Termite Color

Termite Color
During the lab of testing whether the color of a pen will affect the movement of a termite, it was
discovered that termites are more likely to follow a black and purple pen, rather than a red, blue, or
green pen. It was hypothesized that if a blue, red, black , purple, and green pen were used, then the
termite would follow the black pen because of it's comparable scent of that of pheromones. This was
proven correct based on the data and graph. Also the purple pen had pheromones in it's scent like the
black pen, concluding that only black and purple pens contain pheromones. But, the purple pen
resulted in a much slower travel time from the termite. Approximately 15.83 average seconds were
trimmed off from the black and purple pen. These results can be due to the black and purples
containing properties that the red, blue, and green pens do not. According to Chemistry World, pens
contain "pigments...pH modifiers, humectants to retard premature drying, polymeric resins, wetting
agents such as surfactants to control surface properties, biocides to inhibit the fungal and bacterial
growth that lead to fouling, and thickeners or rheology ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It wasn't valid due to the improper lighting conditions in the room, the pen ink drying out, and
sometimes the misstart of the stopwatch. The lighting is problematic because it irritates the termites,
making them uncomfortable, and potentially causing them not pick up the scent of the pheromones
and follow the lines. Over time the pen ink drys up causing the pheromone smell to fade away,
making it hard for the termite to pick up the pheromones and traveling slower or less. Lastly, the
stopwatch not being completely accurate can account for missing 2 seconds for the data, table, and
graph. In conclusion, black and purple pens contain the scent pheromones, that attract termites,
allowing them to follow the trail due to their
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

How Did William Crooks Contribute To Chemistry
William Crookes contributed to the new fields of physics and chemistry that emerged in the late
19th century. Crookes' analysis of the photographic process in the 1850s inspired his work in the
science of spectroscopy. Using techniques of spectroscopy, Crookes discovered the element
thallium, which won him election to the Royal Society. His efforts in discovering the weight of
thallium in an evacuated chamber led to his research in vacuum physics.
At the age of sixteen Crookes entered the Royal College of Chemistry, studying under August
Wilhelm von Hofmann as an assistant in 1851. However, while attending a meeting at the Royal
Institution he met the physicist Michael Faraday, who convinced him to switch his specialty to
physics, more so in

Green And Clean Rhetorical Analysis In 150 Words
"Green and Clean" is an article written by Jennifer Weeks published on August 1, 2014. The article
informs the audience about how "chemists are finding new ways to save energy, cut waste, and
boost safety. In the excerpt from Chemistry: Green and Clean, the author, Jennifer Weeks, builds an
argument that green chemists are working to develop a field of chemistry that can replace polluting
technologies. Jennifer Weeks uses evidence, reasoning, and stylistic elements to describe how green
chemists identify chemical products or processes that are toxic and wasteful, change chemical
processes so they are less energy–consuming, and swap out harmful ingredients for nontoxic
alternatives. In the article, Jennifer Weeks regularly provides factual evidence to strengthen the logic
and persuasiveness of her argument. For example, Weeks states, "The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil
spill released almost 5 million barrels of crude oil in the Gulf." She explains how Ramaswamy
Nagarajan, a plastics engineer at the University of Massachusetts, learned that the bacteria that
started breaking down the oil had made natural surfactants called polysaccharides. Weeks includes
that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These features support Weeks' claim that green chemists are working to develop a field of chemistry
that can replace polluting technologies. Weeks described how green chemists identify chemical
products or processes that are toxic and wasteful, change chemical processes so they are less
energy–consuming, and swap out harmful ingredients for nontoxic alternatives. Weeks uses
evidence, such as facts or examples, reasoning, and stylistic elements, such as word choice, to
strengthen the logic and persuasiveness of her argument. For that reason, Jennifer Weeks was able to
successfully, adequately, and understandably communicate her claim to

Disadvantages Of Food Dyes
Introduction Color additives are added to almost everything, from toothpaste to medicines. They are
also added to food and drink to make it appear more appealing to consumers. However, when used
improperly, food dyes can be dangerous. As a result, the use of color additives is highly regulated by
the FDA–the Food and Drug Administration–in the Unites States.1 Food dyes are controlled so
harshly because their structure is similar to that of some of the bases found in human DNA, and the
dye could possibly cause a change a DNA base pair. A mutation is a change in a small part of the
DNA sequence of a cell which can then replicate, spreading the mutation. Mutations often lead to
various diseases such as cancer. 2 The FDA will only approve the use of a color additive if they are
certain beyond a reasonable doubt that the dye is safe, but the safety of the dye can never be proven
entirely. For example, the dye yellow 5 is used in food, cosmetics, and medicines.3 However, some
people will have an allergic reaction to this product despite it being deemed safe to use. For this
reason, the FDA also requires that any companies using a color additive in their products must list it
on the label so that people sensitive to the substance can avoid it. 1
Despite any potential health concerns people may have, food dyes play an important role in the
consumer market place. Buyers expect certain things out of their food. For example, it stands to
reason that a grape flavored beverage is purple

SOME INVESTIGATIONS ON THE CORROSION OF IRON
Mayceemae M. Barnuevo
CHEM 17.1 13L
Group 1
February 7, 2014
February 19, 2014
Exercise 12
SOME INVESTIGATIONS ON THE CORROSION OF IRON
I.
Introduction
Metals undergo natural destruction that allows a spontaneous deteriorating reaction where they
return to their original state from where they are obtained upon contact with the surrounding,
particularly when reacted to oxygen. Such phenomenon is known as corrosion (Zumdahl, 1998).
This leads the surface of the materials to rust in due time. Usually, this kind of process is
electrochemical but is sometimes accompanied by mechanical and physical stress that causes the
metal to corrode (Heitz et al, 1992).
Iron, a common type of metal in the form of alloy steel which is widely used
in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Characteristics of potassium ferricyanide and ferrous sulfate
Solutions
Observations
K3Fe(CN)6
Olive green, clear
FeSO4
Cloudy orange mixture
1 mL FeSO4 + 1 drop K3Fe(CN)6

Cloudy dark green mixture
Table 12.3. Effect of Mechanical Stress on Iron nails
Parameter
Observations
Straight nail
Nail corroded
Bent nail
Corrosion on both ends; no corrosion on bent part
5
Table 12.4. Effect of Metal Coupling on Iron nails
V.
Parameter
Observations
Iron nail with copper strip
Nail corroded
Iron nail with zinc strip
No corrosion
Discussion
Metals have become one of the most in demand raw materials man has ever used. Cars, buildings,
bridges, and such a like were built through this kind of resources which contributes to the progress
and development of a community.
However, a great consequence on the economic status is incorporated in this phenomenon. Since
metals undergo corrosion that may result to its inefficiency and inadequateness, billions of dollars
are spent just to prevent its occurrence.
It was observed that there are different factors that contribute to the deterioration of metal,
specifically on iron which is widely used in different industrial establishments. These are the acidity
and basicity of solution where the metal will be immersed or be in contact with, mechanical

The Synthesis Of Nannomaterials
Chemical synthesis of nanomaterials for drug delivery most commonly involves the synthesis of
nanometal compounds, polymer nanocomposites and quantum dots. The original synthesis
techniques for these nanomedicine applications involve toxic reagents and waste products. Green
chemistry initiatives are attempting to produce nanometals, composites and quantum dots without
the toxicity and waste associated with early methods.
Nanometals are an area of high interest in for drug delivery due to their magnetic properties.
Nanometals such as iron oxides have the desired traits of nanoparticles such as high surface to
volume ratios while also allowing for manipulation of drug delivery using magnetic fields.
Therapeutics are linked to the outside of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition to injectable applications, nanometals are also synthesized for medical stent drug
delivery. This type of drug delivery vehicle involves the permanent fixture of a nanoparticle
apparatus that releases therapeutics in vivo over time. Nanometal stents are fundamentally green as
they are constructed to biodegrade in vivo and excreted through the renal system as they degrade.
The original construction of nanometal stents involved iron; however, iron stents have caused
inflammation in vivo.
Polyphenol–coated porous nanomaterials such as silica are some of the most commonly studied
nanomaterials for stents. Self–assembling, silica scaffolding with PEG coating is a natural choice for
drug delivery stents because it is biodegradable and allows for controlled release of therapeutics to
targeted sites in vivo via a pH–sensitive release. Such scaffolding is meets green chemistry goals of
clean synthesis and avoided waste production; however, patient efficacy must still be improved.
Current in vivo studies demonstrate PEG coatings contributing to "pleural effusion, pericardial
effusion and pulmonary fibrosis and granuloma" as a result of the high–concentration of
nanoparticles in the region of the scaffolding.
Construction of silica scaffolding has led to toxicity in researchers and patients. According to
Jahangirian x–ray and electron microscopy have discovered silica

Mentoring Experience
Teaching and Mentoring Experience
Teaching has been a fundamental component of my academic training. Throughout my doctoral and
postdoctoral work at the City University of New York (CUNY), I have been actively involved in
teaching undergraduates and mentoring both high school and undergraduate research students. I
taught General Chemistry (I & II) laboratory courses and recitation sections at Queens College of
CUNY for three years and General Chemistry laboratory courses at the City College of CUNY for
one year. I volunteered as a physical chemistry tutor for undergraduate students from CUNY. At St.
John's College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, my recent teaching assignment included a General
Chemistry Laboratory course that also involved ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Often student–oriented teaching provides a relatively convenient platform for active learning, and I
count upon feedback from students to restructure my teaching methods. I appreciate that the use of
technology can breathe new life into the traditional way of teaching a subject. Based on my
interdisciplinary academic training, I realize that classroom teaching can prepare students to apply
knowledge and skills, gained from studying a specific subject, to a variety of areas. I find it
particularly rewarding that classroom teaching also offers an interactive means for motivating
undergraduate students toward a self–teaching process. My teaching and mentoring experiences
have made me realize that a key element of my teaching process should focus on engaging students
in learning by connecting their ideas and organizing their thoughts on a topic. Relying on my
research training, I am striving to build part of my basic teaching approach that can extend my
endeavors to encourage students toward an independent thinking process. I have recognized that an
efficiently operating teaching method requires an iterative process of adjustment and revision; there
is no ready–made recipe or single–faceted approach to devise an effective and rewarding teaching

Personal Statement on Chemical Engineering
To me, Chemical engineering encompasses change. The profession has impacted the world on a
huge scale. Since the invention of the plastic 'Bakelite' in 1907, chemical engineers utilized it and
quickly found its uses in: clocks, electric sockets, plastic jewelleries and even on the keyboard that
I'm writing on. Plastic has become so widespread that we hardly notice it anymore yet it impacts the
modern world greatly. I want to revolutionize the world just like my predecessors and inspire a
generation to do the same.
Every engineer uses Mathematics, Physics and the art of Engineering to unravel technical problems
in the most efficient and safest way possible, but it is the Chemical engineer that harnesses the
power of chemistry and uses it on a broader scale. Chemistry is the key to life, without it the world
would cease to exist. It is for this reason that I want to study chemical engineering. I find the subject
to be exciting because of the questions that often arise such as, "How can we make this product
more economically viable and safe for day to day use?" finding answers to questions like these has
greatly increased my enthusiasm for chemical engineering. The range of scientific technicalities
inherent in the profession has inspired me to wanting to contribute to the field in my own unique
way.
I currently take A–levels in: Maths, Chemistry and Physics all of which test my abilities as a student
of science. For example, Physics is a challenging and satisfying course which

Recrystallisation and Chemical Separations Essay
Introduction:
Recrystallization is used for the purification of solid compounds. The recrystallization process relies
on the fact that majority of compounds are more soluble in hot solvent than in cold. The hot
saturated solution containing the compound will have unwanted impurities and will be filtered out
and cooled to produce the pure crystal constituents of the compound.
Thin layer chromatography can be used as a physical method to segregate compounds from natural
sources. E.g. Spinach leaves are visibly green, but consist of a variety of components that have more
colour than others. This experimental procedure uses compounds from spinach leaves that are
exposed to chromatography, TLC plate to indicate the different pigments ... Show more content on
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Part C:
Clear silica gel turned visibly green once green food dye was added. The first band within column
(yellow) was collected after Nacl was added; methanol was added to the column to start the second
mobile phase which extracts the second band of (blue) liquid from the remaining silica gel + green
food dye solution. The column chromatography produced two beakers of blue and yellow from the
green food dye. Wavelengths of maximum absorption were calculated: yellow = 428nm; blue =
629nm; food dye green = 629 & 426nm.
Discussion:
Part A:
The warm water was added to the dehydrated mixture of table salt, sand and the copper sulphate.
The solution changed to a visibly blue homogenous colour. The sand and some of the copper
crystals that did not dissolve remained at the bottom of the beaker. A small amount of copper
sulphate residue was left in the collection funnel. The temperature of the solution was too high for
the mixture to bind and recrystallize; Ethanol was added to the mixture to lower solubility. The
beaker was then placed in a cooler for duration of 10mintues to decrease temperature and increase
the rate of recrystallization. When the beaker was removed from the cooler it was still visibly blue
indicating in was not a complete recovery. Recovered copper sulphate pentahydrate crystals were
solid, multi edged and uniform in assembly. High level of purity.

Part B:
The chromatogram involved

Chemistry And Green Chemistry
Many scientist and environmentalist around the world have been trying to discover ways to help
stop and reduce pollution. Some have turned towards renewable energy in order to try and cut back
on pollution and waste. Some industries such as the pharmaceutical industry cannot use renewable
energy such as solar or nuclear energy. Pharmaceutical companies have to do experiments in
laboratories to try and create new drugs. This process takes a lot of time and energy to do and if the
drug that the pharmaceutical companies is trying to make does not work then they have wasted a lot
of energy in trying to do an experiment and now have to start over again. Car industries have been
trying for years to create a total electric car instead of a car that runs on fossil fuel. Tesla car
company have created cars and trucks that are totally electric and do not run on fossil fuel, most car
companies are building hybrid cars that operate with gas and electricity (batteries). None of this
would be possible without green chemistry and the scientist that do their research in order to
improve the everyday objects that have a great impact on our economy. Green chemistry is the
answer that scientist and environmentalist have been seeking. Green energy has been around for a
while, now scientist, especially chemist have almost perfected the use of green chemistry. Green
chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use or
generation of hazardous substances.

Acidic Relations In Chemistry And Gunpowder Green Tea
Lisandro Velazquez and Olivia Wainwright
Honors Chemistry Period 5 Group 13
Topic: Acidic Relations in Chemistry
October 6, 2017
Science Fair Assignment (2) Background Research Acidic Relations in Chemistry is the topic of this
experiment. In this experiment, the scientists will be testing the strength of pH and the amount of
TDS (total dissolved liquids) in both gunpowder green tea and caffeinated black coffee. The
independent variables are the caffeinated beverages and the dependent variables are the pH and TDS
levels of the gunpowder green tea and black coffee. The constants are the way we measure the pH
and TDS of the caffeinated beverages ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The TDS of coffee is increased by increasing the magnesium chloride concentration, up to a point.
If you go high enough, adding more magnesium has a lowering effect on TDS." (Five Senses
Coffee, 2017). A plausible explanation for this would be that the small amount(s) of dissolved
magnesium break down the solids in the coffee enough so they can dissolve more easily. The
magnesium does this by attaching to the solids within the coffee and bringing them into the water,
unless there is already a lot of magnesium in the water, then it will fight with the solids in the coffee
for chemical space. By using a "hot bloom" which is about 60–120 seconds of hot water, followed
by 16–24 hours of cold brewing, typically one would get a percentage of 2.15 TDS from 5 pounds
of coffee beans. (Julie Bernal, 2015). To be able to know how to conduct their experiment, the
scientists researched how to use certain materials they will be using. One of the main materials they
will be using will be a refractometer to measure the TDS of the black coffee and gun powder green
tea. It works by putting a few drops of the beverage onto the sample well of the refractometer, where
a small light beam shines through. The refractometer then calculates the amount of total dissolved
solids and provides the percentage of TDS. (Fresh Cup Magazine,

The Pros And Cons Of Green Nanotechnology
Introduction:
Nanotechnology is one of the most advanced and well reputed branches of modern sciences.
Nanotechnology is handling of matter at the atomic or molecular level. Scientists from all over the
world are now considering forthcoming effects of nanotechnology on human and environment.
Nanotechnology is likely to be crucial to the 21st century scientific and medical advancement and
its developments will be determined by the collective hard work of natural, physical, medical,
engineering and related sciences. The materials in Nano scale can show different properties
compared to what they exhibit on a macro scale. A nanoparticle by definition is, an ultra–refined
particle that has all the dimensions in the Nano range i.e. from 1nm to 100 ... Show more content on
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Green nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary, rapidly spreading knowledge at the interface of
chemistry, physics, agriculture, medical, engineering and biological science. Green nanotechnology
makes use of the principles of Green Chemistry, Green Engineering and Industrial Ecology to make
nanoproducts without using the hazardous chemicals. Over the last few years an enhanced attention
has been paid to the green chemistry processes, which helps to eliminate or minimize hazardous
waste products to the mankind and his surroundings. Green Chemistry is the manipulation of sets of
principles that helps to eliminate the reduction and assembly of harmful materials during the
production and use of chemical products. Green chemistry is also known as ecological or clean
chemistry because synthesis, handling and the use of chemicals that reduce risks to humanity and
have a positive effect on the environment. It is a fast developing and a significant area of the
chemical sciences. To justify the principles of green chemistry, numerous researches tried to
eliminate the procedures of harmful chemicals and solvents by using natural material as an
alternative of noxious substances (Pal

Five Reagents Lab Report
The five reagents that were used in this lab were Ninhydrin, Biuret, Orcinol, I2KI, and Nile blue.
Ninhydrin in solution will react with amino acids producing a blue product. In the absence of amino
acids, nope color develops. this test is both qualitative and quantitative. the development of a blue
color indicates the presence or absence of amino acids and the intensity of that color reflects the
concentration of amino acids present in the sample being tested. the next reagent that was used was
the biuret reagent. this region is used to test for the presence of proteins. when an aqueous sample
(using water as the solvent) is mixed with this reagent, the appearance of a purple color indicates
that protein is present in the sample. in the absence of proteins, the simple commands light ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
this test is quantitative as well. the intensity of the purple color is directly related to the amount of
protein present in the sample. Orcinol, when placed in an acidic solution will react with five or six
carbon sugars to produce a blue–green color solution. this intensity of the blue–green color reflects
the concentration of simple sugars in the sample being tested. I2KI or iodine potassium iodide is a
reagent used to test for the presence of plant starches (Polymers of glucose). when mix with this
reagent a sample containing starch will develop a blue color. in the absence of starch, the solution
will remain a light orange. the intensity of the characteristic blue color is directly related to the
amount of starch present in the sample. The last reagent that was used was Niall blue. this reagent is
used to detect and measure lipids, specifically fats, oils, and waxes. when heated in the presence of
now blue, these lipids turn red. as with the previous tests, the intensity of the red color is a reflection
of the concentration of lipids in the

The Theory Of Green Chemistry On Microwave Heating Essay
Objective
The current experiment introduces the concept of green chemistry on microwave heating to
synthesise aspirin, instead of using conventional heating methods.
Introduction
Aspirin synthesis is a popular experiment undertaken in most organic chemistry teaching
laboratories (Montes et al., 2006). Most experimental procedures for aspirin synthesis are
undertaken to study the carbonyl nucleophilic substitution reactions either under basic or acidic
conditions (Polshettiwar and Varma, 2008; Varma, 2010). However, the traditional approaches use
cookbook procedures that fail to allow students to learn how to critically reason and thoroughly
understand the reaction process.
In the last decade, there has been growing interest in the use of microwave irradiation for organic
synthesis. Microwave heating offers various advantages like controlled heating and cooling, shorter
reaction times, and reduction of secondary products (Montes et al., 2006). In addition, microwave
ovens offer a cheaper and cleaner alternative to oil baths present in many organic reactions. Also,
microwave heating is more effective in solvent–free reactions and in those reactions, that do not use
catalysts (Varma, 2010).
Reactions under solvent free conditions is a conducive approach that avoids the use of solvents that
are at times toxic, difficult to dispose or remove, and expensive (Montes et al., 2006). The synthesis
of analgesic drugs has been used to emphasise the advantages of microwave assisted

Essay on The History of Chemistry
Chemistry is defined as, "the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, the
processes that matter undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany these processes" (Davis 3).
Chemistry has been around since the dawn of time, way before humans realized what chemistry was
or its importance. The building blocks of the earth, such as minerals of the soil and atmospheric
gases, all arise from chemical elements. Natural resources are all chemicals or chemical compounds,
and the study of such resources is what began the Chemical Revolution of the 18th century. Today,
chemists still toil away, attempting to understand the reactions of the universe. Chemistry is a
timeless field of study, and will continue to be so long into ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Water is a natural resource that is vital for all life on Earth. Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, and other
gases of the atmosphere can be found on the periodic table. Needless to say, natural resources have
been important in advancing the field of chemistry. Joseph Priestly, an Englishman, is most well–
known for discovering elemental oxygen. He also, with the help of Benjamin Franklin, published
The History of Electricity (1767), and in the 1770's published how to carbonate water (Chemical
Heritage Foundation). These discoveries involving natural resources have changed the way we live.
Another example of natural resources advancing the field of chemistry lies in the way we make and
use energy. The United States and other developed countries use fossil fuels like petroleum, natural
gas, and coal to provide electricity and fuel our vehicles. The burning of fossil fuels for energy is a
combustion reaction, releasing gases into the atmosphere, most of which are harmful to the ozone
layer (Chemical Heritage Foundation). This example demonstrates our successes as a race,
advancing technology like transportation and electricity, but also shows the way that chemistry can
cause problems when we are not careful.
Daily chemistry helps advance the way we live today. The way humans harness and use energy is
changing, because of the way our recklessness with fuel has harmed the environment. Michael
Tinnesand wrote an article for Chemistry

Diels Alder Reaction Lab
The purpose of this study was to conduct a Diels–Alder reaction with the reactants, anthracene–9–
methanol and N–methylmaleimide, in conjunction with the principles and metrics of green
chemistry: increasing atom economy, utilizing safer solvents, and preventing pollution.1 Upon
completion of the calculation, the atom economy and percent yield were found to be 100% and
4.88% respectively. Subsequently, melting point range analysis yielded a melting range of 218–
220℃. These findings could be useful for individuals looking to maximize the percent yield for
other Diels–Alder reaction while utilizing benign green reagents and solvents. Introduction:
A Diels–Alder reaction involves a cyclic flow of electrons in a concerted step in which the
conjugated diene, supplies 4 pi electrons and the alkene or alkyne, known as the dienophile, supplies
2 pi electrons. In this process, two new sigma bonds, which link the former dienophile to the diene,
and one new pi bond, between the former double bonds on the diene, are formed. Furthermore, the
reaction can involve molecules with a large variety of substituents, as long as there is a diene with
electron donating groups and a dienophile with electron withdrawing groups as this can speed up the
reaction. A critical part of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, the principles and metrics of green chemistry were incorporated into the synthesis
reaction through the use of the benign solvent, water. Through the use of the vacuum filtration and
the recrystallization procedures, the product was further purified. Subsequently, the purity and
identity of the product were evaluated through the analysis tool of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.
Ultimately, the efficiency and greenness of the reaction were measured through the calculation of
the percent yield and the atom

Blending Evoque's Chemistry: Green And Clean
In "Chemistry: Green and Clean, the author builds an argument that Chemists are finding ways to
save energy, cut waste and boost safety. Author Jennifer Weeks uses Green chemists working to
identify chemical products and processes that are wasteful, Green chemists working to swap out
harmful ingredients for safer alternatives, Green chemists working to modify processes to use less
energy and cut waste to strengthen the logic and persuasiveness of her argument.
"Take triclosan . Its ability to kill germs on hands, kitchen counters and sponges has made it a
popular ingredient in a host of products. But data have begun to emerge showing that in the open
environment, triclosan's germ–killing impacts may backfire, because the chemical might help
bacteria ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finally, they heat the mix to more than 900 degrees Celsius .This takes a lot of energy and creates
waste.The company's solution is a new chemical it calls Evoque. Blending Evoque into a paint can
cut by up to 20 percent how much titanium dioxide is needed."One green chemistry goal is to get
every bit of value from materials," explains Mindy Keefe who is a senior research scientist at Dow
in Collegeville, Pa. That's why Evoque shows promise, she says. "Using less titanium dioxide saves
energy and reduces waste".The author uses this evidence to show the audience that eco–friendly
chemicals can work just as efficiently as harmful chemicals without causing any harm to the
environment.This supports the author's claim that Green chemists are finding ways to save energy,
cut waste and boost safety.The author uses the phrase "Blending Evoque into a paint can cut by up
to 20 percent how much titanium dioxide is needed" to sway the audience with facts that support the
author's claim that Green chemists are finding ways to save energy, cut waste and boost safety.The
author also includes information about Evoque showing promise to demonstrate how developing a
field of chemistry can replace polluting

Burn Rate Study on Alliant (Green Dot) Smokeless Shotgun...
Burn rate study on Alliant (Green dot) smokeless shotgun powder and KClO4 Shalom AJ Cohen
Philadelphia community college 11/2010 Abstract: The purpose of this project is to measure if
differing amounts of potassium perchlorate, KCIO4, mixed with shotgun powder has an effect on
burn rate. The experiment was videotaped and the duration of burn time for each amount used was
recorded. KClO4, amounts ranging from .2g to 2g, were added to 4g of shotgun powder. A steel pipe
that is ½ inch wide and 6 inch, which is welded vertically to a steel plate base was used for
confinement. Ignition occurred from the top down. The hypothesis that was accepted is that the
concentration of KClO4 will accelerate the burn rate of smokeless flake powder. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The burn rate of the mixture was recorded with a video camera and the results recorded and timed.
The resulting footage was reviewed and the duration of the combustion noted on a tenth of a second
basis. 4 grams of Alliant Green Dot double–base smokeless flake powder with no KClO4 added was
also recorded twice in the same manner, to give a baseline burn time and averaged. Raw Data Gun
powder without additive burn time: Amount: Burn time: 4g 1.91s 4g 1.97s Amount of KClO4 added
to 4 g shotgun powder: Amount: Burn time: 2g 1.23s .4g 1.86s .6g 2.76s .8g 1.98s 1g 2.76s 1.2g
1.92s 2g 1.98s DATA Conclusion: The gathered data shows a negative skew pattern. The average
burn time for 4 g of Alliant, Green Dot double–base smokeless powder with no KClO4 was 1.94
seconds. The burn rate with KClO4 ranged from 1.23 to 2. 76 seconds. 4 out of 7 tests provided
results where the burning rate of the mixture were accelerated when KClO4 where added to the
shotgun powder. Two tests showed a slight decline in the burn rate. The final test using 1g showed a
decline in burn rate by 0.82 seconds. The declines might have been caused by residual shotgun
powder from a previous test. It would have been desirable to repeat the 1g test in order to

Chemistry Green And Clean Analysis
In the article "Chemistry: Green and Clean.", the author provides examples of harmful chemicals
and their negative effect on nature. The author continues the article with solutions to the problems
that are more natural and reasonable. Weeks talks about how one can adjust a process in order to use
less energy and cut waste; chemist are identifying products or systems that have negative side
effects such as pollution; and to use more natural and safer ingredients instead of toxic or wasteful
ones. Jennifer weeks supports her claim with the use of factual evidence, reasoning and stylistic
elements. Weeks first talks about surfactants and their daily uses. She says "Surfactants are
important ingredients in laundry detergents... Because of their ... Show more content on
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At the other end: an oil–loving chemical group.". Weeks explains how titanium dioxide is often
around us and is used to brighten products. She uses reasoning to relate to the reader by listing the
places the element can be found in to support her claim. She says "paint makers use it to whiten or
brighten their products It also shows up in other products, including pudding." It also says titanium
dioxide "takes a lot of energy and creates waste.". The alternative Weeks gives to this problem is to
use a chemical called Evoque. Weeks explains how "Blending it into paint can cut up to 20 percent
how much titanium dioxide is needed. The author uses puns, in the subheadings, multiple times in
the articles to emphasize the meaning of her claims. For example, one of the subheading says "Time
for a breakdown". The word "breakdown" in the phrase may connote to the failures of hand soaps
and sanitizers that contain antimicrobials or the chemical breakdown of hand soaps and sanitizers.
Weeks use of puns as her a stylistic element helps her support the meaning of her over all claim
harmful chemical and their negative side

The Green Chemistry Approach Used For Quick Synthesis
In this study, the green chemistry approach was used for quick synthesis (within 30 seconds) of gold
nanoparticles (AuNPs) by using the fruit extract of Limonia acidissima L. The study focused on the
formation of Limonia acidissima L stabilized AuNPs without using any catalytic agent. The AuNPs
was confirmed by observation of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 537 nm. On the
surface of these capped AuNPs, epirubicin (EPI) was conjugated along with activated folic acid (FA)
for targeted drug delivery. The EPI–FA–AuNPs complex was characterized using FT–IR and UV–
visible spectrophotometer and the AuNPs were characterized by HR–TEM, particle size analyzer
and zeta potential measurement. In–vitro stability revealed that the AuNPs were ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
[1].To overcome this problem we have established a method to synthesize gold nanoparticles
(AuNPs) functionalized with folic acid (FA) for targeted delivery of epirubicin (EPI), an
anthracycline chemotherapy agent. [2]. EPI has been clinically used to treat various types of cancer,
such as breast cancer, lymphomas, sarcomas in soft–tissue, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, small–
cell lung cancer and acute leukemia. EPI shows less hematologic or myocardial toxicity at
comparable doses [3]. AuNPs are identified as favorable candidates for drug delivery applications
due to their unique dimensions, tunable surface functionalities, nontoxicity and controlled drug
release capability [4]. Green chemistry–based eco–friendly methods are predominantly used for the
synthesis of AuNPs instead of chemical synthesis [5]. Plant extracts are used as reducing and
stabilizing agents to synthesise the nanoparticles. Plant extracts contain different concentrations and
combinations of organic reducing agents, which

Investigating Chemical Equilibrium Essay
Objectives
1. To recognize the macroscopic properties of five chemical systems at equilibrium 2. To observe
shifts in equilibrium concentrations as stresses are applied to the systems. 3. To observe a shift in
equilibrium concentrations associated with changes in temperature. 4. To explain the observations
obtained by applying Le Chatelier's principle.
Materials
Refer to page 209 of Heath Chemistry Laboratory Experiments.
Procedure
Refer to pages 209 – 211 of Heath Chemistry Laboratory Experiments.
Data and Observations
Part I: Equilibrium Involving Thymol Blue
Table 1 Reagent Added | Stress (Ion Added) | Colour Observation | Direction of Equilibrium Shift |
NaOH (Step 5) | OH⁻ | Green | Left | ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
| Dark Blue Mixture | Light Blue Solution ppt. |
Questions and Calculations
1) Since the [OH⁻] would double, half the required number of drops would be needed. 2) Adding
OH⁻ would react with the Fe³⁺ in the system to form a precipitate Fe(OH)₃. This would decrease the
[Fe³⁺] in the system. Equilibrium will shift left to counteract the change and the solution becomes
lighter yellow in colour. 3) Cooling the contents decreases the amount of heat in the system.
Equilibrium will shift to the left causing the solution to become light red. 4) Heating favours
endothermic reactions. As the reactant "Co(H₂O)₆²⁺" was heated, the solution changed from light red
to dark purple. This suggests that the equilibrium shifted right. Therefore, the forward reaction is
endothermic. 5) Adding NaCl would increase [Cl⁻]. This will cause equilibrium to shift right and the
solution would become dark purple. 6) 2 CrO₄²⁻ + 2 H⁺ ↔ Cr₂O₇ + H₂O
2 H₂O ↔ 2 H⁺ + 2 OH⁻

2 Cr₂O₄²⁻ + H₂O ↔ Cr₂O₇²⁻ + 2 OH⁻ 7) If you add HCl, you are increasing the [H⁺] in the system.
Equilibrium will shift right causing the colour change from yellow to orange.
If you add NaOH, the OH⁻ will react with the H⁺ ions to form water. This causes a decrease in the
[H⁺] in the system. Equilibrium will shift causing the colour change from orange to yellow. 8) Omit
9) Omit 10) When HCl was added, the H⁺ ions reacted with the NH₃ to form NH₄⁺. This causes the
[NH₃] to

Chemistry In The Avenger
This was my third time watching The Avengers, however I feel like I was watching it my first time
as I was depicting out all the chemistry aspects of the movie. I found so many new things that I
hadn't seen before, and I found out that chemistry isn't like most math classes. It isn't something you
just learn for a test and never use again. Even if you don't know it, you are using chemistry in your
everyday life, such as breathing. Immediately in the beginning there were numerous physical
changes such as the building where the Tesseract was held. At first it stood tall, soon to later be
engulfed in suffocating flames, turning it into a crumbled mess. In addition to that something else
that involves flames is combustion. There was also a lot of combustion throughout this movie, such
as, the aircraft, ship being blown up to some extent, and the grenade being blown up. Combustion is
oxygen mixed with heat and often carbon dioxide to create a fire. This was also a direct
representation of physical change, because they change form ... Show more content on
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I had no idea chemistry affected this much of my life, so it was extremely mind opening. Before I
took this class, when I had saw the movie, I just saw the superficial part of the movie. It was cool to
see some action, and a plot of some superheroes saving humans. However, with the concept of
chemistry, it broadened my understanding of the movie, and unlocked some new things I hadn't seen
at first. This defiantly changed my point of view on chemistry for the best, because it cool to think
about how it applies to little aspects and how chemistry makes up of life. Furthermore, The
Avengers presented many ways chemistry plays in our everyday life. This movie incorporated a lot
of chemistry aspects, whether it was drinking a bubbly or carbonated drink, or a tall building
collapsing into tiny pieces. This movies exemplified the fact that chemistry is not just some subject
we take chemistry is

Statement Of Chemical Engineering
I am particularly interested in applying Chemical Engineering because I have always been inspired
by those who are working offshore in the petrochemical industry. Since I was a child, I have always
loved doing backyard experiments myself and observing the reaction that occurs. To me, Chemical
Engineering is the most intriguing branch of engineering because it involves how to make the world
a better place for us to live in through scientific mediums. Chemical Engineering will allow me to
explore what is unknown to the world, and make something valuable as well as nature–friendly out
of substances that people have not yet used. I want to find ways on how to solve current problems
such as can we reduce global warming and the depletion of non–renewable sources without having
to stop the world from evolving. I aspire to make the world a better place for ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
I am very interested to learn about the laws of thermodynamics, organic chemistry and also
nanoscience. I believe that my A–Level subjects are preparing me with the basics of scientific and
mathematical skills to apply to this field. These subjects have also provided me with the theoretical
as well as practical skills needed for me to study Chemical Engineering. Chemistry has definitely
improved my knowledge about how chemical reactions operate and deepened my understanding
about chemical mechanisms thus giving me a picture of what am I to study in Chemical
Engineering. My favourite part of studying Chemistry A–Level and what I find most interesting so
far are topics related to energetics, entalphy and organic chemistry . Studying Physics A–Level
allow me to put theories into practice, helping me to become more practical while Mathematics
taught me that there are infinite ways to build a solution while also developing awareness into
solving

Green Chemistry : The Key Principle Of Prevention
Green chemistry shapes the ways in which chemical processes or products can become 'greener'.
Green chemistry is also defined as sustainable chemistry, chemistry that reduces its negative effects
of the environment, and life forms within, both long term and short term. Within green chemistry
there are 12 primary principles; atom economy, less hazardous chemical synthesis, designing safer
chemicals, safer solvents and auxiliaries, design for energy efficiency, use of renewable feedstocks,
reduce derivatives, catalysis, design for degradation, real–time analysis from pollution prevention
and inherently safer chemistry for accident prevention, all of which branch under the key principle;
prevention.
The main principle of prevention is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Developed by Barry Trost it focuses on the comparison between what atoms from the reactants that
are incorporated into the final product/s and what atoms are wasted in the process. The formula used
to determine the percentage of atom economy is FW (formula weight) of atoms utilized/FW of all
reactants x 100. It is important to note that percentage yield and percentage atom economy can be
different. Chemists must aim to both achieve maximum percentage yield and also maximize the
incorporation of the atoms from the reactants into the final desired product.
Principle 3 aims to incorporate less hazardous chemical synthesis into the reaction. Wherever
possible and practical, synthetic methods should be designed and implemented to both use and
generate substances that have little or no toxicity to the health of humans or the environment.
The idea that the design of chemical products should preserve efficacy of function whilst also
reducing toxicity is principle 4.
Green chemistry principle 5 is that the use of auxiliary substances (separation agents, solvents, etc)
should be removed wherever possible and practical, and made as harmless as possible when used.
Solvents tend to make up 50 to 80 percent of the mass in a typical batch of a chemical operation,
depending on the inclusion of water. Solvents are responsible for approximately 75% of the
combined life cycle environmental impacts from a standard batch chemical operation. Majority of
the energy consumption

Chemistry Cake Testing Lab Report
Chemistry Baking Project Factorial Experiment 9/25/17
Nick Arana, Joey Hensel Arana, Hensel Chemistry–G
Objective:
The purpose of this experiment is to further comprehend the chemistry of baking a cake through
research and experimentation.
Background:
It may be surprising; however, the process of baking a cake involves a sufficient amount of
chemistry. A physical property is a property that can be observed or measured without changing the
composition of matter. For example, the color of the cake does not affect the volume, texture, or
flavor of the cake; it only affects the appearance of it. Color is a physical property of the cake. On
the other hand, a chemical property is a property or behavior of a substance when it undergoes a
chemical change or reaction. For example, a chemical property of the cake would be that the cake
can burn, spoil, or be digested. Everything added to the cake batter affects the texture of it. For
example, without the flour, the cake batter would be close to a liquid, but by adding the flour it gives
the cake more volume and it changes the texture. A chemical reaction/change is any change that
results in the formation of new chemical substances. When the cake batter bakes and turns into cake,
this is a chemical change. In a physical reaction/change, the molecules rearrange, but it does not
affect their internal structures (no new substance is formed). When eggs are whipped, it is a physical
change or

Chemical Reactions Lab
In our everyday life, we witness many chemical reactions. Some fun reactions you may know about
are mentos and pop or vinegar and baking soda. Those two reactions are visible to the naked eye.
You aren't able to see photosynthesis completely but you know that it take place because a plant
grows. Now what about the chemical reactions that you aren't able to see? How do you know when
they are complete? Well let me explain this bright and interesting new discovery. Most chemical
reactions develop to be transparent or slightly cloudy looking. The only way to detect if the
reactions are complete is with extensive testing. Well, scientists out in New York at Syracuse
University found a very colorful way to observe these chemical reactions. ... Show more content on
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Soon they change from red to orange and then to yellow! After the yellow stage, they finish off as a
green color. Once your solution has turned to a green color, you know that the chemical reaction is
complete! This is a large money saver for people that want to know when chemical reactions are
complete so they don't have to do additional testing.
I think this is a great advancement in our technology and I feel that the scientists are doing a great
job with it at Syracuse University. An easy analogy to relate this to would be a stop light. The red
color would be telling you to stop, don't do anything with the solution yet. Next, the yellow light is
trying to tell you slow down, hold up. The solution is not quite finished yet, but soon their will be a
change and you can proceed. Once the green light comes about, you know that your reaction is
complete and you can move on with your lab or research.
The research that this group has done is very beneficial to chemists all over the world! Being able to
know exactly when reactions are complete is a big step in becoming more efficient in the research
process. Financially, chemists are better off with the color method rather than spending tons of
money testing each

Chameleon Effect Lab Report
A water tornado is in a flask, and the water... It's purple. No, it's turquoise. Green? Brown? It's
orange now.
How?
These scientists must be from Frankenstein's lab.
Of course these demonstrators weren't from Frankenstein's lab, but in fourth grade I thought they
were. Only when I took AP Chemistry did I learn that this 'chameleon effect' was just a simple redox
reaction.
As a child, I loved watching the colors change, but as I got older, I yearned to understand why they
changed. This mindset and the interactive experiments I conducted immersed me in the wonders of
chemistry.
At Northwestern's Weinberg College of Arts & Sciences, I would surround myself with people who
share my passion, eager to explore the depths of chemical reactions.

Essay on Sustainability
As it is commonly stated, an environmentally active student from the University of Connecticut–
Stamford comments, "The first step toward solving a problem is admitting there is one" (Lanslots).
In the area of environmental awareness, the solution must be executed on both an individual and a
corporate level. Aldo Leopold states, "A conservationist is one who is humbly aware that with each
stroke he is writing his signature on the face of the land" (73). Similarly we must realize that every
action we take has an intended or unintended consequence upon our earth. Each step towards the
conservation effort adds a signature to the plea to save our earth. As an up and coming chemistry
scholar, it is important to raise awareness of the state of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Smog is one of the most basic of the components harming our air. Not only are these pollutants
harming plants and animals, but they are also affecting human health. Pollutants are not the only
aspect of these threats that affect our health. While some people might question the reality of global
warming, it is an issue that can be avoided altogether by simple programs to limit production of
chemicals known to cause this warming process. Global warming due to carbon emissions over the
past one hundred years has caused the melting of permafrost in the Arctic. If this material is released
into our atmosphere, this will tip the methane balance overboard and flood our cities with extensive
amounts of carbon dioxide and methane (Jubb). If this warming is not stopped, toxic gases will be
released and limit the lifespan of humanity. In addressing this issue of depleting resources,
diminishing climate, and polluted environment, we must first look at the micro level of the problem.
This involves researching individual practices that can be performed in our daily lives and in effect,
lowering our own carbon footprint. Many have heard that it is wise to recycle and that solar energy
is becoming one of the most efficient ways to heat a home but what are some other ways to fix our
deficiencies? India is one of the top nations producing carbon emissions from their households.
According to Sristav, it is

Effects Of Chemistry On The Environment
There is no doubt that our knowledge of science and scientific procedures have changed over time.
As new tools and technologies that appeared during the 20th century, chemistry, physics, biology,
and other sciences were able to grow and develop at a faster pace. These advances in science have
helped humanity by increasing living standards and have brought more widespread wellness to
society. For instance, because of the existence of chemistry, society has been provided with more
advanced medicine, fabrics for clothes, plastics, rubber, componds of personal care products, parts
of cars, home appliances, computers and more. Society has benefited from chemistry; however, our
environment is harmed by the consequences of chemistry as well. "Many chemicals are used to
improve the quality of our lives, and most are not harmful to the environment or human health.
However, some chemicals have the potential to cause harm..." (Government of Canada, 2011).
The consequence of these modern innovations is that the chemical industry has had extremely
harmful consequences on the environment. The emissions of greenhouse gases and the greenhouse
effect, water pollution, the decrease of biodiversity and the impact on human health are consistent
and growing effects of the chemical industry and its activities. When chemicals are manufactured,
consumed or thrown away, they are able to infiltrate not just the water cycle but also the air and
even the ground soil. Depending on the number of polluting

Standards Of Waste Dumping Of Chemical Industries
Standards of Waste Dumping in Chemical Industries
Syed Wahb Mehdi Rizvi
School of Computer Science, Engineering and Mathematics– style "Affiliation"
Flinders University of South Australia
PO Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, South Australia
Rizv0004@flinders.edu.au– style "Email Address"
Abstract
Loss of valuable resources in terms of energy and materials are known as waste. Industrial wastes
are generally materialistic, including waste water and different chemicals.
Among all the industries, chemical industry is known as most polluted sector. The main problem
lays in the fact that the cost of raw materials and disposal of wastes are underestimated. In
consequence, there are usually no economic incentives to develop waste–free processes.
In general, chemical industry is still not keen to alter chemical products and processes and prefers to
deal with waste end–of–pipe. Recycling and waste prevention together is a very effective policy to
solve the environmental problem in the chemical sector. Prevention of waste is meant by use of
minimum waste at the source and also reduction in the use of raw materials and energy. Waste
dumping standards accepted by industry is most important. Industry seems to assume that waste
minimization means only the reduction of the amount of waste sent to landfill, thus any kind of
activity, especially off–site utilization and incineration, is seen as waste minimization. An
Environmental administrator, who would like to implement standards of waste

Chemical Engineering : The Values Of Chemical Engineering...
Engineers and Air Pollution I am studying to be an engineer; specifically, a chemical engineer. One
of the reasons I chose the engineering profession was because I have a desire to make the world a
better place through science and technology, and I believe other students feel the same way. It is an
engineer's job to look for different and unique solutions to problems that we encounter in our lives,
and implement ways to make things easier or better for humanity as a whole. As Natasha McCarthy,
head of policy at the British Academy of Engineering said, "Engineering is one of the key influences
that have shaped our world – physically, digitally, socially and economically." Their inventions and
innovations have become critical to supporting and maintaining our quality of life. Great
contributions have been made through science and engineering, but "we have been less successful in
anticipating and addressing the negative consequences of our creations" [1]. With innovation at the
forefront of our thoughts, concerns about air quality degradation and/or unintended environmental
consequences usually come later. As chemical engineers, we hold common values such as personal
responsibility, creativity, and making a contribution to the world. We have organizations and a code
of ethics that describe values of our engineering community and establishes ethical standards for us
to follow. "A Code of Engineering Ethics identifies a specific precedence with respect to the
engineers'

Cyclohexene Lab Report
The yield of the first step, after purifying the cyclohexene, was 66.4%. This is not a very high yield.
To confirm that it was cyclohexene and not cyclohexanol, it was put through an IR– spectrometer.
The OH broad peak at about 3350 is not very deep, so we can be sure that most of the clear liquid in
the bottle is cyclohexene, rather than cyclohexanol. The next step's yield was even lower than the
first, at 7.02%. The crude adipic acid had a yield of 27.4%, but was not pure, because the melting
point was very low, around 112–123°C. The recrystallized adipic acid was much more pure and had
a melting point at 140–149°C, which is much closer to the literature value of 152.1°C, indicating
that the adipic acid was now pure. The recrystallization was not good however, in yield. 7.02% is
not a good yield. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This method of oxidative cleavage results in large amounts of MnO2, a metal oxide that is very bad
for the environment. This method also calls for large amounts of KMnO4. For the reaction to take
place, you need a little more than one molar equivalent of KMnO4. This does not follow the green
chemistry principles of prevention, catalysis, less hazardous chemical syntheses, design for energy
efficiency. It doesn't follow prevention, because it creates lots of MnO2 waste. In our experiment,
catalysts, which is another principle of green chemistry that the experiment didn't

Alkylation of Azole Derivatives Essay
Table of Contents
Introduction...................................................................................
Background....................................................................................
Previous Work..............................................................................
Results and Discussion.....................................................................
Future Work......................................................................................
Experimental Procedures........................................................................
References..........................................................................................
Introduction Synthesis of molecules is very important in the development of natural products used in
medicine today.1 However, there are many problems with the current synthesis method that conflict
with many of the guidelines in the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry and are potentially hazardous.2
The proposed research plan includes the formation of a salt by allylation followed by the Aza–
Claisen rearrangement which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To achieve this goal, Green Chemistry focuses specifically on preventing waste, designing safer
chemicals and synthetic methods, and saving energy and money.4 This research of azole synthesis is
a study incorporating these practices of green chemistry, consequently improving the current
synthesis method for pharmaceutical production. The benefits of Green Chemistry are countless.
From an economic point of view, businesses can save large amounts of money by eliminating the
costly efforts of excessive pollutant prevention. Also, increasing efficiency of materials used and
improving the yields of reactions is minimizing the cost of materials for production. Using organic
solvents along with reducing pollution creates a safer environment for workers and enhances public
safety. 4 Therefore, these improvements are very important and should be included in the current
synthetic methods used in industries today. Forming C–C bonds at the C2 of azoles is a necessary
step in the beginning of the current azole synthesis method which generally requires using strong
bases, low temperatures, and/or expensive, toxic precious metal catalysts.5,6,7 By substituting these
issues with organic solvents, ambient temperature, and weaker bases, a synthesis method better
suited for pharmaceutical industries is created.
Background Even though previous methods of azole synthesis have

Fluorescein Dye Lab Report
Fluorescein dye has been used for a very long time and it serves many purposes within the lab and
in everyday life. As a product fluorescein appears to be a brownish–orange powder solid that
appears to be bright, neon green under a UV lamp. Fluorescein, Yellow No.7 dye, is used as a color
addictive to food, medications, and beauty products.2 It is also used as a fluorescent tag for labeling
antibodies that will be targeting specific areas of a cell1 or identify and locate life threating
thrombotic emboli.4 Green Chemistry is being used in order to prevent the creation of waste
products. Creating less waste will have a positive effect on the environment. Also running the
reaction using less harmful solvents or potentially no solvents at all.2 ... Show more content on
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Resorcinol (153mg) and phthalic anhydride (100mg) were added to a large test tube and placed
below sand level. 3 drops of 8M sulfuric acid were added to test tube and reaction was monitored
for 30 minutes ensuring that temperature of sand bath remained between 180°C–200°C. After 30
minutes, solution was cooled to room temperature. Acetone (5mL) was added and the solution was
stirred for 10 minutes. Acetone (10mL) was added once again and stirred until solid dissolved.
Reaction progress was monitored by TLC (80% ethyl acetate/20% hexanes) and after stirring was
complete the solvent was evaporated using a stream of nitrogen. Residue was purified via column
chromatography (100% ethyl acetate). Twelve 10mL fractions were collected and monitored by TLC
(1–8 100% ethyl acetate, 9–12 50% ethyl acetate/50% hexanes). Fractions (1–8) that contained the
fluorescein product were combined. Solvent was evaporated to yield brownish orange powder solid
(.170g, 77.3%); (mp: 310°C–313°C ); 1H NMR (60 MHz, DMSO) δ 6.2 (s, 4H), 6.5 (s, 2H), 7.7 (d,
1H), 7.8 (m, 1H), 7.9 (m, 1H), 8 (d, 1H); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 6.6 (s, 4H), 6.7 (s, 2H), 7.3
(d, 1H), 7.7 (t, 1H), 7.8 (t, 1H), 8 (d, 1H), 10.2 (s, 2H); UV/Vis λmax 498.6

Use Of Green Chemistry For The Reduction Of Air Pollutants
Alexandra Younes
Due: September 30, 2016
Background Research
In this experiment, the scientist will be testing the use of green chemistry for the reduction of air
pollutants. The problem statement is, Would attaching a filter coated with Titanium Dioxide reduce
Co2 levels from car emmissions? If so, how? In this experiment, the independent variable is the
filter coated with Titanium Dioxide (Tio2) The dependent variable is the measurement of Co2 in
PPM emitted from the vehicle. The constants in the experiment is the vehicle used ( a Dodge
minivan), the amount of time the vehicle is powered on, the measurement device used to measure
the levels of Co2 in PPM, as well as the kind of gas used in the car (regular, premium, etc.).
The scientist's purpose is to test the amount of Co2 a Tio2 coated filter on a car's muffler would
reduce from the emissions. The experimentalist's hypothesis was that it was going to work because
the filter will be coated with titanium dioxide that supposedly would absorb air pollutants such as
Co2. The scientist will test the hypothesis by first, creating the filter by taking the two PVC pipes
and attaching them together at their center ( they naturally interlock), then coat the 5 diameter circle
of screen with the Tio2 sunscreen and allow it to dry for 10 minutes, then attach the screen between
the two PVC pipes. The scientist will then turn on the vehicle, put the Co2 measuring device in an
enclosed container with a hole on top for the

Green Light In The Great Gatsby
In the novella of The Great Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald the light at the end of the dock signifies
hope to Jay Gatsby. Fitzgerald's reason for continually bringing up the Green light throughout the
story is suppose to show how important it is in the story. The first time the green light is brought up
is at the end of chapter one. When we meet Gatsby for the first time, but from a distance. "he
stretched out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way, and far as I was from him,"
(Fitzgerald 20). The quote explains how much mystery the green light holds to Jay Gatsby. Then, in
chapter four the green light is once again brought up to show the significance of whose house it lies
from. The hope in Jay Gatsby's eyes is Daisy because the green

The Importance Of Maths
For many students, maths is a language only spoken at school, but maths is a well–spoken language
in my home. My mother's love for maths has inevitably infected me with the desire to solve
problems with logical reason. I feel that a solution to one question in maths may open up more
questions ranging in different domains of mathematics. Maths has helped me to discover different
ways to achieve solutions through alternate thinking and this is reminiscent of everyday–life, where
it is advantageous to use effective and more efficient routes to overcome problems. I find that maths
can be embedded into many aspects of life, e.g. using the Pythagoras theorem to aid in designing a
room. Also, in biology, to find the variation in the distribution of a species, you can use standard
deviation.
Maths encourages me to delve into divergent thinking. It thrills me that there is always more to learn
and the knowledge is never capped. Maths to me has acted as a mechanism for calming my busy
mind. For example, some people enjoy the tranquillity of music, whereas my music is maths.
Achieving the correct answer whenever I complete a maths question brings me great satisfaction,
which further increases my motivation towards further learning. I have always thought that once you
find that numbers are easy to work with, you develop an appetite to learn more about maths &
through practice it will stick in your mind forever.
Chemistry works hand in hand with maths, it cannot work without it.

Chemistry : The Connection Between Art And Chemistry
Art has lived with humankind since it first moment it began to explore and alongside art there is
Chemistry. Art and Chemistry: two contrasting topics that many may not find connections to. But, in
fact, there is a great correlation between the two topics; from the masterpieces in museums to the
cosmetics, people use(1). Not, only within cosmetics, but also within the
primers/basecoats/activators that are found in the paint or in the solutions for the piece being
created(5). Most aspects that involve art contain color and if there is color there was most likely a
chemical reaction to create such beauty. Furthermore, before there were combinations of elements to
create bonding agents or thinning solutions there was the rouged chemist begins(4). Which has now
evolved into a multiple step industry and/or leisure activity. Vivid Pigments Firstly, a quick briefing
on what color is and how it is perceived: color is a visual light reflection that passes within the cones
and rods of the human eye(2). Which then is turned into different chemical compounds within the
retina; that are processed by the optic nerve sending different electrical signals to the visual cortex
causing an image to be formed with color from the photoreceptors within the human brain(2). On
the other hand, pigments are what gives color to the different materials: usually, pigments are water
and oil insoluble(5). During the early ages of painting, multiple surfaces were used the most
common were vases, walls, and

Chemistry And Food Chemistry
Molecular gastronomy is a relatively new style of culinary experience and food processing that is
now taking over the modern food industry. It is understandable to think that chemistry and food are
not closely related, but chemical processes and interactions play a major role in almost all the food
products we ingest today. All foods have chemicals in it, whether it is natural or not. In cooking,
when a food turns from one thing to another (like bread turning into toast, or runny egg yolk turning
into solid egg), a chemical change has occurred. This process is irreversible and energy has been
used. Food chemistry, like biochemistry, includes the main components of carbohydrates, lipids, and
proteins, but unlike biochemistry, flavoring, coloring, enzymes, vitamins, minerals, and water also
play a role. There are many different ways food scientists use chemistry on food, whether it is to
adjust its taste (most common), texture or its appearance; it has played a huge role on our sensory
receptors when it comes to what we prefer or not in different foods. One of the most well known
types of food chemistry and biochemistry is genetically modified food, or GM Foods. To create
genetically modified food, laboratories extract the DNA from one plant and insert it into an
unrelated plant, along with a few extra chemicals, which allows the second plant to have a
completely new set of characteristics. These characteristics create foods with better texture, flavor,
nutritional value,

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