The document discusses LTE drive test and coverage analysis, including factors that influence LTE coverage, methods for identifying weak coverage areas and coverage holes, techniques for resolving issues like cross coverage and imbalance between uplink and downlink, and case studies on using drive tests to find problems and adjusting antenna parameters to improve coverage. Key aspects of LTE like reference signal power, RSRP measurement, and the differences between TDD and FDD are also explained.
1. The document provides Huawei's mobility strategy recommendations for Maxis' LTE network, which involves LTE, UMTS, and GSM networks.
2. The strategy addresses cell selection and reselection procedures in both idle and connected modes between the different RATs and frequencies. It aims to optimize coverage and load balancing through configuration of various priority and threshold parameters.
3. Over multiple revisions from 2012 to 2018, the strategy has been updated based on trials and discussions between Maxis and Huawei to refine the parameter settings and push more users to preferred frequencies like L2600.
RRC protocols in LTE help manage radio resources and signaling between the UE and network. Key aspects include:
1. RRC defines two UE states - RRC_CONNECTED for active data transfer and RRC_IDLE for idle/paging.
2. Signaling Radio Bearers (SRBs) carry RRC and NAS messages using different logical channels.
3. System information is broadcast on common channels, informing UEs of network configurations and neighbor cells.
4. Handover between cells is supported through the X2 interface for intra-LTE handovers and inter-RAT handovers to other technologies like UMTS or GSM.
The document discusses Inter-Radio Access Technology (IRAT) handover and cell change, which allows the transition of 3G voice and data services between WCDMA and GSM networks to maintain connections and prevent dropped calls. It describes the IRAT handover evaluation process based on UE measurement reports and covers topics like coverage monitoring, event reporting, parameters, handover sequences, cell change procedures, and directed retry to offload traffic between networks.
The document discusses LTE uplink power control. It describes that uplink power control uses both open-loop and closed-loop mechanisms. Open-loop power control estimates path loss to set the initial transmission power, while closed-loop allows the network to directly control transmission power through power control commands. Power control helps reduce interference, maximize data rates, and prolong UE battery life by adjusting transmission power on a subframe basis.
This document summarizes various LTE KPIs and performance metrics related to random access, RRC connection establishment, ERAB establishment, and issues that may impact them. It provides potential causes for high values or failures in these metrics as well as recommended actions to investigate like checking RF parameters, capacity, licenses, alarms, configuration, and optimizing physical antenna settings.
The document discusses 4G LTE drive testing. It describes the necessary equipment for drive testing including a notebook, GPS, and LTE dongle. It outlines key LTE radio parameters that are measured like PCI, RSRP, SINR, and MIMO. It also discusses measuring UE state information, throughput, and LTE access procedures including attach requests, random access failures, and E-RAB failures. Finally, it compares the impact of ANR capabilities versus UE capabilities on measuring neighboring cells within and between eNodeBs.
This document provides an overview and detailed descriptions of Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB) features in an evolved Radio Access Network (eRAN). It describes CSFB procedures for falling back from an LTE network to UTRAN or GERAN networks to support circuit switched services like voice calls. The document includes sections on CSFB architectures, handover decisions and executions, related interfaces, engineering guidelines, parameters and troubleshooting.
The document provides an overview and analysis flow for optimizing the performance of a mobile network. It discusses various problems that can occur like low availability of control channels, congestion on signaling and traffic channels, and high drop call rates. For each problem, it lists probable causes and recommends actions to identify the issue and solutions to resolve it, such as adjusting configuration parameters, adding network capacity, or improving frequency planning. MML commands are also provided to check device logs, resources, and performance statistics for troubleshooting purposes.
1. The document provides Huawei's mobility strategy recommendations for Maxis' LTE network, which involves LTE, UMTS, and GSM networks.
2. The strategy addresses cell selection and reselection procedures in both idle and connected modes between the different RATs and frequencies. It aims to optimize coverage and load balancing through configuration of various priority and threshold parameters.
3. Over multiple revisions from 2012 to 2018, the strategy has been updated based on trials and discussions between Maxis and Huawei to refine the parameter settings and push more users to preferred frequencies like L2600.
RRC protocols in LTE help manage radio resources and signaling between the UE and network. Key aspects include:
1. RRC defines two UE states - RRC_CONNECTED for active data transfer and RRC_IDLE for idle/paging.
2. Signaling Radio Bearers (SRBs) carry RRC and NAS messages using different logical channels.
3. System information is broadcast on common channels, informing UEs of network configurations and neighbor cells.
4. Handover between cells is supported through the X2 interface for intra-LTE handovers and inter-RAT handovers to other technologies like UMTS or GSM.
The document discusses Inter-Radio Access Technology (IRAT) handover and cell change, which allows the transition of 3G voice and data services between WCDMA and GSM networks to maintain connections and prevent dropped calls. It describes the IRAT handover evaluation process based on UE measurement reports and covers topics like coverage monitoring, event reporting, parameters, handover sequences, cell change procedures, and directed retry to offload traffic between networks.
The document discusses LTE uplink power control. It describes that uplink power control uses both open-loop and closed-loop mechanisms. Open-loop power control estimates path loss to set the initial transmission power, while closed-loop allows the network to directly control transmission power through power control commands. Power control helps reduce interference, maximize data rates, and prolong UE battery life by adjusting transmission power on a subframe basis.
This document summarizes various LTE KPIs and performance metrics related to random access, RRC connection establishment, ERAB establishment, and issues that may impact them. It provides potential causes for high values or failures in these metrics as well as recommended actions to investigate like checking RF parameters, capacity, licenses, alarms, configuration, and optimizing physical antenna settings.
The document discusses 4G LTE drive testing. It describes the necessary equipment for drive testing including a notebook, GPS, and LTE dongle. It outlines key LTE radio parameters that are measured like PCI, RSRP, SINR, and MIMO. It also discusses measuring UE state information, throughput, and LTE access procedures including attach requests, random access failures, and E-RAB failures. Finally, it compares the impact of ANR capabilities versus UE capabilities on measuring neighboring cells within and between eNodeBs.
This document provides an overview and detailed descriptions of Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB) features in an evolved Radio Access Network (eRAN). It describes CSFB procedures for falling back from an LTE network to UTRAN or GERAN networks to support circuit switched services like voice calls. The document includes sections on CSFB architectures, handover decisions and executions, related interfaces, engineering guidelines, parameters and troubleshooting.
The document provides an overview and analysis flow for optimizing the performance of a mobile network. It discusses various problems that can occur like low availability of control channels, congestion on signaling and traffic channels, and high drop call rates. For each problem, it lists probable causes and recommends actions to identify the issue and solutions to resolve it, such as adjusting configuration parameters, adding network capacity, or improving frequency planning. MML commands are also provided to check device logs, resources, and performance statistics for troubleshooting purposes.
In this paper, we discussed about LTE system throughput calculation for both TDD and FDD system.
3GPP LTE technology support both TDD and FDD multiplexing. The paper describes all the factors which affect the throughput like Bandwidth, Modulation, UE category and mulplexing. It also describes how we get throughput 300Mbps in DL and 75Mbps in UL and what are assumptions taken to calculate the same.
Paper describes the steps and formulae to calculate the throughput for FDD system for TDD Config 1 and Config 2.
The throughput calculations shown in this paper is theoretical and limited by the assumptions taken to calculate for calculations
1) The document describes key performance indicators (KPIs) for measuring the performance of an LTE radio network. It defines KPIs related to accessibility, retainability, mobility, and latency.
2) Accessibility KPIs measure aspects like call setup success rate, RRC setup success rate, and E-RAB setup success rate. Mobility KPIs evaluate handover success rates within LTE and between LTE and other technologies.
3) Retainability KPIs track metrics such as call drop rate and call setup completion rate. The document also provides details on how to calculate each KPI and which counters are needed to measure the underlying events.
This document describes several 2G and 3G layer 3 messages including their purpose and key information elements. For 2G, it summarizes Sys info types 1-6 which broadcast system information to mobile stations in idle and dedicated modes, including things like channel allocation and cell parameters. It also describes messages like Measurement Report, Immediate Assignment, and Handover Command that are used for handover and connection management. For 3G, it lists 21 different message types like Measurement Report and Active Set Update used for mobility management and connection control.
This document contains parameters related to 2G cell configuration for an Axis network with 2247 sites and 19 BSCs. It includes common cell data parameters like AGBLK, MFRMS, ACCMIN, INDOOR_CELL values. It also includes locating cell filter data parameters like BSPWR, BSTXPWR, MSRXMIN, BSRXMIN for path loss calculation. Finally, it contains locating urgency cell data parameters like TALIM, PSSBQ, PTIMBQ, QLIMDL for handling call quality issues. The parameters need to be optimized for Axis' coverage-limited network.
Ericsson important optimization parametersPagla Knight
The document lists important optimization parameters for Ericsson including parameters related to system configuration, capacity management, directed retry, handover, HSDPA/EUL, IRAT, and idle mode selection and reselection. It provides descriptions of over 50 parameters that control aspects such as power levels, admission limits, thresholds for cell reselection, and criteria for measurements.
This document provides a troubleshooting guide for LTE inter-radio access technology (IRAT) handovers. It describes why IRAT is needed as voice revenues remain important while data revenues grow. It also outlines the applications of IRAT, delivery policies for idle mode, connected mode, and voice services. Signaling procedures for IRAT handovers including reselection, redirection, and PS handover are defined. Key performance indicators for IRAT including control plane delays and user plane interruption times are also defined to help diagnose IRAT issues.
The document discusses the interworking strategy and parameters for multicarrier networks in Hanoi, Vietnam. It proposes two scenarios for the random camping strategy across U2100 F1, F2, and F3 carriers in the idle and connected modes. It also provides settings for inter-RAT handover between U900, U2100 and GSM networks.
This document discusses network optimization techniques including:
1. Monitoring key performance indicators (KPIs) such as transmitted carrier power, code tree allocation, and channel element allocation to identify issues.
2. Performing analysis of KPIs to locate root causes of failures in specific network elements or cells.
3. Proposing solutions such as adjusting signal transmission power limits, code tree rearrangement, or adding network capacity to address problems identified through monitoring and analysis.
The document discusses key planning parameters for TD-LTE including PRACH, PCI, and UL DM RS. It provides details on:
1) PRACH planning including separating PRACH resources by time, frequency, or sequence to reduce interference between cells.
2) Recommendations for selecting PRACH preamble formats and configuration indexes based on cell range.
3) Guidelines for configuring PRACH frequency offset, cyclic shift, and root sequence index based on factors like PUCCH resources and number of preamble sequences needed.
The document discusses various LTE measurement parameters and procedures including:
1. The eNB reports a list of detected PRACH preambles and measures timing advance, average RSSI, average SINR, UL CSI, and transport BLER for RRM purposes.
2. UE measurements include CQI, RSRP, and RSRQ while eNB measurements include timing advance, RSSI, SINR, UL CSI, detected preambles, and transport BLER. Inter-RAT measurements are also discussed.
3. Examples of RSRP, RSRQ, and timing advance procedures are provided along with CQI measurement details. PLMN selection, cell selection,
IRAT handover allows the transition of 3G voice and data services between WCDMA and GSM networks to maintain connections when users move between coverage areas. The process involves monitoring connection quality and signal strength on both networks, and triggering handovers when certain thresholds are met. Directed retry is also used to offload excess traffic from WCDMA to GSM networks by rejecting calls on WCDMA and redirecting them to GSM when WCDMA network load exceeds a threshold.
The document discusses various parameters used in LTE drive testing including:
- RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, RSSI, CQI, PCI, BLER, and throughput which provide information on signal strength, quality, and performance. Phone-based drive testing allows monitoring of these parameters and correlation with data performance. MIMO and handovers between LTE and other technologies can also be evaluated. Key metrics include coverage, capacity, and end-user experience.
CE resources are a type of hardware resource in NodeBs that measure channel demodulation capabilities. The number of CEs supported by a NodeB determines how many users and what types of services it can support. CEs are managed jointly by the RNC and NodeB to ensure resources are used properly. The number of CEs consumed depends on the type of service and can be calculated based on mappings provided in the document.
This document discusses LTE CS Fallback features which allow LTE networks to reuse CS infrastructure to provide voice and other circuit switched services. CS Fallback enables LTE terminals to redirect to 2G/3G networks when initiating CS services like voice calls. The key aspects covered include the CS Fallback network architecture using the SGs interface, the combined attach procedure used for location updates, advantages/disadvantages of different CS Fallback mechanisms, and signaling flows for CS Fallback and paging.
This document specifies 5G RRC parameters including message definitions and information elements for timers, counters, constants, and UE variables. It defines RRC messages that may be sent on different logical channels and provides descriptions of message fields. It also specifies bandwidth part configurations, measurement reporting, reconfiguration messages, and beam failure recovery resources.
The document provides an overview of GSM RF interview questions and answers. It covers topics such as the three services offered by GSM (teleservices, bearer services, and supplementary services), spectrum allocation for GSM-900 and DCS-1800, carrier frequencies and separation, ciphering and authentication algorithms, equalization, interleaving, speech coding, channel coding, frequency reuse, cell splitting, interfaces (Um, Abis, A), LAPD and LAPDm, WPS, MA, MAIO, frequency hopping types, DTX, DRX, gross data rate, Erlangs and grade of service, coverage differences between GSM900 and DCS1800, time advance, location area and location update
The document provides an overview of cellular communications signaling for LTE, LTE-A, and 4G technologies. It describes the LTE architecture including functions of the evolved node B, mobility management entity, serving gateway, home subscriber server, and PDN gateway. It also provides details on the LTE physical layer including OFDMA modulation, reference signal measurements for handover, and an example handover procedure using the X2 interface. In conclusion, it discusses key criteria for designing handovers and aspects for further research.
This document provides instructions for calculating key performance indicators (KPIs) for an LTE network using TEMS Discovery software. It describes how to import log files from the drive test team, validate the data, and calculate KPIs such as download/upload throughput, ping latency, handover success rate, session drop rate, bearer setup time, and ERAB setup time. The process involves filtering the data, exporting results to Excel, and using a KPI tool to analyze signaling messages and determine values like setup times and drop rates. In summary, it outlines the steps for auditing field measurement data and accurately measuring important LTE network performance metrics.
This branding deck introduces a new vodka brand called One True Maverick Vodka. The brand positions itself as bold, strong, and untamed individuals who forge their own path. The values of the brand are described as being raw, optimistic, spirited, individual, trusted, authentic, genuine, and British. Graphic elements of the branding include the logo, bottle design, and textures.
In this paper, we discussed about LTE system throughput calculation for both TDD and FDD system.
3GPP LTE technology support both TDD and FDD multiplexing. The paper describes all the factors which affect the throughput like Bandwidth, Modulation, UE category and mulplexing. It also describes how we get throughput 300Mbps in DL and 75Mbps in UL and what are assumptions taken to calculate the same.
Paper describes the steps and formulae to calculate the throughput for FDD system for TDD Config 1 and Config 2.
The throughput calculations shown in this paper is theoretical and limited by the assumptions taken to calculate for calculations
1) The document describes key performance indicators (KPIs) for measuring the performance of an LTE radio network. It defines KPIs related to accessibility, retainability, mobility, and latency.
2) Accessibility KPIs measure aspects like call setup success rate, RRC setup success rate, and E-RAB setup success rate. Mobility KPIs evaluate handover success rates within LTE and between LTE and other technologies.
3) Retainability KPIs track metrics such as call drop rate and call setup completion rate. The document also provides details on how to calculate each KPI and which counters are needed to measure the underlying events.
This document describes several 2G and 3G layer 3 messages including their purpose and key information elements. For 2G, it summarizes Sys info types 1-6 which broadcast system information to mobile stations in idle and dedicated modes, including things like channel allocation and cell parameters. It also describes messages like Measurement Report, Immediate Assignment, and Handover Command that are used for handover and connection management. For 3G, it lists 21 different message types like Measurement Report and Active Set Update used for mobility management and connection control.
This document contains parameters related to 2G cell configuration for an Axis network with 2247 sites and 19 BSCs. It includes common cell data parameters like AGBLK, MFRMS, ACCMIN, INDOOR_CELL values. It also includes locating cell filter data parameters like BSPWR, BSTXPWR, MSRXMIN, BSRXMIN for path loss calculation. Finally, it contains locating urgency cell data parameters like TALIM, PSSBQ, PTIMBQ, QLIMDL for handling call quality issues. The parameters need to be optimized for Axis' coverage-limited network.
Ericsson important optimization parametersPagla Knight
The document lists important optimization parameters for Ericsson including parameters related to system configuration, capacity management, directed retry, handover, HSDPA/EUL, IRAT, and idle mode selection and reselection. It provides descriptions of over 50 parameters that control aspects such as power levels, admission limits, thresholds for cell reselection, and criteria for measurements.
This document provides a troubleshooting guide for LTE inter-radio access technology (IRAT) handovers. It describes why IRAT is needed as voice revenues remain important while data revenues grow. It also outlines the applications of IRAT, delivery policies for idle mode, connected mode, and voice services. Signaling procedures for IRAT handovers including reselection, redirection, and PS handover are defined. Key performance indicators for IRAT including control plane delays and user plane interruption times are also defined to help diagnose IRAT issues.
The document discusses the interworking strategy and parameters for multicarrier networks in Hanoi, Vietnam. It proposes two scenarios for the random camping strategy across U2100 F1, F2, and F3 carriers in the idle and connected modes. It also provides settings for inter-RAT handover between U900, U2100 and GSM networks.
This document discusses network optimization techniques including:
1. Monitoring key performance indicators (KPIs) such as transmitted carrier power, code tree allocation, and channel element allocation to identify issues.
2. Performing analysis of KPIs to locate root causes of failures in specific network elements or cells.
3. Proposing solutions such as adjusting signal transmission power limits, code tree rearrangement, or adding network capacity to address problems identified through monitoring and analysis.
The document discusses key planning parameters for TD-LTE including PRACH, PCI, and UL DM RS. It provides details on:
1) PRACH planning including separating PRACH resources by time, frequency, or sequence to reduce interference between cells.
2) Recommendations for selecting PRACH preamble formats and configuration indexes based on cell range.
3) Guidelines for configuring PRACH frequency offset, cyclic shift, and root sequence index based on factors like PUCCH resources and number of preamble sequences needed.
The document discusses various LTE measurement parameters and procedures including:
1. The eNB reports a list of detected PRACH preambles and measures timing advance, average RSSI, average SINR, UL CSI, and transport BLER for RRM purposes.
2. UE measurements include CQI, RSRP, and RSRQ while eNB measurements include timing advance, RSSI, SINR, UL CSI, detected preambles, and transport BLER. Inter-RAT measurements are also discussed.
3. Examples of RSRP, RSRQ, and timing advance procedures are provided along with CQI measurement details. PLMN selection, cell selection,
IRAT handover allows the transition of 3G voice and data services between WCDMA and GSM networks to maintain connections when users move between coverage areas. The process involves monitoring connection quality and signal strength on both networks, and triggering handovers when certain thresholds are met. Directed retry is also used to offload excess traffic from WCDMA to GSM networks by rejecting calls on WCDMA and redirecting them to GSM when WCDMA network load exceeds a threshold.
The document discusses various parameters used in LTE drive testing including:
- RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, RSSI, CQI, PCI, BLER, and throughput which provide information on signal strength, quality, and performance. Phone-based drive testing allows monitoring of these parameters and correlation with data performance. MIMO and handovers between LTE and other technologies can also be evaluated. Key metrics include coverage, capacity, and end-user experience.
CE resources are a type of hardware resource in NodeBs that measure channel demodulation capabilities. The number of CEs supported by a NodeB determines how many users and what types of services it can support. CEs are managed jointly by the RNC and NodeB to ensure resources are used properly. The number of CEs consumed depends on the type of service and can be calculated based on mappings provided in the document.
This document discusses LTE CS Fallback features which allow LTE networks to reuse CS infrastructure to provide voice and other circuit switched services. CS Fallback enables LTE terminals to redirect to 2G/3G networks when initiating CS services like voice calls. The key aspects covered include the CS Fallback network architecture using the SGs interface, the combined attach procedure used for location updates, advantages/disadvantages of different CS Fallback mechanisms, and signaling flows for CS Fallback and paging.
This document specifies 5G RRC parameters including message definitions and information elements for timers, counters, constants, and UE variables. It defines RRC messages that may be sent on different logical channels and provides descriptions of message fields. It also specifies bandwidth part configurations, measurement reporting, reconfiguration messages, and beam failure recovery resources.
The document provides an overview of GSM RF interview questions and answers. It covers topics such as the three services offered by GSM (teleservices, bearer services, and supplementary services), spectrum allocation for GSM-900 and DCS-1800, carrier frequencies and separation, ciphering and authentication algorithms, equalization, interleaving, speech coding, channel coding, frequency reuse, cell splitting, interfaces (Um, Abis, A), LAPD and LAPDm, WPS, MA, MAIO, frequency hopping types, DTX, DRX, gross data rate, Erlangs and grade of service, coverage differences between GSM900 and DCS1800, time advance, location area and location update
The document provides an overview of cellular communications signaling for LTE, LTE-A, and 4G technologies. It describes the LTE architecture including functions of the evolved node B, mobility management entity, serving gateway, home subscriber server, and PDN gateway. It also provides details on the LTE physical layer including OFDMA modulation, reference signal measurements for handover, and an example handover procedure using the X2 interface. In conclusion, it discusses key criteria for designing handovers and aspects for further research.
This document provides instructions for calculating key performance indicators (KPIs) for an LTE network using TEMS Discovery software. It describes how to import log files from the drive test team, validate the data, and calculate KPIs such as download/upload throughput, ping latency, handover success rate, session drop rate, bearer setup time, and ERAB setup time. The process involves filtering the data, exporting results to Excel, and using a KPI tool to analyze signaling messages and determine values like setup times and drop rates. In summary, it outlines the steps for auditing field measurement data and accurately measuring important LTE network performance metrics.
This branding deck introduces a new vodka brand called One True Maverick Vodka. The brand positions itself as bold, strong, and untamed individuals who forge their own path. The values of the brand are described as being raw, optimistic, spirited, individual, trusted, authentic, genuine, and British. Graphic elements of the branding include the logo, bottle design, and textures.
Erik Schultink's closing keynote at FICOD 2011. He discusses the history of Tuenti, lessons learned along the way, our view of opportunity in the Mobile Web ecosystem today, and the vision of TU addressing that opportunity.
The document reports the results of a survey of 100 people about their computer and TV usage habits. Most respondents got their computer between ages 7-16 and use their computer everyday or almost everyday. While a majority feel they do not waste too much time on their devices, over 80% report using their computer or TV for 1-6 hours per day. Most also acknowledge knowing someone who struggles to go without using a computer or TV for a whole day.
Arcell Mitchell II has over 15 years of experience in networking and voice engineering. He has designed and implemented unified communications solutions for organizations with over 20,000 users. Currently, he is a senior voice engineer at Atos IT Services where he leads deployments of Cisco voice clusters and collaboration tools. Previously, he held networking roles with the U.S. Army and other technology companies where he deployed and supported voice and data infrastructure.
El documento describe cómo usar los comandos INSERT, UPDATE y DELETE en bases de datos SQL Server para agregar registros a las tablas Usuarios y Autores, actualizar registros existentes con el comando UPDATE y proporciona detalles sobre una estudiante que cursa la licenciatura en Tecnologías de la Información.
Students write down what they learned on a post-it note at the end of a lesson. This allows the teacher to quickly assess student understanding and identify misunderstandings. Teachers can use this information to plan future lessons, such as asking more able students questions about commonly misunderstood topics at the start of the next class. Exit assessments provide differentiated challenges by asking varying levels of questions so students can answer up to their ability.
Este documento habla sobre consultas y subconsultas multitabla en SQL Server. Explica cómo realizar consultas que involucren más de una tabla y cómo anidar subconsultas dentro de otras consultas para obtener datos de múltiples tablas de una base de datos.
O documento discute a importância da água e os esforços para promover o uso consciente dela na família e na comunidade. Ele fornece dez mandamentos para economizar água em atividades diárias como banho, escovação de dentes, descarga, torneiras e rega, e enfatiza que a água é essencial para a sobrevivência e todos devem zelar por esse recurso precioso.
Engineer EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES PRESENTA UNA NUEVA VERSION
THERE ONE NEW ONE PRESENTATION FOR 2G AND 3G ENGINEERING FOR LTE AND PSCORE ENGINEER
ITS VERY SUITABLE FOR YOUR RESEARCH AT ALL LEVELS OF RF ENGINEERING AND PS CS
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) technology. It discusses that LTE was developed to meet increasing demands for wireless data and information by optimizing wireless communication technology. Key points of LTE include using OFDM and MIMO to improve data transmission capacity and speed over wireless networks. The long-term goal of LTE was to simplify the network architecture and make it IP-based. The document also provides contact information for C&T RF Antennas Inc.
This document discusses WCDMA RF optimization processes, policies, and case studies. It describes the three steps of the WCDMA RF optimization process: single station check, base station group optimization, and whole network optimization. It then discusses common RF problems, analysis, and optimization policies for issues like call drops, discontinuity, and access failures. Finally, it presents five case studies of WCDMA network optimization including issues like handover problems, coverage gaps, high site interference, and neighbor cell list configuration errors.
introduction to lte 4g lte advanced bsnl training SumanPramanik7
The document provides an overview of 4G LTE-Advanced technologies including carrier aggregation, coordinated multipoint operation, self-organizing networks, and inter-cell interference coordination. It discusses how carrier aggregation allows combining of multiple component carriers to increase channel bandwidth up to 100MHz. Coordinated multipoint operation helps improve cell edge performance through coordination between base stations. Self-organizing networks allow dynamic configuration and optimization of heterogeneous networks. Inter-cell interference coordination further improves performance through techniques like almost blank subframes.
As a consequence of the proliferation of smart phones and tablets, data traffic is growing significantly, both on the radio access links and the backhaul infrastructure of mobile operators’ networks. And although LTE and LTE Advanced offer higher data traffic throughput than that of 3G, given to their wider allocated bandwidths, the combined capacities of even these networks is not sufficient to meet projected future capacity demands.
The conventional solution to increasing the capacity of LTE mobile networks includes splitting macro-cells and/or adding more sites. Both of these solutions require high CAPEX and OPEX, so mobile operators are seeking new and cost effective ways of increasing their network capacity. One solution is to deploy small-cell base stations (BSs) within their existing macro-cellular networks, an approach referred to as Heterogeneous Networks.
It is well known that a HetNet not only increases the network capacity, but also provides better coverage and enhances the user’s experience. These benefits are achieved by offloading data traffic dynamically from MCBSs to SCBSs using an algorithm based on several parameters such as the characteristics of the traffic, the required QoS and network
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a digital multi-carrier modulation technique that partitions the available bandwidth into multiple orthogonal subcarriers. Each subcarrier is modulated with a conventional modulation scheme at a low symbol rate, maintaining high data rates over the entire bandwidth. OFDM has advantages over single-carrier schemes in coping with severe channel conditions without complex equalization filters. It is used widely in digital television and audio broadcasting, wireless networks including WiFi, and mobile phone networks including 4G LTE.
This document provides information about 3G drive testing, including:
1. It describes the steps involved in 3G drive testing and the tools used like software, hardware, and data analysis tools.
2. It explains various 3G network parameters that are analyzed during drive testing like serving cells, active set, neighbors, radio parameters, handovers and more.
3. It includes examples of issues found during drive testing like missing neighbors, poor coverage, and pilot pollution and provides recommendations to address them.
This document discusses channel deployment issues for 2.4 GHz 802.11 wireless local area networks (WLANs). It examines using three non-overlapping channels (1, 6, 11) versus four channels due to concerns around interference. While four channels may increase bandwidth in low density networks, the document's testing found higher throughput using three channels even with two access points sharing a channel. It concludes that a three channel approach is still recommended to avoid interference problems that can arise from four channel deployments with increasing user densities.
The document provides an introduction to cellular concepts. Key points include:
1) Cellular networks divide a service area into smaller sections called cells to allow for frequency reuse and serve more subscribers. Each cell has a base station with a limited number of radio channels.
2) The same set of radio frequencies can be reused in cells separated by a sufficient distance to avoid co-channel interference exceeding acceptable levels.
3) Factors like terrain, buildings, and mobility affect signal propagation and can cause fading, interference, and frequency shifts. Techniques like sectoring cells and using directional antennas help mitigate these issues and improve frequency reuse.
5G-NR (New Radio) is the 5G wireless standard developed by 3GPP to support both sub-6 GHz and mmWave spectrum. It supports three main use cases - enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine-type communications (mMTC), and ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC). 5G-NR can operate in both non-standalone and standalone modes, with non-standalone relying on the existing 4G LTE network for core functionality and standalone operating independently. Key 5G technologies include higher peak data rates up to 20 Gbps, lower latency around 1 ms, support for high mobility up to 500 km/h, and ability to connect a massive number of devices
This document summarizes some key features of the LTE radio interface that enable unprecedented performance in mobile broadband. It discusses features like spectrum flexibility that allow LTE to operate in different frequency bands and bandwidths with both FDD and TDD duplexing. It also describes multi-antenna transmission techniques in LTE including transmit diversity to improve coverage and capacity, and multi-stream transmission to significantly increase peak data rates through multiple parallel data streams. Scheduling, link adaptation, and hybrid ARQ are explained as ways to efficiently utilize radio resources based on varying channel conditions.
Nokia td lte-and_wimax_coexistence_and_migrationmnajib171
This white paper discusses interference scenarios that can occur between WiMAX and LTE systems deployed in adjacent spectrum blocks. It provides recommendations for mitigating interference between unsynchronized WiMAX and LTE systems, including the need for large guard bands. The paper also presents a specific solution to synchronize and align the downlink/uplink splits of WiMAX and LTE-TDD systems, which could eliminate the need for guard bands and other costly interference mitigation measures. However, this solution may not always be possible due to the impact on operators' business plans and the services they aim to provide.
White Paper-Evolution from 10Gbps to 100Gbps for a Metro Network-hsSusmita Adhikari Joshi
This document discusses the evolution from 10G to 100G networks for metro applications. It describes how 100G technology can complement existing 10G infrastructure by utilizing unused wavelengths on fibers. A key consideration is maintaining economic viability while providing greater bandwidth efficiency. Direct detection is seen as more suitable than coherent detection for metro due to lower cost and complexity. The document outlines various technological requirements for a 100G network such as 100G transceivers, DWDM multiplexers, optical amplifiers, dispersion compensation, and FEC. It provides an example architecture for upgrading an existing 10G system to incorporate 100G services over longer distances.
IEEE 802.16 is a standard for wireless broadband access that uses orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) and orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA). OFDMA divides the available carriers into subchannels that can be allocated to different users with varying modulation schemes and coding levels depending on channel conditions. For non-line-of-sight deployments, OFDMA provides mechanisms like power concentration in subchannels, space diversity, and selective coding and modulation to mitigate higher path losses and multipath fading. Same frequency networks are also supported through OFDM's ability to equalize signals from multiple synchronized transmitters.
The document discusses the need for new wireless technologies to support increasing demand for data and high-speed services. It notes that technologies need to focus on using more spectrum, improving spectral efficiency, employing smaller cell sizes like femtocells, and incentivizing off-peak traffic. The rest of the document provides details on how LTE wireless technology addresses these needs through technical specifications and network architecture, including the use of an Evolved Packet Core and separating the user and control planes.
What is the purpose of 5G flexible duplexing?
The purpose of 5G flexible duplexing is to allow the most flexible use of an operator's spectrum for time-frequency resources in a single framework. 5G Flexible duplexing should inherently support both paired and unpaired spectrum and be forward compatible with full-duplex 5G.
- NOMA is a non-orthogonal multiple access technology that can improve spectral efficiency by allowing all users to use all time-frequency resources simultaneously through techniques like power domain multiplexing and successive interference cancellation. However, it increases complexity.
- Full duplex technology aims to allow simultaneous uplink and downlink transmission but faces challenges from strong self-interference. Solutions involve antenna separation and self-interference cancellation.
- OAM uses the orbital angular momentum of electromagnetic waves to create orthogonal channels at the same frequency but faces challenges in application to cellular networks from atmospheric effects.
- Machine learning can optimize 5G across all layers to dynamically improve spectrum efficiency based on conditions.
The document provides an overview of 4G LTE and LTE-Advanced mobile communication technologies. It discusses key 4G enabling technologies like OFDM, OFDMA, SC-FDMA and MIMO that improve spectral efficiency and throughput. LTE aims to achieve peak rates of 100 Mbps downlink and 50 Mbps uplink within 20 MHz bandwidth. LTE-Advanced further enhances LTE by introducing carrier aggregation to support bandwidths up to 100 MHz, advanced MIMO techniques, and coordinated multipoint transmission. The evolution to 4G using these technologies has significantly improved wireless communication capabilities.
This document provides an overview of Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology presented by Samit Basak at the University of Greenwich on November 23rd, 2011. The presentation outlines LTE characteristics such as peak throughput speeds over 100 Mb/s, increased spectrum efficiency, low latency, and flexible spectrum use. It describes LTE architecture including eNodeBs, MMEs, and gateways. It also explains the use of OFDMA for downlinks and SC-FDMA for uplinks, addressing their benefits around orthogonal multiple access and lower peak-to-average power ratio, respectively. In closing, it briefly summarizes key aspects covered and proposes further research on LTE layers 2 and mobility enhancements.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
2. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 2
Different Between TD-LTE & FD-LTE
Item LTE-TDD LTE-FDD
Duplex mode TDD FDD
Frame structure Type 2 Type 1
UL and DL Ratio 7 types of UL and DL ratio, flexible
All subframes can be allocated only for the uplink or
downlink.
RRU Noise Figure
A T/R converter is required. The T/R
converter will bring about the insertion
loss of 2~2.5 dB .
A duplexer is required and the duplexer brings
about the insertion loss of 1 dB.
Beamforming
Supported (exchangeability based on
uplink and downlink channel)
Not supported (no exchangeability based on uplink
and downlink channels)
MIMO Mode Modes 1–8 are supported. Mode 1–6 are supported.
Network Interference
Strict synchronization is required in the
whole network.
Synchronization requirement is not strict.
3. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 3
Drive Test Peripheral
Notebook
GPS
LTE Dongle
4. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 4
Reference
Signal Received
Power (RSRP)
5. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 5
LTE RS Power Allocation
• How to calculate RS Power ?
RRU 3252 run at 4T4R configuration, have total power 80W (Max 20W/Port).
RSRE Power = Psingle port-10*log(12*Nrb)+10*log(1+Pb)
Where ; PSingle Port = PRRU - 10*log(Nport)
Pb is Power Bosting
Psingle port = 49-10*log(4)
= 43 dBm
= 20Watt
PB
ρB/ ρA
Single Antenna
Port
2 or 4 Antenna
Port
0 1 5/4
1 4/5 1
2 3/5 ¾
3 2/5 ½
If operator have 20 MHz for the first carrier and 10 Mhz for second carrier each
carrier can use 10W for first carrier and 5W for second carrier to maintain the
coverage is same. And still have spare about 5W for optimization purposes.
6. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 6
LTE RS Power Allocation
• RS Power for 20 MHz @ 10W/port
RS = 40dBm – 10*log(12*100) + 10*log(1+1)
= 12.2 dBm
• RS Power for 10 MHz @ 5W/port
RS = 37dBm – 10*log(12*50) + 10*log(1+1)
= 12.2 dBm
RS Power for 10 MHz @ 10W/port
RS = 40dBm – 10*log(12*50) + 10*log(1+1)
= 15.2 dBm
With the same total power, coverage LTE
10 Mhz is larger than with LTE 20 MHz
RS Power for 10 MHz @ 10W/port
RS = 40dBm – 10*log(12*50) + 10*log(1+1)
= 15.2 dBm
With the same total power, coverage LTE
10 Mhz is larger than with LTE 20 MHz
Impact on Radio Network
Performance: A larger value of Pb
results in a larger increase in
ReferenceSignalPwr, better channel
estimation performance, and better
PDSCH demodulation performance,
but it also leads to lower transmit
power of the PDSCH (type B) and thus
increases
7. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 7
LTE RS Power Allocation
• Power Boosting for RS
PB =1 by default
• RS Power for 20MHz
= 43 – 10*log(100*12) + 10*log10(PB+1) = 15.2dBm
Bandwidth PB PRS ( dBm)
10M 1 18.2
15M 1 16.4
20M 1 15.2
8. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 8
RS Power Overhead Comparison with CPICH
Type A Symbol: without RS REsType B Symbol: with RS REs
• RS power per RE is 15.2dBm (0.033W) for 20MHz
• Total RS power in 20MHz for Type B Symbol is 0.033*2 (RS REs/ RB) * 100 RBs = 6.6W
• Total RS power in 20MHz for Type A Symbol is 0
• Only two symbols carry RS within 0.5ms and hence the RS power overhead is about 6.6/20 * 2/7 = 9.4%
over 1 timeslot
LTE RS power overhead is about 9.4% which is similar to 10% CPICH power overhead
of UMTS
9. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 9
RxLev, RSRP and RSCP Comparison
Items GSM UMTS LTE
(e)NodeB power per Tx (dBm)
43 43 43
Bandwidth (MHz) 0.2 5 20
Number of RB N/A N/A 100
BCCH Power/ CPICH power
/RS power per RE (dBm)
43 33 15.2
CL (dB) 120 120 120
Rx Lev/RSCP/RSRP (dBm)
-77 -87 -104.8
Received RS signal strength
over whole bandwidth
-81.8
RSRP is the received signal strength
over 15KHz bandwidth while
bandwidth of RSCP is 5MHz
RSRP of LTE is much smaller than RSCP of UMTS under same radio environment
Only 1/6 REs is used for RS transmission
within one RB and hence the total received RS
power is 10*log10(100*12*1/6) = 23dB higher
than RSRP
10. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 10
Factors Influencing LTE Coverage
Some other factors such as site height, BPL, TMA, coverage probability,…
TX Power
MIMO Radio Condition
Frequency
Band
Data RateICIC
RB Number
Factors Affecting LTE
Link Budget
MCSCell Load
Receiver
Sensitivity
Interference
Margin
LTE
Specific
LTE
Specific
LTE Standard
LTE
Specific
ICIC:Inter Cell Interference Coordination
11. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 11
Weak Coverage and Coverage Holes
The signal quality in cells is poorer than the optimization baseline in an area.
As a result, UEs cannot be registered with the network or accessed services
cannot meet QoS requirements.
If there is no network coverage or coverage levels are excessively low in an area, the area is called a weak
coverage area. The receive level of a UE is less than its minimum access level (RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN) because
downlink receive levels in a weak coverage area are unstable. In this situation, the UE is disconnected from the
network. After entering a weak coverage area, UEs in connected mode cannot be handed over to a high-level
cell, and even service drops occur because of low levels and signal quality.
Weak
coverage
Coverage holes
12. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 12
Resolving Weak Coverage Problems
Analyze geographical environments and
check the receive levels of adjacent
eNodeBs.
Analyze the EIRP of each sector based on
parameter configurations and ensure
EIRPs can reach maximum values if
possible.
Increase pilot power.
Adjust antenna azimuths and tilts,
increase antenna height, and use high-gain
antennas.
Deploy new eNodeBs if coverage hole
problems cannot be resolved by
adjusting antennas.
Increase coverage by adjacent eNodeBs
to achieve large coverage overlapping
between two eNodeBs and ensure a
moderate handover area.
Note: Increasing coverage may lead to
co-channel and adjacent-channel
interference.
Use RRUs, indoor distribution systems,
leaky feeders, and directional antennas to
resolve the problem with blind spots in
elevator shafts, tunnels, underground
garages or basements, and high
buildings.
Analyze the impact of scenarios and
terrains on coverage.
13. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 13
Case: Searching for a Weak Coverage Area by Using a Scanner or Performing Drive Tests on
UEs
Weak
coverage
area
Perform drive tests in zero-
load environments to obtain
the distribution of signals on
test routes. Then, find a
weak coverage area based
on the distribution, as
shown in the figure.
Adjust RF parameters of the
eNodeB covering the area.
14. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 14
Lack of a Dominant Cell
In an area without a dominant cell, the receive level of the serving cell is similar to the receive levels of its
neighboring cells and the receive levels of downlink signals between different cells are close to cell
reselection thresholds. Receive levels in an area without a dominant cell are also unsatisfactory. The SINR of
the serving cell becomes unstable because of frequency reuse, and even receive quality becomes
unsatisfactory. In this situation, a dominant cell is frequently reselected and changed in idle mode. As a
result, frequent handovers or service drops occur on UEs in connected mode because of poor signal quality.
An area without a dominant cell can also be regarded as a weak coverage area.
Lack of a
dominant
cell
15. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 15
Resolving Problems with Lack of a Dominant Cell
…
Adjust engineering
parameters of a cell that can
optimally cover the area as
required.
Determine cells covering an
area without a dominant cell
during network planning, and
adjust antenna tilts and
azimuths to increase coverage
by a cell with strong signals
and decrease coverage of
other cells with weak signals.
16. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 16
Case: Searching for an Area Without a Dominant Cell
Symptom
UEs frequently perform cell reselections or
handovers between identical cells.
Analysis
Analysis can be based on signaling procedures and
PCI distribution.
According to PCI distribution shown in the figure,
PCIs alternate in two or more colors if there is no
dominant cell.
Solution
According to the coverage plan, cell 337 is a
dominant cell covering the area and cell 49 also has
strong signals. To ensure handovers between cells 337
and 49 at crossroads, increase tilts in cell 49.
1.PCI distribution in cluster xx
Lack of a
dominant
cell
17. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 17
Cross Coverage
Cross coverage means that the coverage scope of an eNodeB exceeds the planned one and generates
discontinuous dominant areas in the coverage scope of other eNodeBs. For example, if the height of a site is
much higher than the average height of surrounding buildings, its transmit signals propagate far along hills or
roads and form dominant coverage in the coverage scope of other eNodeBs. This is an “island” phenomenon.
If a call is connected to an island that is far away from an eNodeB but is still served by the eNodeB, and cells
around the island are not configured as neighboring cells of the current cell when cell handover parameters
are configured, call drops may occur immediately once UEs leave the island. If neighboring cells are
configured but the island is excessively small, call drops may also occur because UEs are not promptly
handed over. In addition, cross coverage occurs on two sides of a bay because a short distance between the
two sides. Therefore, eNodeBs on two sides of a bay must be specifically designed.
Cross
coverage
18. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 18
Resolving Cross Coverage Problems
…
Adjust antenna tilts or replace
antennas with large-tilt antennas
while ensuring proper antenna
azimuths. Tilt adjustment is the
most effective approach to control
coverage. Tilts are classified into
electrical tilts and mechanical tilts.
Electrical tilts are preferentially
adjusted if possible.
Adjust antenna azimuths properly
so that the direction of the main
lobe slightly obliques from the
direction of a street. This reduces
excessively far coverage by electric
waves because of reflection from
buildings on two sides of the street.
Decrease the antenna height for
a high site.
Decrease transmit power of
carriers when cell performance is
not affected.
19. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 19
Case: Cross Coverage Caused by Improper Tilt Settings
Symptom
As shown in the upper right figure, cross coverage
occurs in a cell whose PCI is 288. Therefore, the cell
interferes with other cells, which increases the
probability of service drops.
Analysis
The most possible cause for cross coverage is
excessively antenna height or improper tilt settings.
According to a check on the current engineering
parameter settings, the tilt is set to an excessively
small value. Therefore, it is recommended that the tilt
be increased.
Solution
Adjust the tilt of cell 288 from 3 to 6. As shown in the
lower right figure, cross coverage of cell 288 is
significantly reduced after the tilt is adjusted.
20. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 20
Case: Inverse Connections Involved in the Antenna System
Symptom
The RSRPs of cells 0 and 2 at the Expo Village site are low and
high respectively in the red area shown in the figure. The signal
quality of cells 0 and 2 is satisfactory in the areas covered by
cells 2 and 0 respectively.
Analysis
After installation and commissioning are complete, the RSRP in
the direction of the main lobe in cell 0 is low. After cell 0 is
disabled and cell 2 is enabled, the RSRP in cell 2 is normal and
the SINR is higher than that tested in cell 0. Therefore, this
problem may occur because the antenna systems in the two
cells are connected inversely. Test results are as expected after
optical fibers on the baseband board are swapped.
Solution
Swap optical fibers on the baseband board or adjust feeders and
antennas properly. It is recommended that optical fibers on the
baseband board be swapped because this operation can be
performed in the equipment room.
Suggestions
Network planning personnel must participate in installation.
Alternatively, customer service personnel have detailed network
planning materials and strictly supervise project constructors for
installation. After installation is complete, labels must be
attached and installation materials must be filed.
21. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 21
Imbalance Between Uplink and Downlink
When UE transmit power is less than eNodeB transmit power, UEs in idle mode may receive eNodeB signals and
successfully register in cells. However, the eNodeB cannot receive uplink signals because of limited power
when UEs perform random access or upload data. In this situation, the uplink coverage distance is less than
the downlink coverage distance. Imbalance between uplink and downlink involves limited uplink or downlink
coverage. In limited uplink coverage, UE transmit power reaches its maximum but still cannot meet the
requirement for uplink BLERs. In limited downlink coverage, the downlink DCH transmit code power reaches
its maximum but still cannot meet the requirement for the downlink BLER. Imbalance between uplink and
downlink leads to service drops. The most common cause is limited uplink coverage.
Imbalance
between
uplink and
downlink
Uplink coverage area
Downlink coverage area
coverage area
22. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 22
Resolving Problems with Imbalance Between Uplink and Downlink
…
If no performance data is available for RF
optimization, trace a single user in the OMC
equipment room to obtain uplink measurement
reports on the Uu interface, and then analyze the
measurement reports and drive test files.
If performance data is available, check each
carrier in each cell for imbalance between uplink
and downlink based on uplink and downlink
balance measurements.
If uplink interference leads to imbalance between
uplink and downlink, monitor eNodeB alarms to
check for interference.
Check whether equipment works properly and
whether alarms are generated if imbalance between
uplink and downlink is caused by other factors, for
example, uplink and downlink gains of repeaters and
trunk amplifiers are set incorrectly, the antenna
system for receive diversity is faulty when reception
and transmission are separated, or power amplifiers
are faulty. If equipment works properly or alarms are
generated, take measures such as replacement,
isolation, and adjustment.
23. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 23
Signal to Noise
& Interference
Ratio (SINR)
24. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 24
Traditional Frequency Planning
1*3*1
1*3*3
Advantage
Higher spectrum efficiency
Disadvantage
Lower cell edge throughput due to serious interference
Suitable Scenario
Lacking frequency resource
Capacity requirement scenarios, such as dense urban and urban areas during network
initial stage
1*3*1 Frequency Planning
Advantage
Lower interference and larger coverage radius
Disadvantage
Lower spectrum efficiency
Suitable Scenario
Abundant frequency resource or inconsecutive spectrum scenarios large coverage
scenarios.
1*3*3 Frequency Planning
25. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 25
Interference and Capacity Comparison 1*3*3 Vs 1*3*1
The downlink service channel SINR of 1×3×1
and 1×3×3
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
-10 0 10 20 30 40
SINR
CDF
1×3×1 1×3×3
SINR distribution comparison Average sector capacity comparison
1*3*3 with low interference because of more frequency resource.
1*3*3 with high sector capacity because of low interference.
More frequency resource required for 1*3*3
1*3*3 10MHz channel (30MHz) compare with 1*3*1 10MHz channel (10MHz)
26. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 26
SINR
The SINR is not specifically defined in 3GPP specifications. A common formula is as follows:
SINR = S/(I + N)
S: indicates the power of measured usable signals. Reference signals (RS) and physical downlink shared
channels (PDSCHs) are mainly involved.
I: indicates the power of measured signals or channel interference signals from other cells in the current
system and from inter-RAT cells.
N: indicates background noise, which is related to measurement bandwidths and receiver noise
coefficients.
Empirical SINR at the edge of a cell:
The SINR is greater than -3 dB in 99% areas in Norway.
The SINR is greater than -3 dB in 99.25% areas in the Huayang field in Chengdu.
27. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 27
Signal Quality (SINR is mainly involved)
① Frequency
plan
③ Site
selection
④ Antenna
height
⑤ Antenna
azimuths
⑥ Antenna tilts
② Cell layout
28. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 28
Resolving Signal Quality Problems Caused by Improper Parameter Settings
Change and optimize frequencies based on drive test and
performance measurement data.
Optimizing
frequencies
Adjust antenna azimuths and tilts to change the distribution of signals in an
interfered area by increasing the level of a dominant sector and decreasing levels of
other sectors.
Adjusting the
antenna
system
Increase power of a cell and decrease power of other cells to form a dominant
cell.
Decrease RS power to reduce coverage if the antenna pattern is distorted because
of a large antenna tilt.
Power adjustment and antenna system adjustment can be used together.
Adding dominant
coverage
Adjusting power
29. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 29
Case: Adjusting Antenna Azimuths and Tilts to Reduce Interference
Symptom
Cross coverage occurs at sites 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12, and co-channel interference occurs
in many areas.
Analysis
According to the analysis of engineering parameters and drive test data, cell density is large in
coverage areas. Coverage by each cell can be reduced by adjusting antenna azimuths and tilts.
Solution
Change the tilt in cell 28 from 2 degrees to 4 degrees so that the direction points to a
demonstration route. Change the tilt in cell 33 from 3 degrees to 6 degrees so that the direction
points to the Wanke Pavilion. Change the tilt in cells 50 and 51 from 3 degrees to 6 degrees so
that the direction points to the Communication Pavilion. Decrease the transmit power in cell 33 by
3 dB to reduce its interference to overhead footpaths near China Pavilion.
SINR before optimization in Puxi SINR after optimization in Puxi
Poor signal
quality before
optimization
30. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 30
Case: Changing PCIs of Intra-frequency Cells to Reduce Interference
Symptom
Near Japan Pavilion, UEs access a cell whose PCI is 3 and SINRs are low. UEs are about 200 m away from the
eNodeB. This problem may be caused by co-channel interference.
Analysis
This problem is not caused by co-channel interference because no neighboring cell has the same frequency as the
current cell. Cell 6 interferes with cell 3. SINRs increase after cell 6 is disabled. In theory, staggered PCIs can
reduce interference.
Solution
Change PCI 6 to PCI 8. Test results show that SINRs increase by about 10 dB.
SINR when cell 6 is enabled SINR when cell 6 is disabled SINR when PCI 6 is changed to PCI 8
31. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 31
Case: Handover Failure Caused by Severe Interference
Symptom
During a test, handovers from PCI 281 to PCI 279 fail.
Analysis
Cell 281 is a source cell and is interfered by cells 279 and 178. Delivered handover commands always
fail and cannot be received correctly by UEs. Cell 279 is a target cell for handover, and its coverage is
not adjusted preferentially because the signal strength in the handover area can ensure signal quality
after handovers. Therefore, cell 178 must be adjusted to reduce its interference to cell 281.
Solution
Adjust antenna tilts to decrease coverage by cell 178.
32. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 32
SINR Improvement
AFTER ACPINITIAL PLAN
In the inner city of Jakarta where ZTE antenna configuration taken
into the initial planning show there are so much SINR around 0~5
(dB). After do the ACP Optimization the SINR much improve with
much blue color (SINR >=15 dB)
33. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 33
Initial Plan
34. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 34
After ACP
35. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 35
Radio Parameter @ GENEX Probe
PCI (Physical Cell Identifier)
Value range : 0 – 839, cross-check any cross
feeder problem when conducting moving test.
RSRP (Reference Signal Receive Power)
-70 dBm to -90 dBm → Good
-91 dBm to -110 dBm → Normal
-110 dBm to -130 dBm → Bad
SINR (Signal to Interference+Noise Ratio)
16 dB to 30 dB → Good
1 dB to 15 dB → Normal
-10 dB to 0 dB → Bad
36. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 36
Modulation Coding Scheme
64 QAM → Good
16 QAM → Normal
QPSK → Bad
Neighboring cell Downlink EARFCN
Radio Parameter @ GENEX Probe…cont
37. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 37
On-Site Hardware
RRU : Radio Remote Unit
BBU : Baseband Unit
MIMO Antenna
38. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 38
Signal quality overview plot (Serving PCI)
RNO-1
39. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 39
Signal quality overview plot (RSRP)
40. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 40
Signal quality overview plot (SINR)
41. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 41
Signal quality overview plot (DL Throughput)
42. 4G LTE – Drivetest and Coverage Analysis| Page 42
Signal quality overview plot (UL Throughput)