2. What is Mineral ?
• Mineral is a homogenous , naturally
occurring substance with a definable
internal structure .
• It is found in varied forms in natural,
ranging from the hardest diamond to
the softest talc .

3. Importance of minerals
• They are indispensable part of our
lives.
• Life processes can’t occur without
minerals.
• The food we eat contains minerals.
• Cars , buses are manufactured from
minerals.

4. Classification of minerals
Metallic
Ferrous
(contain iron)
e.g. iron ore ,
manganese.
Non-ferrous
e.g. copper ,
lead & tin.
Precious
e.g. gold ,
platinum ,
& silver.

5. Non-metallic
e.g. mica , salt ,
Granite , limestone .
Energy minerals
Coal petroleum
Natural gas .

6. Occurrence of minerals
(i)Igneous & metamorphic rocks
(ii) Sedimentary rocks
(iii) Weathered rocks
(iv) Alluvial deposits
(v) Ocean water

7. Ferrous minerals
(i)Iron ore –
- Backbone of industrial development.
- Magnetite is the finest ore & has 70% iron.
- Hematite ore has 50 -60 % iron content .
- Limonite ore has 40 -60 % iron content .
- Siderite ore has 40 -50 % iron content .

8. Production of iron ore
showing state wise share

9. (ii) Manganese –
- Used in manufacturing of steel & ferro
-manganese alloy , bleaching powder ,
insectides & paints .
- 10 kg manganese required to manufactured 1
tone of steel .
- Largest producer – Orissa .

10. Production of manganese
showing state wise share

11. Non – ferrous minerals
(i) Copper –
- Production of cu is critically deficient in India .
- Cu is malleable , ductile & a good conductor .
- Used in electrical cables & chemical industries .
- Malghat mines in MP produce 52% of copper .
- Khetri mines in Rajasthan is also famous for
cu production .

12. (ii) Bauxite –
- It is a clay like substance .
- Bauxite deposits formed by decomposition of
rocks rich in aluminium silicates .
- Aluminium combines the strength of metals with
extreme lightness & with good conductivity &
malleability.
- Largest producer – Orissa (45%)

13. Production of copper & bauxite

14. Non-metallic minerals
(i)Mica –
- Made up of a series of plates or leaves.
-It can be clear, black ,green or brown.
- Mica deposits r found in the northern edge of
Chota nagpur plateau.
-Koderma Gaya – Hazaribagh belt of
Jharkhand is the leading producer.

15. Rock mineral
- Limestone
- Found in association with rocks composed
of calcium carbonates or calcium &
magnesium carbonates.
- Found in sedimentary rocks.
-Raw material for cement industry.
- Essential for smelting iron ore in the blast
furnace.

16. Production of limestone

18. Conservation of minerals
-Minerals can be conserved in by the following
measures:
· Use of improved technologies to allow use of
low grade minerals at low costs
· Using substitutes
· Use of scrap metals
· Recycling of metals is good way in which the
mineral resources can be conserved.
-They can be used in a judicious manner

19. Energy resources
Understanding energy resources involves
considering all types of energy source from
various scientific and technological standpoints,
with a focus on the uses, limitations and
consequences of using energy that is available
to humanity.

20. Conventional sources of energy
(i) Coal –
- Used for power generation , to supply energy- to
industry as well as for domestic needs .
- India is highly dependent on coal .
- Formed due the compression of plant material over
million of years .
- Lignite is a low grade brown coal , which is soft
with high moisture content .
- Coal that has been buried deep & subjected to
increased temperaturesis bituminous coal .
- Anthracite is the highest quality hard coal .

21. (ii) Petroleum –
- Major energy source in India after coal .
- Provides fuel for heat , lighting & manufacturing
industries .
- Also found in fault traps between porous & nonporous rocks .
- 63% of India’s petroleum production is from
Mumbai High .
- Assam is the oldest oil producing state .

22. (iii) Electricity –
- It is mainly generated by 2 ways~ Hydro electricity is generated by fast flowing
water .
~ Thermal electricity is generated by using coal,
petroleum & natural gas. There r 310 power
plants in India.

24. Non – conventional sources of
energy
(i) Nuclear & atomic energy
- Obtained by altering the structure of atoms.
- Uranium & thorium r used for generating atomic or
nuclear energy .
(ii) Solar energy
-Solar Energy is the energy received from the sun that
sustains life on earth
-For many decades solar energy has been considered
as a huge source of energy and also an economical
source of energy because it is freely available.

25. (iii) Wind power
-Wind power is produced by using wind generators
to harness the kinetic energy of wind.
- It is gaining worldwide popularity as a large
scale energy source .
(iv) Biogas
- It is a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide it is
a renewable fuel produced from waste treatment.

26. - Biogas is best used directly for cooking/heating,
light or even absorption refrigeration rather
than the complication and energy waste of
trying to make electricity from biogas.

27. Conservation of energy resources
- Choose energy efficient appliances when making
new purchases.
- Do not leave appliances on standby.
- Cover your pots while cooking.
- Recycle your organic waste.
- Reduce the number of miles you drive by
walking, biking, carpooling or taking mass
transit wherever possible.

28. The End