Critical Thinking Process

Critical Thinking Process
In psychology lesson 3 has many interesting filled topics one of them being absolute threshold. The
definition of absolute threshold is the weakest amount of a given stimulus that a person can detect
half of the time. This is extremely interesting because it shows the capabilities of human beings and
our senses tested to the max. The picture in lesson 3.2 shows all the five senses and the absolute
threshold of a human. The most interesting representation is sight due humans being able to see a
candle flames 30 miles away on a night in idle conditions. The second most intrigued sense would
be smell due to humans being able to smell one drop of perfume in a three room house. The third
most fascinating example is taste due to humans being able to taste one teaspoon in two gallons of
sugars. This is important information to know as a result of letting people know the limits of our
senses and that us humans aren't using our senses to our best potential. ... Show more content on
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Perception is the the process of organizing and understanding of the information, making us able to
recognize meaningful objects and events. Our brain is able to make meaning of things through
perception which organizes different shapes into a meaningful pattern. Perception isn't on its own it
works with our sensations to to detect different shapes. Our brains are able to concentrate on a
certain object and make it stand out through everything else. This process is called figure ground
relationship. This phenomenon happens with our other senses to like being able to concentrate on
one specific kind of taste in a food that has many flavors. Overall in this lesson and the three topics
mentioned above we learn about the process of the human body and the capabilities of the human
brain and sense which is quite spectacular and is important to have an understanding of the
psychology of the human mind and
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Vision At The Blind And Visually Impaired
Vision is defined as "the sense by which objects in the external environment are perceived by means
of the light they give off or reflect" (Saunders, 2007). Vision is very a significant aspect in human
life. If an individual is visually impaired, it will cause other developmental delays in that individual
including the sensory, motor, cognitive, social and language developments (Texas School for the
Blind and Visually Impaired, n.d.). It is already well known that infants are not born with perfect
vision. They only achieve vision close to adult maturity by about six months after birth. There are a
lot of aspects of vision in infants that undergoes development such as contrast sensitivity function,
acuity perception, motion perception, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, by knowing how colour vision differs in infants and adults, if we find out that an infant
does not have colour vision that works the same way as adults, then even if the test has been adapted
for infants, it still cannot be used.
FPL chromatic discrimination paradigm is used for examining colour vision in infants. From
experiments conducted using FPL chromatic discrimination paradigm, it is proven that colour vision
of infants improve significantly between 1 and 3 months of age (Brown, 1990). In a review paper by
Brown (1990), it is stated that infants at 3 to 4 weeks of age generally have poor ability to
discriminate colours. However, when long–wavelength lights are used, the result is vague. Most
experiments result in infants at 1 month of age failing to distinguish the stimulus when it comes to
using long–wavelength light. Having said that, there are a few reported infants that could
discriminate successfully. As for infants over 2 months old, it is clear that half of them could make
some chromatic discriminations.
At 3 months of age, based on the several studies mentioned by Brown (1990), most of the infants
can already make chromatic discriminations. Hence, it is concluded that they have colour vision to a
certain degree as they might not necessarily be trichromats nor have the colour vision of an adult.
Relation between colour vision and spatial vision
During the first 3 months of life, colour vision and test

I Am My Eyes For Granted
I definitely think I take my eyes for granted. These organs let me see the world, learn about my
surroundings, and see my family and friends. I have never previously thought about how I have the
ability to see and what process my eyes and brain go through in order for me to be able to see. I
knew absolutely nothing about how they work. Learning about it was very interesting, and I now
know it is a very complicated process. It is amazing that so many things happen in order for me to
have sight, and that they happen naturally. I do not have to put in any effort; all I have to do is open
my eyes. It was great to be able to read about the fascinating process of the eyes. First of all, I
researched how we are able to see. I read that the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This process of the lens changing form is called accommodation. I thought it was remarkable that
the lens reflects the light upside down and inverted and that the brain must switch the image the
correct way. I am curious as to why the lens reflects it upside down, and the reason behind why it
does that. The next step to vision is very important, and it is called transduction. Transduction is
how light energy is turned into electrical signals that can be interpreted and understood by the brain.
Transduction happens primarily in the retina, which is made up of several layers of cells. The first
layer that light goes through is made up of rods and cones. Rods are on the outside of the retina and
cones make up the center, called the fovea. Rods can only see black and white, while cones can only
see color. This was really interesting to me because I did not know that different parts of our eyes
interpreted different color light. I thought all light was that same to our eyes, but this is not the case.
Since, rods are on the outside of the retina, this means we can see black and white better with of our
periphery vision. When light hits our photoreceptors, which are the rods and cones, it activates the
photopigment called rhodopsin. It then sends the information to the second layer of cells in the
retina called the bipolar cells. The bipolar cells then pass on

Rods And Cones Interpretation
The article titled Rods & Cones is very interesting explaining to the the reader what happens in our
eyes. In the human retina there are two types of photoreceptors, rods and cones. The rods and cones
have different purposes. The rods are responsible for vision at low light, which is called scotopic
vision. The cones are active for light at higher levels, called photopic vision. The cones are capable
of color vision and are responsible for high spatial acuity. The rods on the other hand "do not
mediate color vision, and have a low spatial acuity." There are 3 different types of cones short–
wavelength, middle–wavelength and long–wavelength sensitive cones. The article explains that
turtles, fish, frogs and we humans all have different shapes and sizes of receptors across and within a
species. Figure 1. presents a schematic diagram of the rods and cones. In this figure, one can see in
the outer segments of rods the cell membrane ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Positive reinforcement has nothing to do, whether the behavior is good or bad. It is rather the
consequence of presenting something pleasant, such as a reward,money or sex. On the other hand,
negative reinforcement is the removal of something unpleasant. Both positive and negative
reinforcement strengthens our behavior. In order for our vision to occur, we need to receive and
process what we see out in the natural world. The simulation example, stated that light is going to
the eyes or sound wave traveling to the ear. In order for us to react to what we observe, we need to
use the rods and cones based on the different situations we face on a daily basis. Use an example of
someone in a dark room. The eye would naturally use the rods in your eye to obtain what the
environment is like around you. On the other hand, if you were at the beach or a light room you
would use the cones in your eyes for the high light

Research Paper On Colorblinness
Colorblindness
Think back to all of the beautiful scenes you've witnessed throughout your lifetime, whether it be
the sight of your favorite candy as a little kid, the eye color of a stranger that caught your attention,
flowers blossoming in the spring or a sunset during a summer night. Now, imagine a world with
very little color or even worse, no color at all. No vibrant colored flowers, no mesmerizing sunsets
filling the sky with layers of fire orange, violent and golden yellow and no colorful plates of food, a
world filled with nothing but shades of grey and blinding lights. What you've just imagined is a life
through the eyes of a person who's colorblind. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I. Mr. I lived a life full of color up until the age of 65 when a car accident left him colorblind. One
day while driving he was hit on the passenger side of his vehicle by a small truck. When visiting the
emergency room he was told he had a concussion. While taking an eye examination he noticed that
normal letters appeared to be "Greek" and he could not distinguish colors. Days later Mr. I was still
unable to see color but he regained his ability to distinguish between letters, in fact his eyesight was
better than ever. He recited improvement in the sharpness and focus of his vision stating "I could see
a worm wriggling from a block away" and comparing his vision to one of an eagle. Later it was
learned that Mr. I's accident was followed by a transient amnesia and that he somehow lost memory
of his accident. While continuing with his life after the accident Mr. I became depressed. His
paintings which he once loved were now just "distasteful" and "dirty" looking, normal everyday
routines were filled with confusion, lights/whites became blinding, television was hard to bare and
scenes which he once adored such as rainbows and sunsets were now just a sad reminder of this new
colorless life he was forced to live. This depression caused him to stop doing what he loved most,
art. After his period of mourning and depression Mr. I then decided give life another

Argumentative Essay On Color Blind People
Steve Jobs, an inventor, entrepreneur and industrial designer of Apple, once said, "The ones who are
crazy enough to think they can change the world are the ones that do." While new inventions often
do change the whole world, some change the world for one. Technology has changed the world for
everyone; it has changed the difficulties of life and made them easier for mankind. For the
colorblind person, the invention of the Enchroma color blind assist glasses has not only changed the
way people see, but also changes their lives and the way they interact with the world around them.
Although color blindness affects only a small portion of individuals, it makes a huge impact on their
lives. Color blindness affects approximately eight and a half percent of the world, eight percent of
men and a half percent of women (1). Even though the color blind population is very small, it can be
detrimental to our society. This deficiency should be considered a disability. Some people who
suffer from color blindness can't even tell the difference from a red traffic light to a green traffic
light; this can cause automobile crashes which endanger the life of the color blind and everyone else
involved. In a recent article titled "Color for the Colorblind" a recipient of the Enchroma glasses ...
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In addition to the inability to see and read traffic signs and lights, another struggle is that someone
who suffers from color blindness would be prevented from obtaining certain jobs. Some of these
jobs include being a pilot, baggage handler, electrician, firefighter, police officer and more
obviously, a painter. Each of these are jobs that some people do for their whole life which they use
the money from their job to live off of and support a family. For someone to possibly not get to work
at what they're passionate for or not be able to support a family could be dream crushing, but the
new technology of the Enchroma glasses could possibly change that for

Carlody Hobson Speech Analysis
Imagine living in a world that is seemingly against all that you are and all that you want to be.
Through modern stereotypes and accustomed oppression, the odds are working against minorities.
As a society we have become familiarized with the comfort of color blindness, this is a term used
for the ignorance that surrounds diversity issues today. Mellody Hobson, executive president of
Ariel Investments, is an African American woman that has chosen to confront the lack of
understanding involving diversity issues involving race, gender, sexuality, religion, socioeconomic
status, and education and tagging it as Color Bravery. Throughout her discussion, Hobson engages
and connects with her audience through her personal stories, facial expressions, tone of voice, and
passion about diversity. Hobson sees her audience as individuals who are struggling to understand
the diversity issues that surround race, gender, and religion. She assumes that her audience has little
awareness of the institutionalized injustices minorities face everyday. With that being said, she does
not use her discussion to ridicule or judge them for not understanding the real problems involving
diversity, instead she focuses on opening their eyes to begin to understand the obstacles our society
needs to overcome in order to start celebrating diversity. Throughout her speech, Hobson infers that
her audience needs a little help grasping the significance of her anecdotes. For example, she starts
her discussion

Cone Cells
All living organism relies heavily on their senses for survival. The sensations felt by an organism
allow it to navigate around, detect food source, detect harm, regulate body temperature and
chemicals, change in pressure, etc. Each sensation is produce after a stimulus is registered by a
receptor and since there are different kinds of sensation, there are also different types of receptor to
accommodate each stimulus. Photoreceptors, like the name suggested are specialized cells that is
capable of transducing light into visible sensation. In human, as well as other mammals, there are
two primary type of photoreceptor cells, rod and cone cells, both of which locates in the retina. Rod
and cones cells features striation–like structure on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thermoreceptors are specialized nerve cells that have free nerve endings that locate beneath the
skin. When these thermoreceptors detect a change in temperature, the information is sent via
afferent neurons up the spinal cord and to the brain, more specifically the hypothalamus. After
information is integrated in the hypothalamus, nerve impulses are sent via the efferent neurons to the
appropriate locations of the body that will response to the temperature. Many organisms utilize
thermoreceptors to assist in maintaining their homeostasis and keeping a constant temperature.
Human and other endotherms are organisms that are capable of regulating their body temperature by
generating internal heat to maintain a close temperature set point. When the temperature is too high,
the body will response by sweating, the evaporation of sweat will reduce the kinetic energy, which
will reduce the temperature on the skin surface. The blood vessels will also vasodilate, bringing
more blood to the surface, allowing more heat to escape the body. On the contrary, when it is cold,
the blood vessels will vasoconstrict, keeping the blood in the core of the body, which will keep the
heat within our body. Shivering will also generate heat by using energy to cause muscle movements.
Another mechanism to endotherms use to generate heat is to uncoupled electron transport chain and
chemiosmosis in cellular respiration within

Misconceptions Of Color Blindness
RESEARCH BLOG ENCHROMA GLASSES:
We all have different ways of perceiving the world. Going back 3 years most of you may remember
the big debate of the blue–and–black or white–and–gold dress. To some of us distant objects may
look blurry, to others near objects. Others may see everything blurry! However, most people with
these common conditions can either have surgery or wear glasses. The condition I would like to
approach however, is one where it is not something that is physically wrong with the eye and so it
has no 'cure'. The technology I have chosen to share with you targets at a group of people who have
trouble with colours. We call this condition colour blindness. Colour blindness? Maybe that's not the
right word for it...
One of the most common misconceptions about colour blindness (also known as colour vision
deficiency) is that people with this condition are completely blind to colour. That is, they see the
world in black and white... Luckily, this is a very rare type of colour blindness, affecting 1 in 40,000
people. There are in fact various types of colour deficiency caused by different mutations, but my
chosen technology targets at the red–green type.
Before diving into how humans detect and interpret colour, let us start from the basics. Light can be
thought of as either a wave or a particle. When thinking of light as a particle, we say it is made of
'photons'. Each photon is related to a certain wavelength depending on how much energy it has.
The human eye

The Membrane Of The Cone Cells
Several researchers like (Burakova and Mazokhin–Porshnyakov, 1982; Mishra and Meyer–Rochow,
2008a) confirmed that the vesicles originate from inflation of the interretinular strands and are
simply extensions of the cone cells. Shaw (1978) considered the presence of vesicles around the
rhabdomere to be a typical feature of dark/light adaption. The location of the interretinular spaces
suggests two possible functions. The first is to make physical contact with the rhabdomeres because
both of them disappear in the nuclear region. The second, physiological function by increase
sensitivity at the cost of resolution the presence of a palisade, which bodice the pigment granules
away from the rhabdom. Finally, accordingly to (Horridge and Barnard, 1965) this IRSs have a
light–guiding function apparently to protect the photoreceptors from damage by the allowing of
stray light to entire the eyes.
4.3.2 Distal retinula cells
The rhabdom is long and wide at the distal start and becomes very narrow at the most proximal end.
(Horridge and Barnard, 1965; Land, 1981; Stavenga, 2003) reported that the long rhabdom allows
the receptor to collect more light and increasing the sensitivity, this feature is common in nocturnal
and crepuscular insects. Although the eye examined here exhibits light adaption, there is strong
evidence that this eye has an anatomical design optimized for vision in dim light.
According to(Eguchi, 1999; Horváth and Varju, 2004; Laughlin et al., 1975; Snyder, 1973)

Negative Effects Of Color Blindness
Throughout World War II, it was found that analysis reports of aerial photographs were more
accurate when at least one member of the group of analyzers was colorblind. Color blindness is a
vision deficiency disorder, in which the eye becomes more or less sensitive to color. This is the
result of the malfunctioning, or lack, of special cone cells in the eye. Although color blindness may
seem beneficial in a situation similar to war, most people with color blindness find it to be a
disruption to everyday activities, and sometimes even a danger to themselves or people around
them. There are many significantly differentiating types of color blindness that can be characterized
with varying symptoms; however, many people do not even realize they have a vision deficiency
disorder, which is why color blindness is difficult to diagnose. Overall, many humans carry a
disorder that affects their vision of the world, but few have been diagnosed, and even fewer choose
to accept help despite the diagnosis of their disorder (Colour Blind Awareness, Color Blindness).
Color blindness can be inherited in a variety of ways. This disorder can be genetically inherited
through sex–linked genes, or autosomal recessive genes, from two parent cells to a zygote. In these
cases, the infant would be born with color blindness, although the severity of the disorder could
possibly change with age. Color blindness may also be acquired, so a person may not become color
blind until later in life. In

Cornea Research Paper
The cornea is the outermost layer of the eye. It is smooth, clear and referred to as the window of the
eye, because the cornea allows light to pass through to the eye. The cornea also helps to shield the
eye from harmful matter, such as dust and germs. It is responsible for about 65 percent of focusing
power for the eye. When light enters through the cornea, it bends and refocuses the light to the
retina, which begins translating the light into vision. In order to see clearly, the light rays must be
precisely focused when going from the cornea into the retina. An rregular corneal surface is
common and may be caused by a number of different reasons, such as genetically inherited, injury,
disease or natural occurrences.
The cornea is made up ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Keratectasia, like Keratoconus, causes the surface of the eye to bulge or the flap may have been cut
to deep, resulting in a weakened cornea and distorted vision.
Irregular astigmatism results when a flap wrinkle causes bumps on the surface of the cornea. An
irregular astigmatism causes double vision and can typically be treated with laser surgery.
Central cornea islands is the result of cornea tissue that is not uniform, so it creates tiny bumps on
the surface of the cornea. This disorder typically heals on its own, however, in some situations,
enhancements or contact lenses may be used to smooth the surface of the cornea.
Map–Dot–Fingerprint Dystrophy (MDF) is a disorder that causes the surface of the cornea to have
irregular ridges. The ridges causes blurred vision and may cause some people to have recurrent
cornea abrasions.
An irregular cornea condition is never pleasant and they are common, but it is important to consult a
professional optometrist as soon as possible. An infection to the cornea as well as an irregular
cornea can cause serious problems with your vision, but with aggressive and proper treatment, in the
majority of situations vision can be restored to

How Are Helen Bowees Treated Like Employees?
A1
Q1.
The process by which people translate sensory impression into a unified view of the world around
them. Means the way you think about someone or something. Finding information interpreting in
your own way.
Q2.
Helen Bowers Jake Bowers
Employees treated like employees Employees treated like family
Don't ask for advice Ask employees to give Advice
Cut future pay increases to bring average wage down Paid the employee more he could
Cut down softball field Softball Field
Increased production quotas by 20 %
Crack down employees and eliminate all idle time
I think it's better to follow Jake perceive. Employees are finding differentiation in the organization.
As a result employee are demotivated and more employee are leaving the job which will increase
turnover in the organization. It's not necessary to take advice from employees and treated like family
but cutting down their wages will dissatisfied in their working place or with the job. I prefer to ...
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Our Values– We have adopted a system of values that continuously represent the reference point for
what we stand for. (dhiraagu, n.d.)
Motivation and Employee Satisfaction
Other than the basic salary all employees are given the basic need of the human being. Example:
food allowance. Safety of the all employees are given by keeping 2 security guards in all our service
center. Other than these we give employees recognition to those who are working the expected level
of the organization and achievements.
Personality of Work Environment and Types of Employees Hires
Working place in supervised by degree level of 2 supervisors. Each employee is given a separate
table and instrument and computer to give service to the customers. We hire for customer service

department who has pass in O' Level and who are fluent in speaking in Dhivehi and English. For
other department above diplomatic level

Causes And Effects Of Color Blindness
Matthew Beras
Professor Kerr
December 7, 2017
Color blindness
Its affects and causes
Have you ever had color distinguishing primary colors? Because if you have this may be a eye
disease. Color blindness. This is a vision problem in which you have trouble distinguishing specific
colors such as red, green, blue and yellow. Color blindness is a condition normally your born with,
but it can be gained throughout life. It is literally when your unable to detect all of the primary
colors to sum it all up. It is not in fact a form of blindness, but a deficiency in ways you perceive
color. It is a condition that is inherited. Its said that it affects males more than it affects women.
There is an estimate by the association prevent blindness america that 8 percent of males and less
than 1 percent of women have color distinguishing problems. It is mostly seen within men from
northern European descent. Rare cases show that someone can inherit a trait that reduces the ability
to see blue and yellow pigments.
There are two types of color deficiencies. One of them is monochromatism. This is when you
typically have cones that do not function. This is when you have you vision based off of rods in dim
and bright lights. They can only see colors in shades of lightness. Another type is dichromatism.
Only when people are missing one of three cones. These people can base their perception of color
based on two wavelengths to work with another wavelength.
Has anyone ever told you that the color

Heterogenetic Disorders: Color Blindness
GENETIC DISORDERS: COLOUR BLINDNESS
Briefly describe the disorder. Include characteristics, symptoms, age of onset and any relevant ethnic
information. Do NOT list every symptom or characteristic. Include only the most relevant and
important points.
Colour blindness is a disorder where a person has the inability to distinguish between colours, due to
missing colour–sensing pigment in the eye's retina cones. Around 1 in 12 men have this disorder and
1 in 200 women have it. Characteristics of blindness include the different types of it. There are a few
different types of colour–blindness, the most common type of colour–blindness which 99% of
colour–blind people have is not being able to distinguish between red and green light and any other
colour that is made up of these colours, this can be seen in figure 1. This is usually referred to as
red/green colour blindness but has the proper name of deuteranopia. Colour blindness is a disorder
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This means that the couple's children will have a 3 in 4 chance of being colour blind.
Describe the prognosis for individuals with this disorder. Are there any medical treatments
available? What is the average life expectancy? Are there genetic tests available?
Colour blindness is inherited from parents and an affected person will be affected in both eyes and
will be colour–blind for their entire life. People can acquire colour blindness later in their lives.
Colour–blindness acquired later in life can be linked to diseases that affect the optic nerve or the
retina of the eye. There are no medical treatments for this disorder and it doesn't affect an individual
in any way except for the fact that they cannot see colour.
What is the current research focus or gene therapy (if any) for this disorder? Are tests available to
determine the presence of the genetic

Elasmobranchs are a Subclass Chondrichthyes that are...
PART I The Elasmobranchs are a subclass of class Chondrichthyes. The Chondrichthyes are
classified as the Cartilaginous fishes. Aside from the Elasmobranchs, this class has another subclass
named Holocephali which is comprised of the chimaera. The Elasmobranchs are comprised of
sharks (Selachii) and the rays and the similarly structured skates (Batoidea) Van–Eyl, S. M.,
Siebeck, U. E., Champ, C. M., Marshal, J., & Hart, N. S. (2011). There have been fossils of sharks
found dating about 400 million years and while there is much data that points to diversification
throughout the millennia, skates and rays only appear about 200–100 million years ago (Wilga
2005). The Elasmobranchs are classified apart from other fishes despite their external similarities
due to several key structural differences. One of these is the absence of a swim bladder. True fishes
use this gas filled organ to control their buoyancy without having to waste physical energy on
maintaining the desired depth in water. Instead, the Elasmobranchs have developed especially large
livers that can produce and withhold large amounts of oil. This is especially evident in the sharks
where the liver can sometimes weigh up to 20 percent of their total body weight. Further
characteristics that define the Elasmobranch subclass include placoid scales or dermal denticles.
These are homologous to true scales in function but are closer in structure to teeth (hence their
name). The scales are comprised of a pulp cavity

Symptoms Of Colorblindness
Colorblindness is a disorder that results in a decrease in function of the mechanisms that allow the
eye to see colors. These symptoms usually result from a mutation that interrupts the development of
the retinal cones. Cones are photoreceptor cells that response best to bright light and serve to
discriminate colors. There are three different types of cones each with different pigments blue, green
and red (Deeb). Blue cones are able to absorb light with a short wavelength around 420nm; green
cones are able to absorb light with a middle wavelength around 530nm, and red cones are able to
absorb light with a long wavelength around 560nm (Deeb). Working together these cones are able to
discriminate between the colors we see. The genes responsible

Retinal Implants
A human eye is made up of three layers. The outer layer is composed of the cornea and sclera, while
the middle layer is composed of choroid, ciliary body, and iris, and lastly the inner layer is
composed of the retina. The retina houses our photoreceptor cells, rods and cones, which allow our
eye to adjust to light making it possible to see. Damage to the retina is detrimental to our vision,
which can lead to blindness (Barton, H. and Byrne, K. 2007).
Light waves from an object enter the eye through the cornea; the light then moves through the pupil.
Fluctuations and intensity of the incoming light will change the size of the pupil. When the light
begins to travel the light waves are bent first by the cornea and then further bent by the crystalline
lens, which is located directly behind the pupil to a nodal point that is located immediately behind
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The implant provides the individual with low–resolution images by electrically stimulating the
retinal cells. It relies on stimulating the bipolar cells and using the middle and outer retinal layers to
process the visual stimuli. It then generates electrical signals which are from the incoming light. (E.
Zrenner, 2002).The stimulation can be helpful in providing the necessary adjustments for an
individual to regain their object recognition. The aim of retinal implants is to serve as a replacement
for the lost/damaged retinal cells which is used in many medical fields today.
Research during the last three decades has led to the advancement of retinal implants. The aim is to
replace functioning of lost/damaged retinal cells, by stimulating cells electrically. The studies
surrounding this breakthrough are still being conducted and enhanced upon. Retinal implants are not
perfect and the more research that is done to further the understanding of how to manipulate the
technology, the implants will become more successful in restoring

Painting, Violet Persian Set With Red Lip Wraps By Dale...
The exhibition that focuses on contemporary artworks since 1960 will be small, containing only two
pieces. The pieces are both sculptures, Violet Persian Set with Red Lip Wraps by Dale Chihuly and
Nefertiti by Wendall Castle. The theme of the exhibition will be about the reimagining of the exotic
female form through abstract sculpture–specifically, in–the–round, free–standing sculptures. Both
Chihuly's piece as well as Castle's fit this theme as they depict abstract forms that can be interpreted
as feminine. However, the pieces look radically different from one another and are fairly abstract.
One sculpture shows a strong and regal womanly form while the other could be interpreted as the
exact opposite. Both sculpture's in the exhibition can also be seen as being inspired by the exotic
and romanticized past. At a glance, Violet Persian set with red lip wraps is a very abstract form with
many different parts and pieces. There are cone shapes wrapped in thin waved sheets of blown glass.
It appears as though Chihuly uses cane working in his piece as there are stripes of color throughout
each layer. It measures approximately 2.5 feet by 2 feet by 2 feet and is made of twenty different
sections of sculpted glass that must be disassembled and reassembled every time it is moved. The
outer wraps, like shells, gently wrap the glass shapes in their folds. The interior sculptures take on
the shapes of cones, trumpets and petals and are nestled closely together. The sculpture can be

Paper On Color Blindness
Approximately thirty–two million Americans suffer from some degree of color blindness. For these
people, simple tasks may become complicated; such as matching an outfit or telling the difference of
the signals at a traffic light. Many people do not even know that they have some kind of color
blindness. The technical term is "color–vision deficiency" because "colorblindness" is usually
confused with seeing the world in black and white. However, there are various forms of color vision
deficiency that keep people from seeing all of the colors that normal eyes may see. In an article
titled "Probing Question: What is colorblindness?" on the Penn State website, psychology professor
Rick Gilmore explains how and why certain individuals are kept from seeing the world in full color.
He says that there are three types of cones in the retina that give us the ability to see color. Each
cone is sensitive to a specific light; red, green, and blue. When one or more of the cones is not there
or has received some sort of damage, some form of color vision deficiency will ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In an article called "Color Blindness", it says that at the University of Washington and University of
Florida, a type of treatment called "gene therapy" has cured color blindness in monkeys. Although
this worked on the subjects, this therapy is not yet considered safe for humans. There are some ways
to help people who suffer from color vision deficiency until a cure is perfected. Special lenses used
to improve color perception are available to the people who could benefit from them in certain parts
of the United States and other countries. These contact lenses and glasses can be very expensive but
very effective. There are online tools that can identify colors by name to better help the color blind
understand what everyone else sees. Along with the lenses and websites are medications that better
the pathway that order how the cones in the retina

Human Perception Of The World
Introduction Our perception of the world as individuals is unusually thought of because we are
unaware of the physiological and psychological capabilities our brains possess. Through sound,
recognition, and vision, animals have inherited these traits for generations. One significant factor
pertaining to who we are and how we perceive the world around us are influenced by the genes
inherited in our lineage. One particular trait that is important in our lives is color vision and color
blindness, particularly cone dysfunction syndrome. Cone dysfunction syndrome is a heterogeneous
group of inherited disorders resulting from a mutation of photopigment genes (Simunovic 1998).
This rare form of visual deficiency can branch from achromatopsia, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The red–green opsins are the most susceptible for mutation due to the localization of each protein,
producing color blindness. The localization of the red and green opsins is near each other and
contains ninety–eight percent identical in their DNA sequences (Sanders et al 2012). Mutations in
these genes are caused by an error during crossover in prophase I of female meiosis. It occurs in
female meiosis rather than male meiosis due to the fact that opsin genes are produced by the X–
linked chromosome which females possess. This states that mothers are the sole carriers of color
blindness and it is rare for a female to express color blindness. Dalton's eyes contributed to the
understanding of color vision 150 years after his death. His interests on color blindness have paved
the way to understand color deficiency in our society.
Achromatopsia
In Color Vision and Genetics in a Case of Cone Dysfunction Syndrome, Crognale and Neitz ask the
question: How drastic are genetic variability's influential to our perception of color vision? To
further answer this question, both researchers analyzed cone dysfunction syndrome and how it
varies from normal color vision by having a patient in the study with an abnormal case of color
vision ranging between achromatopsia to mild–green deficiencies. Achromatopsia is the condition in
which people perceive the world only of shades of grey while having normal cones in the retina
(Snowden 2006).

Pros And Cons Of Photoreceptors
Photoreceptors gather visual information by absorbing light and sending electrical signals to other
retinal neurons for initial processing and integration. The signals are then sent via the optic nerve to
other parts of brain, which ultimately processes the image and allows us to see.
–Responds to light waves through the eyes
–Rods are sensitive to light and dark
–Cones are sensitive to color
–We have three types of color rods red, green and blue, over 100 million rod cells
Corneas are the only tissue that do not have blood
Human eyes have over 2 million working parts
Eyeballs stay the same size from birth to death but your nose and ears continue to grow
Light passes through a see through substance similar to gel it's known as Vitreous it

Achromatopsia Research Paper
I decided to choose Achromatopsia as my topic which deals with color perception. Many people
have different forms of color perception. Some people are completely color blind and others are just
lacking a few rods or cones which prevent them from seeing a few colors. Achromatopsia is among
the worst because people who have this may only see in grey or washed out colors. Whereas, others
can see some color and still seem to function normally. This disease can prevent you from seeing all
color, which makes it much more difficult to function in everyday life because of the lack of color
perception one may have.
Achromatopsia is a non–progressive and hereditary visual disorder which is characterized by
decreased vision, light sensitivity, and the absence of color vision. In the U.S., it affects about 1 in
every 33,000 people. "Achromatopsia is sometimes called 'Day Blindness', as these people see better
in subdued light. People with complete Achromatopsia will have reduced vision (20/200 or less) due
to an abnormality of the retina. They also have no color vision, sensitivity to light (photophobia) and
the presence of nystagmus (shaking of the eyes). People with incomplete or partial Achromatopsia
may have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the retina, there are three types of cells called cones that are responsible for normal color vision.
These are the red cones, the green cones, and the blue cones which can also be referred to M, S, and
L cones. A balanced distribution of these cells is necessary for the function of normal color vision. A
child born with non–functioning cones will have Achromatopsia. Sometimes children have a
reduced complement of the cones, in which case they will have partial or incomplete
Achromatopsia. Achromatopsia is an inherited condition and so far, four genes (genetic markers
found on chromosomes) are known to be associated with this

Uv Radiation Research Paper
It's summer time, school is out and all your kids want to do is head outside and play. While you
know that you have to slip, slop, slap on the sunscreen to keep their delicate skin from getting
burned, what precautions are you taking to protect their eyes? Following these three tips will help to
make sure that your children do not suffer permanent vision loss because of damage caused by being
outside.
Protect From UV Radiation
The ultra–violet light which comes from the sun can do just as much damage to your child's eyes as
it can do to the skin. This is predominantly because the skin around the eyes is thin, so it is easier for
the UV rays to penetrate the eyelids. There are two main ways you can protect your child from UV
radiation damage to the eyes. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Water, for example, reflects the full strength of the UV rays. This means that even though your child
might be playing in a shaded area, they are still seeing a full dose of ultra–violet light coming at
them from a body of water.
Find a pair of sunglasses your child likes and get them to wear them. If the glasses keep falling off
during playtime, purchase a strap from your optometrist that is designed to keep the glasses on the
head. These attach to each arm of the glasses and then wraps around the back of the head. Purchase
good–quality sunglasses that block out 100% of UV rays and a wrap–around style will keep the sun
from peeking up the side of the glasses.
If you are struggling to keep sunglasses on your child's head, at a minimum find a hat that with a cap
peak or floppy brim to provide some semblance of shade over their

20/20 Eye Disorder
The eye is the organ of sight. We use this organ in practically everything we do on a daily basis,
from reading books, documents, and the website to driving a car and watching TV. A normal and
well–functioning eye can focus on objects and images, both near and far away, perceive depth and
adapt to changes in light. For those who are categorized to have 20/20 vision means that at 20–foot
distance a person is capable of seeing more than the average eye is able to see at that distance. For
example, 20/20 vision can clearly see letters. Unfortunately, most people in today's society are less
likely to have 20/20 vision due to several eye disorders such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, and
astigmatism. Nearsightedness or Farsightedness occurs ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The PRK procedure was introduced back in the 1995 in the US. This procedure is generally
performed with local anesthetic eye drops. The purpose of the surgery is to reshape the cornea by
removing microscopic amounts of tissue from the outer surface with a cool, computer controlled
ultraviolet beam of light.LASIK surgery was introduced in 2002 to the US and is more complex
than PRK. In this procedure local anesthetic eye drops are used. The doctor will use a surgical knife
to cut a flap of corneal tissue to remove the targeted tissue beneath it with a laser and replaces the

Colour Blindness : Color Blindness
All you need to know on colour blindness
In spite of the name, colour blindness isn't a form of blindness but a defect in the way that your eyes
interpret colour. With this particular problem, you'll find yourself having trouble when it comes to
telling the difference between certain colours such as blue and yellow or more commonly red and
green. Colour blindness, or colour vision deficiency as it's sometimes known, is inherited and tends
to affect more males than females. According to the Prevent Blindness America association, it's
estimated that roughly 8% of men and less than 1% of women have colour vision trouble. The red
and green colour deficiency is by far the most common form of colour blindness. The blue and
yellow colour ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This will all depend greatly on the type of colour vision problem they have. If you've suddenly
developed a form of colour blindness despite previously having the ability to distinguish all colours
then we strongly advise you see an eye doctor immediately. A sudden or gradual loss of colour
vision could indicate any number of underlying health problems with cataracts being just one
example.
More often than not, colour blindness occurs as a result of light–sensitive cells within the retina
failing. They fail to respond properly to different varieties of wavelengths of light that ordinarily
would allow people to distinguish an array of different colours. Photoreceptors within the retina are
known as cones and rods with rods being more plentiful; there are approximately 100 million rods
within each human retina). Rods are also much more sensitive to light however they're incapable of
perceiving colour. There are roughly 6 to 7 million cones in the human retina and it's the cones that
are responsible for seeing colour. These photoreceptors are all located in the very central part of the
retina that's known as macula. The centre of the macula is known as the fovea, measuring a mere
0.3mm in diameter. It contains an extremely high concentration of cones, the highest concentration
within the retina in fact and it's this area of cones that are solely responsible for our most acute
colour vision. If colour blindness has been inherited, it's

What 's The Retina Because Of Two Reasons
Jonah Kahn
Mrs. Catlett
Science s!h hour
9 December 2015
Cover Letter
I chose to do the retina because of two reasons. First, I have eye problems and I thought it would be
interesting to learn a little–bit more about the eye because of my eye problems. Second,
I was debating to do this and Multiple Sclerosis, thenI didn 't want to do a disease and just
wanted to do this.
*Highlighting– topic of article, yellow= topic sentence, quote '
sentence and quote
Cell Paper: The Retina Ill=
topic
"You have Retinitis Pigmentosa" Doctor Marvel told his patient, Dorothy. "What is Retinitis
Pigmentosa?" She asked in a shaky voice. "It 's an inherited, incurable disease in the Retina." "What
's the Retina?"
to simplify it is a membrane that helps you see." "What does this mean? ' ' "Eventually you 'll go
blind" Dorothy is shocked to fmd out, but she makes the best of it. Day by day, she is slowly getting
blinder and blinder. One day when she is driving home from work, she doesn 't see the
roundabout ahead, but luckily she memorized the way. At the roundabout she started to turn. Then
she turned too far and crashed into the middle of the roundabout. In the middle was a fountain, she
came in at 52 miles per hour, because she was on the highway, Dorothy died from the crash.

As mentioned earlier the retina is a membrane in the eye. One of the seven layers is called: Rods and
cones, also photo–receptors, and are in charge of your vision. Rods are in

Incident Report Essay
On 12/16/2017, I, Dillon Dickerson, badge #155, was working as a Patrol Officer for the Wichita
State University Police Department, in Wichita, Sedgwick County, Kansas. While driving in lot 20
which is located behind Wilner Auditorium I heard a loud banging sound. From past experiences it
sounded like someone ran over multiple barrel cones. On 17th street they are doing construction
from 17th and Hillside to 17th and Oliver.
I arrived in the area of 17th and Hillside at approximently 0235 hours. I advised dispatch there was
about 12 cones which had been hit. These cones were about 6 inches in diamater and stood about 3
feet tall. The cones were held up with black rectangular rubber bases. I let dispatch know I would be
out of my patrol ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
WSU Officer Efrain Rueda #159 advised the driver turned northbound on Holyoke at which time I
turned aroundon 17th street near lot 26. I then say WSU Officer Efrain Rueda #159 and WSU
Officer Chris Tener #147 still chasing the run vehicle westbound on 17th passing Hillside. I advised
dispatch at approximently 0240 hours since there were already two WSU Officers chasing I would
stay on campus.
I went to Holyoke street to check the area where the chase started at to see if any evidence was
thrown out. I noticed there was a orange traffic cone on the east side of Holyoke. I stopped and
checked the cone and noticed there was some vomit in this area also. I informed dispatch of what I
found and also I would be speaking with three males who spoke with the male before the chase. I
made contact with the males at approximently 0246 hours. The males asked if it was okay for them
to go back into the Sigma Alpha Epsilon (SAE) house. I informed the males I needed to get some
basic information from them before I let them go. One of the males identified himself as Omar
Antonio Rodriguez by WSU ID X243W595. Omar was a Hispanic male, born on May 4th of 1999,
who lives at 7207 W 77th St. N in Valley Center KS, 67147, he can be reached at 316–592–3721.
Omar is going to be living in the SAE house soon. I asked Omar what he saw take place with the
vehicle. Omar stated they saw the male in the vehicle vomiting onto the ground. They went up to the
male and asked him if he was okay.

Taking a Look at Squirrels
Squirrels are everywhere, see figure 1 for an example of the grey squirrels in our area. They skitter
through trees above heads, forage in trashcans, and chew through wires. Squirrels are so common
the average person could easily overlook their importance. Squirrels have played a significant role
in the evolution of seed defenses in pine trees. The evolution of these seed defenses is frequently
attributed to birds and other seed predators (Benkman 1994). The ever–present unnoticed squirrel is
actually uniquely designed to prey upon pines and pines in turn have developed traits to defend
against them. Benkman et al discussed this in a paper on limber pine tree dispersal. Their study
argues that while Clark's nutcracker may play an important role in seed dispersal squirrels were
actually the most important seed predator. The study showed that the pine trees adaptations made to
defend against squirrels decreased the efficiency of other seed predators. They set out to prove that
squirrels were the apex seed predator (Benkman 1994 1). This paper will outline some of the
research that has been put together to map out the coevolution of squirrels and pine trees. Since this
paper will focus primarily on squirrels, it is important to have some background knowledge about
these omnipresent critters. Squirrels are mammals included in the order Rodentia, and there are over
1,600 species of Rodentia. They compose almost a third of all mammal species, and one of the
seven

A Business Pl Summertime Sno Cones Essay
Following is an analysis of a hypothetical business I would find pleasure enacting. When choosing
to run a business, both strategy and passion need to be present. One of my future business plans is
Summertime Sno–Cones. A privately owned and operated, seasonal business that produces snow
cones at a reasonable price, in a family friendly environment. I believe an energetic and inviting
snow cone stand could bring happiness to people in my community, and could also be a lucrative
business venture.
My family currently has a snow cone business in a prime location in Hugo, Oklahoma. Upon their
retirement, they plan to pass it down to me. The building will need many, future renovations, in
order to enact my plan and make the environment more accommodating and friendly for a larger,
more diverse audience. A couple of essential changes that would need to be implemented before I
opened, would be a small expansion of the building to include more storage space, as well as
renovation and cleaning of the lot on which the business located. By graduation, I hope to have the
savings needed to buy the necessary supplies to make the aforementioned renovations. Snow cones
have played an important role in my raising and I have bonded and grown with my family over this
sweet cold treat. Currently, at the beginning of fall, my family's snow cone stand is selling an
average of 100 snow cones per day. My total fixed costs for a month of operation amount to $410.
These costs consist of the

Intelligent Design is a Fact, Not a Theory Essay
There are things in the universe and on the planet that point to an intelligent design and that God is
that Intelligent Designer. There are many unique items within animals, plants, and human beings.
These items are just too unique and complex to have just happened. The intelligent design of these
items points to an Intelligent Designer not just chance. Intelligent design is the study of patterns in
nature, animals, and human beings that are best explained as the result of intelligence. (Dembski.
2010) Intelligent design investigates the effect of intelligence not the Designer. Therefore, intelligent
design directly challenges Darwinism, Evolution, and other naturalistic approaches to the origin of
life. (Dembski. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The outer layer of the beak is not a solid structure. It is made up of layers of teeny, tiny hexagonal
plates that overlap like roof shingles. The interior is made of something completely different. It is
made of light, rigid foam made of little beams and membranes. The beak is also hollow is some
spots. John Eliot says that the beak of the toucan is ingeniously designed to be both strong and light.
The dictionary defines the word ingenious to mean marked by inventive skill and imagination. Since
evolution says there is no design to anything that everything just happened, it cannot explain the
unique, creative design of the toucan's beak that lies with the Designer. (Butt. 2006) The third
animal is the duck–billed platypus. Evolutionists are astounded at the myriad of varying structures
found on the duck–billed platypus. Its beak would imply a close relationship to ducks; its tail might
place it with beavers; its hair is similar to that of a bear; its webbed feet imply that it would be an
otter; and its claws are the likeness of a reptile's Evolution has no explanation for the varying
structures that are found on the platypus. The platypus has a beak that is similar to a duck's. The
platypus has a tail like a beaver's. The platypus's tail is furry unlike the beavers. The platypus has
five toes with on its foot with webbing like an otter's, but it has claws like a reptile's. The platypus'
fur is similar

The Issue Of Western Society Essay
Western society has evolved to be worried about concerns not life threatening, while in the other
side of the world they are grateful for those same minor problems. We complain when we do get the
same quality hamburger, while the other side will be leaping for joy if they ever encounter one. Like
this we have the same treatment for people with disabilities, especially color blindness. We take it
for granted to be able to see the vibrant colors of spring or how of children look like. Some parents
never knew that their children or even themselves have green eyes. Imagine that. We have amazing
LED TV, with realistic appearances in color, which these color blind people will never get to
experience. However, we remain to not put enough research to this disease, which can be easily
curable or have alternative ways to cope with it. This disease is a disease that is most often passed
down genetically, which can be a downside for future generations to come. This disease prevents
people to have a limited scope of careers and hobbies to do, or it may give employers the reason to
not hire because color blind people may appear unsuitable for a job. Society can make these visual
disabled people get a even play field in society, all we have to do is some research and teamwork
with technical companies to make something to restore the visibility of all colors. So we can get
started by promoting to the public to add on to the awareness and see the demand for a solution with
the help of the

The Human Eye 's Ability
A. Purpose
The objective of this experiment is to demonstrate the human eye's ability to detect different colors
in the visible spectrum. In this experiment a red cross is drawn on a plain, white sheet of paper and
placed upon another clean sheet of paper. The student then stares at the red cross for sixty seconds
without taking their eyes off of the cross. Once the sixty seconds pass the sheet of paper with the
cross is quickly removed the clean sheet of paper underneath is visible. A faint blue–green cross
should be clear on the clean sheet.
When examined, an object and its color, the image identified is a wavelength of light that wasn't
absorbed, alike the other wavelengths, by the object. The beam is then reflected towards the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, cones are the principal focus of this experiment. To them is attributed both color vision
and the highest visual acuity (HyperPhysics). Current understanding is that the 6 to 7 million cones
can be divided into "red" cones (64%), "green" cones (32%), and "blue" cones (2%) based on
measured response curves (HyperPhysics).
When one type of cone continuously sends the same signal to the brain, the cones hastily become
exhausted. Once one of the three types of cone becomes exhausted, the cone ceases to transmit
signals to the brain. Which causes the brain to assume the cones are tired and holds onto the image.
However, once the top sheet of paper is removed all that is shown is a white sheet of paper and
white contains all light energy. Since the red type cones are nonfunctioning, only the green and blue
type cones receive the wavelengths. This causes the brain to assume the signals it's receiving are a
blue–green colour instead of an equal parts red–blue–green combination, which would form white.
This experiment hopes to show how the human eye detects multiple wavelengths of light, and how
the cones interact the brain. Moreover, the experiment desires to display, not only, how the cones
work individually, but to show how the cones work in unison with each other to produce the colors
man sees. The experiment also hopes to demonstrate the immense complexity contained within the
human eye.

Why Do Dogs Are Color Blind
Ever wonder how the world looks like through your beloved pet's eyes?
There are tons of myths floating around regarding dogs. People say that dogs age seven years for
every human year. You may have heard before that dogs only see things in shades of gray. Some
even have that idea that they see everything in the exact same way that we do. Are they really color–
blind, as many dog breeders would say? And while it is common knowledge that cats are the champs
at night–time vision, dog lovers around the world could not help but wonder as well, "Can dogs see
in the dark?"
HOW DOGS SEE
First off, let's talk about how dogs can see generally. Your dogs' eyes are placed on opposite sides of
the head, which means that they have a field vision of 250 degrees, slightly higher than the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So, can dogs see colors? Yes, they can. Are dogs color blind? Not necessarily. So, what colors do
dogs see, if they're not really color blind? Their spectrum consists mostly of blue, yellow, and
violets. Anything red, green, or orange appear somewhere on their blue or yellow range, and are not
really that distinguishable. This may also be the main reason why agility obstacles are painted in
blue and yellow.
In another research conducted by Dr. Gerald Jacobs, Professor of Psychology at the University of
Santa Barbara, dogs were given three circles of varied colors and were taught to choose the one that
looked "different". The dogs couldn't pick out the odd one out when they were presented with colors
they supposedly couldn't detect. However, when they were offered with colors that they can
perceive, they were able to point out the "different" one. Through this test, the researchers were able
to conclude which colors dogs have trouble detecting, and which ones they can see with no problem.
This also cemented the idea that dogs see in dichromatic vision, same as color–blind

My Thoughts About My Brain
What if I told you that the banana you had for breakfast this morning wasn't yellow, or the stop sign
you drove through on your way to work wasn't red. This leaf is not green and this flower– definitely
not orange. I know what you are thinking...Um she's crazy! I know my colors, I aced those in
kindergarten. Well I hate to be the one to break it to you, but you've been wrong your whole life.
You have been tricked by your own brain.
So now, I'm sure you're wondering well if a banana is not yellow...what the heck color is it then?
And how can I be tricked by my own brain...after all it is MY brain. Believe me if you are confused,
you have a lot of company with you. Myself included.
I've always been curious about the world around me. My mind stays ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The main two types of photoreceptors are called rods and cones. Rod do not play a role in color
vision and are only active in dim light which is why you can't see colors at night. Cones, on the
other hand, are sensitive to bright light and provide most of our daytime vision in a wide range of
spectacular colors. There are three types of cone cells; red, green, and blue and each correspond to
different wavelengths of light: red has long wavelengths, green has medium, and blue has short
wavelengths. So, what the heck are wavelengths and what do they have to do with color? Well, light
itself is energy that travels in waves. Just as sound is a wave that vibrates in the air, light is a wave
that vibrates in an electromagnetic field. The frequency of a wave is just the number of waves or
humps that pass through a given point in a second and the wavelength is the distance between the
tops of those humps. So a red light wave would look something like this, and a blue like this, and
then green would be somewhere in the middle there. So the colors we see are dependent upon the
frequency of the light waves.
(Now let's go back to the banana. Why does it appear to be yellow but really isn't?) White light from
the sun contains all the colors of the rainbow, which we call the visual spectrum of light. These light
waves move around through space until they crash into something, in this case a banana. When the
light from the sun hits the banana the waves split and some are

Clarce Rain Water Research Paper
The eyeball holds many parts to allow eyesight. The retina holds the key to allowing the human eye
to see color. The pupil appears as the black part of the eye that people see, the pupil however does
not have much to do with comprehending color. As Clarence Rainwater said in his book "The pupil
is simply the hole in the iris through which light enters the eye." (84) The light then has to pass
through many parts of the eye before reaching the retina such as the transparent cornea, the aqueous
humor, the lens, and the vitreous humor. Clarence Rainwater described the retina as "... the eye's
sensitive inner surface." (86) The exciting part of the eye starts here. The retina holds the key as
stated by Clarence Rainwater, "... a complex system ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This explains why in low lights, such as moonlight, everything appears gray. As Rainwater said "By
definition, color includes all aspects of light except variations in time and space." (98) So color and
light go hand in hand with each other "The color you see depends on the intensity and wavelengths
of the light that illuminates the object, on the wavelengths of light reflected or transmitted by the
object, on the color of the surrounding objects, and on absorption or reflection by substances in the
light path" (Rainwater 99) Hue, saturation and brightness refer to the aspects of color. "Hue is the
color sensation by which you distinguish the different parts of the spectrum– red, blue, green,
yellow, etc." (Rainwater 101) Saturation appears as the degree of hue in a color. "It is the color
sensation by which you distinguish a hue as being pale or rich, weak or strong." (Rainwater 102)
Another one, brightness "Brightness is the primary visual sensation by which you detect the
presence of light. It is associated with the quantity of the light and the intensity of the visual
sensation." (Rainwater 103) These refer to just some of the terms associated with color and the
human

Floater Case Study Essay
I will be discussing a clinical case involving a male patient who went to the eye doctor with
complaints of dark areas in his vision. The patient did not notice it before and indicates there is no
pain involved. Topics that will be covered will include: the diagnosis; an explanation of floaters and
dark areas in the visual field; and a treatment plan.
The diagnosis for the patient appears to be known as floaters. Floaters are known as small specks
floating in the area of a person's field vision. They are dark and shadowy shaped into either spots,
thread like strands, or squiggly lines. When tiring to focus on them they seem to dart away.
However, they follow eye movements and typically drift away when the eye stops moving. Most
patients have floaters, but learn to ignore them. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If increased floaters, flashes of light during peripheral vision, or a loss of peripheral vision it is
recommended that a person seek an eye care professional for an examine as soon as possible.
Floaters happen when the vitreous (a gel type component) fills 80% of the eye helping it maintain its
round shape will slowly shrink. However, as the vitreous shrinks it appears to become stringy
casting tiny shadows on the retina known as floaters. Floaters are known as part of the aging process
and can be annoying, distracting, and eventually tend to settle at the bottom of the eye making it less
irritating, but does not completely go away. However, it can become serious resulting in an
infection, uveitis (inflammation), retinal tears, hemorrhaging, and injury to the eye (NIH,

Mechanisms of Axon Guidance
Axons are sensitive and their respond depend on the local environment. When the tectum is
removed, retinal axons grow toward the missing tissue, demonstrating that optic axons utilize these
neighbourhood signals as opposed to a long–run diffusible attractant from the tectum as they grow
along the optic tract (Taylor, 1990). In the event of a small piece of the optic tract neuroepithelium is
turned 90° preceding the axons enter it, then they become misoriented when they enter the pivoted
transplant (Harris, 1989) and correct their course of growth once they exit. These results confirm
that the neuroepithelium contains local information to which growing axons respond and that they
are not simply following gradients of attractants released by their targets (Sanes et al., 2012).
Growth cone filopodia are long, motile, and covered with receptors, also have a very high surface to
volume ratio, which can help convert membrane signals into large changes in intracellular
messengers such as calcium. Filopodia can show localized transient elevations of intracellular
calcium and these transients reduce filopodial motility (Sanes et al., 2012). Calcium transients can
be directly artificially activated in growth cone filopodia by loading neurons with a calcium caging
agent that releases calcium upon stimulation with a pulse of light (Gomez et al., 2001). Experiments
in which calcium is uncaged on one side of a growth cone generally cause the growth cone to turn
toward the side that has

The Color Vision Testing Is Performed By Ishihara Chart
MATERIAL & METHODS–
Present study was conducted between july & september of 2013, at Medical colleges of Bhopal,
M.P. This cross sectional study was conducted among medical students of 1st, 2nd , 3rd & 4th year
MBBS students in the age group 18 to 25 years. Sample size was 600 students ,both male & female
with their best corrected visual acquity were taken into account. Informed consent from the students
was obtained. The colour vision testing was performed by Ishihara chart ("The series of plates
Designed as a Test for colour–Blindness" by professor emeritus of the university of tokyo member
of Japan Academy,having 38 plates). The subject were seated in a well illuminated room & asked to
read the Ishihara chart , keeping it 75 cm away from the eyes and the time given for telling the
number was less than 5 seconds. Each eye was tested separately. Normality or defectiveness of
colour vision was determined by assessment of the readings of plates 1 to 21 . If 17 or more plates
are read normally, the colour vision was regarded as normal. If only 13 or less than 13 plates were
read normal ,the colour vision was regarded as red green deficient. However, in references to plates
18,19,20,and 21, only those who read the numerals 5,2,45,and 73 and read them easier than those on
plates

Critical Thinking Process

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