ACM, (10 Points) Real world everyday applications of computer science. Software crises. Information Technology. History of Computers. Generations of computers (Five Generations)

1. A.C.M:
A.C.M stand for Associationof Computer Machinery. ACM, the First
Societyin Computing.
 Why to study computer science?
1. Computing is a part of everything we do.
2. Expertise in computing enable you to solve complex and
challenging problems.
3. Computing enable you to make a positive difference in the world.
4. Computing offers many types of lucrative.
5. Computing jobs are here to stay regardless of where you are
located.
6. Expertise in computing helps even if your primary carrier is
something else.
7. Computing offer great opportunities for true creativity and
innovativeness.
8. Computing have space for both collaborative and individual efforts.
9. Computing is essential for well-rounded academic preparation.
10. The future opportunity in computing are without boundaries.
Real world everyday applications of computer science
 Surfing the web:
"Surfing the web" is an expression. It usually refers to the action of
browsing the Internet. The Internet is a very large network of
computers and servers that allows them to communicate with each
other. Web surfing is carried by search engines such as google, bing etc.
search engine is a program which searches documents and files for

2. keywords provided by user and returns the results of any files
containing those keywords. The source of all search engine data is a
spider or crawler, which automatically visits pages and indexes their
contents. Once a page has been crawled, the data contained within the
page is processed and finally this processed data is provided to user by
search engine. These search engines serves as repository. Repository is
a central place in which an aggregation of data is kept and maintained
in an organized way.
 Types of search engines:
There are two types of search engines.
 Syntax.
This engine governed by the collection of rules and regulations of
writing language.
 Semantics.
This engine governed by meaning and interpretation of words,
signs, and sentence structure.
 Playing Computer Games:
Computer games are most commonly played games. These games
based on artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence is used to generate
intelligent behaviors primarily in non-player characters often simulating
human-like intelligence. It includes computer graphics, animations,
machine learning, networking, client server. Client server allow to
connect multiplayer to game. In computer games video feedback is
received by the gamer through the display screen and gamer give input
by keys, buttons, or some liver in respond to control the game.

3.  Downloading music and Movies:
Downloading music and movies involve networking, file sharing
software, distributed algorithms, compression algorithms. File
sharing software act as distributing or making available digitally
stored material (e.g., music, movies, documents, photos, games,
etc.) to other users on the Internet. This is mostly done by
compression. Compression is the shrinks down of an electronic data
file to achieve very small storage space, or very fast transmission
rate. Transmission of data also depend upon medium through which
data travel strong medium travel data faster.
 Shopping online:
Online shopping is a form of electronic commerce which allows
consumers to directly buy goods or services from a seller using
internet. The reasons to shop online is Better Prices, Convenience,
Variety etc. It involves multiple buyer and multiple seller.
 Using your latest cellphone:
A cell phone is any portable telephone which uses cellular network
technology to make and receive calls. Using latest cell phones involves
Programming for embedded devices, networking, communication
protocols, wireless networking, mobile applications, user interface, GPS
technology etc.

4. Software crises
During 1960’s computers faces software crises. This is because the
scientists at that time focus on hardware development but later in
1970’s scientists comes to develop software’s because they realize
that software able to solve problems. This uplift the software
development. This all concept is known as software crises.
Computer
A computer is an electronic device used to accept data process data
into useful information and store for later use. Computer save time
due to high speed of computation.
Data & Information:
Data and information are not inter-exchangeable words.
Data:
Data is raw, unorganized facts that need to be processed. Data can
be something simple and seemingly random and useless until it is
organized. A data is a word, video, picture, character, number and if
not put into a context mean no data.
Example: Each student's test score is one piece of data.
Information:
When data is processed, organized, structured or presented in a
given context so as to make it useful, it is called information.
Information is a useful and usually formatted in a manner that allow
it to be understood by user.
Example: The average score of a class or of the entire school is
information that can be derived from the given data.

5. Information Technology (I.T)
It is a technology using computing with high speed communication
links to spread information from one place to another place.
Components of I.T
 Computers
 Communication Network
 Know How
Network:
When single node connected with multiple nodes make network. A
computer network is a set of computers connected together for the
purpose of sharing resources. The most common resource shared
today is connection to the Internet.
Network Advantages:
Computing faster
Computation speedy
Computation economic
Internet:
Internet is a net -work of work. Currently internet is comprising
trillions of network.

6. History of Computers
 Abacus:
Abacus was first calculating device invented by Chinese in 600 B.C.
It consist of a wooden frame containing rods and beats. It is used for
only addition and subtraction which is done by moving beats on
rods. Early Abacus is made from maize (corn) threaded through
strings mounted in a wooden frame.
 Blaise Pascal:
Blaise Pascal was a French mathematician who invent a calculating
device in 1642 known as Pascal calculator or Pascaline. It was first
mechanical device consist of gears and wheels. The machine could
add, subtract, multiply, and divide. Multiplication and division were
somewhat difficult to do.

7.  Charles Babbage:
Charles Babbage also known as father of computers invented two
automatic machines known as difference engine in 1822 and analytical
engine in 1842. The Difference Engine was capable of computing
several sets of numbers and making hard copies of the results. The
Analytical Engine contained an Arithmetic Logic Unit, basic flow control,
and integrated memory and is the first general-purpose computer
concept. This device was capable of performing 16 additions per
minutes. Unfortunately, because of funding, Babbage was never able to
complete a full-scale functional version of this machine. Later In June of
1991, the London Science Museum completed the Difference Engine
and in 1910, Henry Babbage, Charles Babbage's youngest son, was able
to complete a portion of this machine and was able to perform basic
calculations.
 George Boole:
George Boole was the English mathematician and philosopher.
George Boole is the inventor of Boolean logic, which is the basis of
modern digital computer logic. He simplified binary system of
algebra for mathematical calculation.

8. The first commercial computer was I.B.M-701
Generations of computers
 First Generation of computers (1942-1955)
First generation computers use vacuum tube which was the only
electronic component available. It helped in making digital
computers which was able to compute data in mille seconds. Their
biggest issue was they consume electricity and air conditioners are
used to maintain them. They use magnetic drums for data storage
and they uses machine language (0101). They are very large in size
and were very expensive.
Examples: UNIVAC and ENIAC
 Second Generation of Computers (1955-1964)
Second generation of computers uses the assembly language which
was way of entering instruction to computer in the form of
abbreviated words. Here transistors are replaced by vacuum tube.
They were smaller, faster, more reliable, more energy efficient then
the first generation of computers. They also contain the components
like printer, tape storage, disk storage, operating system and stored
procedure.
Examples: IBM 7000, NCR 304, IBM 650, IBM 1401, ATLAS and Mark
III

9.  Third Generation of Computers (1964-1975)
In third generation of computers integrated circuits (I-C’s) were
replaced by the transistors because transistors used to heat up. Their
size was further minimized along with the cost and because of
electric operating system multiple programs can be run at the same
time
Examples: PDP-8, PDP-11, ICL 2900, IBM 360 and IBM 370
 Fourth Generation of Computers (1975-till date)
In fourth generation of computers size is further reduced and they
used large scale integration (L-S-I), very large scale integration (V-L-S-
I) and ultra large scale integration (U-L-S-I). They uses high level
program language such as COBOL, FORTRAN, BASIC, PASCAL and C
language.
Examples: IBM 4341, DEC 10, STAR 1000, PUP 11 and APPLE II
 Fifth Generation of Computers (Future)
Its definition is still very difficult and its purpose is to build computer
intelligent which is based on artificial intelligence. They are still in
development even through there are some applications such as
voice recognition that are being used today and use of parallel
computing and super conductors is helping to make artificial
intelligence are verily.