2. What is Mineral ?
• Mineral is a homogenous ,
naturally occurring substance
with a definable internal
structure .
• It is found in varied forms in
natural, ranging from the
hardest diamond to the softest
talc .
3. Importance of minerals
• They are indispensable part of
our lives.
• Life processes can’t occur
without minerals.
• The food we eat contains
minerals.
• Cars , buses are manufactured
from minerals.
7. Ferrous minerals
(i) Iron ore –
- Backbone of industrial development.
- Magnetite is the finest ore & has
70% iron.
- Hematite ore has 50 -60 % iron
content .
- Limonite ore has 40 -60 % iron
content .
8. Production of iron ore
showing state wise share
Jharkhand
12%
Others
1%
Karnataka
26%
Goa
17%
Chattisgarh
19%
Orissa
25%
9. (ii) Manganese –
- Used in manufacturing of steel & ferro manganese alloy , bleaching powder
, insectides & paints .
- 10 kg manganese required to
manufactured 1 tone of steel .
- Largest producer – Orissa .
11. Non – ferrous minerals
(i) Copper –
- Production of cu is critically deficient in
India .
- Cu is malleable , ductile & a good
conductor .
- Used in electrical cables & chemical
industries .
- Malghat mines in MP produce 52% of
copper .
12. (ii) Bauxite –
- It is a clay like substance .
- Bauxite deposits formed by
decomposition of rocks rich in aluminium
silicates .
- Aluminium combines the strength of
metals with extreme lightness & with
good conductivity & malleability.
- Largest producer – Orissa (45%)
13. Production of copper &
bauxite
Copper
Bauxite
Mahara Others
13%
shtra
11%
Rajasth
an
42%
MP
58%
Jharkha
nd
14%
Gujarat
17%
Orissa
45%
14. Non-metallic minerals
(i)Mica –
- Made up of a series of plates or leaves.
-It can be clear, black ,green or brown.
- Mica deposits r found in the northern
edge of Chota nagpur plateau.
-Koderma Gaya – Hazaribagh belt of
Jharkhand is the leading producer.
15. Rock mineral
- Limestone
- Found in association with rocks
composed of calcium carbonates or
calcium & magnesium carbonates.
- Found in sedimentary rocks.
-Raw material for cement industry.
- Essential for smelting iron ore in the
blast furnace.
18. Conservation of minerals
-Minerals can be conserved in by the
following measures:
· Use of improved technologies to allow
use of low grade minerals at low costs
· Using substitutes
· Use of scrap metals
· Recycling of metals is good way in
which the mineral resources can be
conserved.
-They can be used in a judicious manner
19. Energy resources
Understanding energy resources involves
considering all types of energy source
from various scientific and technological
standpoints, with a focus on the
uses, limitations and consequences of
using energy that is available to
humanity.
20. Conventional sources of energy
(i) Coal –
- Used for power generation , to supply
energy- to industry as well as for
domestic needs .
- India is highly dependent on coal .
- Formed due the compression of plant
material over million of years .
- Lignite is a low grade brown coal , which is
soft with high moisture content .
- Coal that has been buried deep & subjected
to increased temperaturesis bituminous
coal .
- Anthracite is the highest quality hard coal .
21. (ii) Petroleum –
- Major energy source in India after coal .
- Provides fuel for heat , lighting &
manufacturing industries .
- Also found in fault traps between porous &
non-porous rocks .
- 63% of India’s petroleum production is
from Mumbai High .
- Assam is the oldest oil producing state .
22. (iii) Electricity –
- It is mainly generated by 2 ways~ Hydro electricity is generated by fast
flowing water .
~ Thermal electricity is generated by
using coal, petroleum & natural gas.
There r 310 power plants in India.
23.
24. Non – conventional sources
of energy
(i) Nuclear & atomic energy
- Obtained by altering the structure of
atoms.
- Uranium & thorium r used for generating
atomic or nuclear energy .
(ii) Solar energy
-Solar Energy is the energy received from
the sun that sustains life on earth
-For many decades solar energy has been
considered as a huge source of energy and
also an economical source of energy
25. (iii) Wind power
-Wind power is produced by using wind
generators to harness the kinetic
energy of wind.
- It is gaining worldwide popularity as a
large scale energy source .
(iv) Biogas
- It is a mixture of methane and carbon
dioxide it is a renewable fuel produced
from waste treatment.
26. - Biogas is best used directly for
cooking/heating, light or even
absorption refrigeration rather than
the complication and energy waste of
trying to make electricity from biogas.
27. Conservation of energy
resources
- Choose energy efficient appliances
when making new purchases.
- Do not leave appliances on standby.
- Cover your pots while cooking.
- Recycle your organic waste.
- Reduce the number of miles you drive
by walking, biking, carpooling or
taking mass transit wherever possible.
