sox2 , Klf4, and c–Myc genes is associated with the development of
multiple tumors known in oncogene tics [22, 24]. Finally, when IPSC is transplant into the body, it
may lead to increase the risk

Carrot Lab Report
Discussion
During the experiment, it was found that as the concentration of sucrose increases, the final mass of
the carrot cores decreases until, in the cases of .6M solutions and .9M solutions, mass is actually lost
during the 24 hours. This is likely due to the fact that there was a higher concentration of water
inside the carrot cores than there was inside the sucrose solution. So the water was diffusing from a
high concentration in the carrot to the low concentration in the sucrose solution and causing a
decrease in overall mass. It can also be assumed by the relative linear decrease in mass, that there
was similar change between each of the different concentrations which is good because it validates
that the data that was collected was relatively accurate.
It is possible to determine the relative solute concentration of the plant material by looking on the
graph for Part C Figure 1 and determining where the solution is isotonic or where there is no net
movement of water between the outer solution and the inner cell. In this version of the experiment
involving carrots, the solution is isotonic at relatively .54M because that is where the trend line
crosses the X–Axis.
Water Potential
Solute Potential
Y = –iCRT
Ionization constant(i)=1
Concentration(C)=.54M
Pressure constant(R)=.0831 liter bars/mole K
Temperature(T)=23
Y = –(1)(.54M)(.0831 liter bars/mole K)(296K)
Y= –13.3 bars
In this experiment, the solute potential of the carrot plant cells was –13.3 bars.

Essay on Stem Cells
What is a stem cell?
Stem cells have the ability to divide for indefinite periods in culture and to give rise to specialized
cells. They are best described in the context of normal human development. Human development
begins when a sperm fertilizes an egg and creates a single cell that has the potential to form an entire
organism. This fertilized egg is totipotent, meaning that its potential is total. In the first hours after
fertilization, this cell divides into identical totipotent cells. This means that either one of these cells,
if placed into a woman's uterus, has the potential to develop into a fetus. In fact, identical twins
develop when two totipotent cells separate and develop into two individual, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, consider one of the best understood stem cells, the blood stem cell. Blood stem cells
reside in the bone marrow of every child and adult, and in fact, they can be found in very small
numbers circulating in the blood stream. Blood stem cells perform the critical role of continually
replenishing our supply of blood cells – red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets – throughout
life. A person cannot survive without blood stem cells.
How pluripotent stem cells are derived
At present, human pluripotent cell lines have been developed from two sources1 with methods
previously developed in work with animal models.
(1) In the work done by Dr. Thomson, pluripotent stem cells were isolated directly from the inner
cell mass of human embryos at the blastocyst stage. Dr. Thomson received embryos from IVF (In
Vitro Fertilization) clinics–these embryos were in excess of the clinical need for infertility treatment.
The embryos were made for purposes of reproduction, not research. Informed consent was obtained
from the donor couples. Dr. Thomson isolated the inner cell mass (see Figure III) and cultured these
cells producing a pluripotent stem cell line.
(2) In contrast, Dr. Gearhart isolated pluripotent stem cells from fetal tissue obtained from
terminated pregnancies. Informed consent was obtained from the donors after they had
independently made the decision to terminate their pregnancy. Dr. Gearhart took

Stem Cell Use and Research Essay
a. Stem cells are a very unique and useful medical advancement. The basic idea of a stem cell is: A
cell that is able to differentiate into a specialized cell type. These are different from other cells,
because each organ and body system has unique cells for their functions (Like how blood has red
and white blood cells, while muscles have cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle cells). Stem cell
aren't specialized for any function or organ yet, but are able to differentiate into a unique cell type
when needed.
b. Furthermore, stem cells come from two main sources: Embryo, and Adult tissues. Adult stem
cells are found in the body after embryonic development. they lie dormant or unable to divide until
activated by an injury or disease. They ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
c. Diseases that benefit from the use of stem cells: Cancer, down syndrome, alzheimer's, and
possibly sickle cell disease. Diseases that can be treated by the use of stem cells: some forms of
cancer, type 1 diabetes, lupus, multiple sclerosis, and even rheumatoid arthritis.
d. There are a lot of moral and ethical issues raised when using stem cells. When harvesting
embryonic stem cells scientist destroy the blastocyst before it can develop into a person. People also
believe harvesting stem cells from an embryo is like murder, or abortion. Another issue people have
is the creation of chimeras: an organism with both human and animal cells and tissues. Stem cell
research sometimes require injecting human stem cells in animals or vise versa. Some people are
against the creation of an organism that is "part human" or a human that is "part animal". Embryo
stem cell harvesting has been made illegal in most european countries. In the U.S. it is illegal for the
government to fund the research of stem cell lines that were created after August 2001.
e. Positive effects of stem cell research are treatments of cell diseases, the ability to generate specific
organs when needed. Also the ability to generate more cells to organs where cells can't necessarily
divide. Negative effects are ethically based like the fact that the use of embryonic stem cells require
harvesting and destroying human embryos. Another is the idea that stem cell

Pros And Cons Of Pluripotetic Cloning
and medical consequences may be endured due to cloning (Occupy Theory, 2014). Also, with gene
cloning cell mutation is very possible. Because of this possibility new and more aggressive genetic
disease. Organ rejection because of cell mutation is also a disadvantage of cloning. Although the
technique the technique utilizes the cells of the organ of the recipient, there is still a chance that the
cells will mutate (Occupy Theory, 2014). A disadvantage of therapeutic cloning includes the
attempts required to create a viable egg. The stability of the egg is poor and may require hundreds or
attempts before success is attained. Also, the morality of therapeutic cloning had received
controversial backlash because the extraction of stem cells from the embryo results in the
destruction of the embryo being used. Some argue that the pros outweigh the cons with regards to
treating disease whilst others have likened the destruction to abortion (Murnaghan, 2017).
Pluripotent cells are all types of somatic cells and germ cells of an adult organism. They appear for a
short period of mammalian embryonic development (Nikolic et. al., 2015). Pluripotent stem cell
lines were derived from mammalian embryos and adult tissues using different techniques and from
different sources–inner cell mass of the blastocyst, primordial germ cells, parthenogenetic oocytes,
and mature spermatogonia– as well as by transgenic modification of various adult somatic cells
(Mullen and Rosales, 2010). The inner

What You Should Know About Stem Cells Essay

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