Performance analysis of aodv, olsr, grp and dsr routing protocols with database load in manet

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Sep-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 412
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF AODV, OLSR, GRP AND DSR ROUTING
PROTOCOLS WITH DATABASE LOAD IN MANET
Puneet Mittal1
, Paramjeet Singh2
, Shaveta Rani3
1
Dept. of Computer Engineering Govt, Poly. College, Bathinda, Punjab, India
2, 3
Dept. of Comp. Sci. & Engg, GZS PTU Campus, Bathinda, Punjab, India
engg.puneet@yahoo.co.in, param2009@yahoo.com, garg_shavy@yahoo.com
Abstract
Wireless Technology has an enormous use these days and is still becoming popular from times immemorial. It is at its peak when we
talk about research. This is because of the latest technological demands now days arising from Laptops, Wireless devices such as
Wireless local area networks (WLANs) etc. Because of its fast growing popularity day by day, it has led wireless technology data rates
higher and it has made its price cheaper, which is why wireless Technology is growing so fast. In this paper we have presented some
most commonly used routing protocols in MANET and compared the performance of AODV, OLSR, GRP and DSR routing protocol
by using OPNET simulator 14.5. The performance is evaluated under different parameters like Delay, Load, and Media access delay,
Network Load, Retransmission and Throughput for Database load.
Keywords— MANET, Peak Value, Protocol, Drop value
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1. INTRODUCTION
A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a temporary wireless
network in which mobile nodes are communicated with each
other without an infrastructure. MANET is a fast growing area
of research [1]. The communication among routes is difficult
due to its frequent changing network topology and requires
efficient and dynamic routing protocol [2]. In MANET,
protocols are classification into three categories: (1) Proactive
protocols provide fast response to topology changes by
continuously monitoring topology changes and disseminating
the related information as needed over the network [4] like
Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR). Geographic Routing
Protocol (GRP) is classified as proactive routing protocol [3].
In GRP the Global Positioning System is used to locate the
location of node to collects network information at a source
node with a small amount of control overheads. (2) Reactive
routing protocols such as Ad hoc in demand distance vector
(AODV), find the route only when there is data to be
transmitted as a result, generate low control traffic and routing
overhead. Dynamic Source routing protocol (DSR), each data
packet contains complete routing information to reach its
dissemination and each node uses caching technology to
maintain route information. (3) Hybrid protocol could be
derived from the two previous ones, containing the advantages
of both the protocols. In this paper, we perform the comparison
of AODV, DSR, GRP and OLSR routing protocols in terms of
various traffic loads. This paper is organised as follows. In sec.
2, we describe the routing protocols in MANET. Sec 3, gives
various parameters traffic loads in MANET. In sec 4,
simulation environment in OPNET SIMULATOR 14.5 is given.
Sec 5 shows the results and discussion about the performance
of various parameters of AODV, DSR, GRP and OLSR
protocols. Conclusion is given in Sec 6.
2. ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN MANET
Routing protocols in MANET are divided into three categories:
proactive, reactive and hybrid routing protocols. The most
popular ones are AODV, OLSR, GRP and DSR. This section
describes the main features of three protocols AODV (Ad Hoc
On-Demand Distance Vector Protocol) and DSR (Dynamic
source routing), GRP (Geographic Routing Protocol) and
OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing) deeply studied using
OPNET 14.5. An ad-hoc routing protocol is a convention, or
standard, that it improves the scalability of wireless networks
compared to infrastructure based wireless networks because of
its decentralized nature.
Figure 1: Classification of Protocols

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2.1 AD-HOC ON DEMAND DISTANCE VECTOR
(AODV)
AODV is reactive routing protocol. In this route is discovered
or maintain according to node request. For loop freedom and
freshness of route, AODV uses destination sequence number. It
is capable for both unicast and multicast routing. Mobile nodes
respond to the any change in network topology and link failures
in necessary times. In case of the link failures the respective
defective nodes are notified with the message, and then the
affected nodes will revoke the routes using the lost link [5].
AODV uses the message types Route Request (RREQ), Route
Replies (RREP) and Route Error (RERR) in finding the route
from source to destination. AODV performs two operations: (1)
route discovery and (2) route maintenance (3) Route Caching.
2.1.1 ROUTE DISCOVERY:
In AODV routing, when a source has data to transmit to a new
destination, it broadcast a RREQ for that destination. A
neighbour’s node receiving the RREQ checks if it has not
received the same request before using the ROUTE-ID. It is not
the destination and does not have a current route to the
destination, it rebroadcasts the RREQ and at same time
backward route to the source is created [6]. If the receiving
node is the destination or has a current route to the destination,
it generates a RREP. The RREP propagates; each intermediate
node creates a route to the destination. When the source
receives the RREP, it records the forward route to the
destination and begins sending data. If multiple RREPs are
received by the source, the route with the shortest hop count is
chosen. In case a link break is detected, a RERR message is
sent to the source. As the RERR propagates towards the source,
each intermediate node invalidates route to an unreachable
destinations. When the source of the data receives the RERR, it
invalidates the route and reinitiates route discovery.
2.1.2 ROUTE MAINTENANCE
Once the route is established, a route maintenance protocol
provides feedback about the links of the route and to allow the
route to be modified [6]. Maintenance of the discovered
/established route is necessary for two main advantages: (1)
Achieve stability in the network. (2) To reduce the excessive
overhead required in discovering new route.
2.1.3 ROUTE CACHING
Route caching is carried out for two purposes:
1. A cached route is available to the demanding node to
reducing the routing latency significantly.
2. Route caching avoids route discovery process for
reduces the control traffic that is required in searching
for a new route.
The caching mechanism in AODV allows one cache
entry per destination, therefore, once the initial data
packets get a valid cached route, the changes for
successful delivery of subsequent packets is almost
guaranteed [6]. In AODV routing protocol, a newly
discovered route is cached for reused the next time
when the same route is requested. AODV carries out
route caching both at the source node and at
intermediate node that has a cached route to the
destination and reply to the source with the cached
route.
2.2 OPTIMIZED LINK STATE ROUTING (OLSR)
OLSR is a proactive routing protocol. Every node of network
maintaining information about all routes in route table When a

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route is needed, the route table is immediately available. OLSR
uses the concept of Multipoint Relays (MPR) to reduce the
overhead in the network. OLSR uses two control messages: (1)
Hello and (2) Topology Control (TC). Hello message are used
to find the link state and neighbouring nodes. In OLSR, nodes
send HELLO messages to their neighbours at a predetermined
interval. These messages are periodically sent to determine the
status of the links [5]. TC message is used for broadcasting
information for neighbours which includes at least the MPR
selector list. It also handles the calculation of outing tables. The
selection of MPR is done according to the algorithm. Notice
that M1, M2 and D(y) are described as follows:
1. M1: Represents the 1-hop neighbours set of the node X
which we want to determine its MPRs.
2. M2 : Represent the 2-hop neighbours set of node X.
Using Hello message, all 1-hop neighbours of the node
X declare their 1-hop neighbours that must request to
transmit a packet to its 2-hop neighbours [7].
3. D(y): Represent the degree of 1-hop neighbour node y,
is defined as the number of symmetric neighbours of
node y, excluding all the members of M and y.
2.3 DYNAMIC SOURCE ROUTING (DSR)
DSR is also a reactive routing protocol. It uses the concept of
source routing [8]. In source routing the sender knows all hop-
by-hop routes to the destination. All the routes are stored in the
route cache. When a node attempts to send a data packet to a
destination it does not know the route. In DSR each node
maintains a route cache with route entries which are
continuously updated. The advantage of DRS is that no
periodic routing packets are required. It is used to updates its
route caches by finding new routes [9]. DSR has also the
capability to handle unidirectional links. The sender of the
packets selects and controls the route used for its own packets,
which also supports features such as load balancing. All routes
used are guaranteed to be free of loops as the sender can avoid
duplicate hops in the selected routes. The following sections
introduce state machines that implement a simple DSR routing
protocol without caching. There are basically 4 separate state
machines to implement that each handles one of the following
events [10]:
1. SENDING DATA:
When a node wants to send data and data message is
triggered as a send request then the next hop has be
determined. A route request has to be broadcast to discover a
route to the destination node. After receiving the route reply
from the destination node the actual data message can be
transmitted via the newly discovered.
2. INCOMING ROUTE REQUEST MESSAGE:
When a route request message is received by a node, several
tasks have to be done depending on the content of the
received message. Firstly, it is checked whether the message
was already processed earlier by this node. If yes, the request
is simply discarded and no action is taken. If the route
request is addressed to the receiving node, a route reply
message has to be created and replied to the request’s sender.
In all other cases the route request’s node list is extended by
the own node ID and broadcasted to all neighboring nodes.

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3. INCOMING ROUTE REPLY MESSAGE:
In case a route reply message is received there are two cases:
The receiving node is the destination of the message or it is
an intermediate node on the route between sender and
destination. If it is the destination node the data transmission
that caused the route discovery can be accomplished. In case
the route reply is received by an intermediate node, it is
forwarded to the next node in the reply’s node list.
4. INCOMING DATA MESSAGE:
If the data message is addressed to the receiving node (it is
the last hop of the route) the payload can be handed to the
upper layer to be processed by any application. The routing
mechanism has finished. If not, the next hop is determined
from the data message’s node list and the packet is forwarded
to this node.
DSR contains 2 phases:
2.3.1 ROUTE DISCOVERY (FIND A PATH)
If sender node has in his route cache a route to the destination
node, this route is immediately used. If not, the route discovery
protocol is started:
Step 1: sender node sends a route request packet by flooding
the network. Each route request packet contains: route
record, initiator address, request ID
Step 2: if the route discovery is successful the initiating host
receives a route reply packet.
Step 3: when any host receives a route request packet, it
processes the request accounting to the following steps.
a) If <initiator address, request id> is found I
this host then discards the route request
packet.
b) If this host’s address is already listed in the
route record discard the route request
packet.
c) If the target of the request matches this host’s
address return a copy of this route in a
route reply packet to the initiator.
d) Otherwise, append this host’s address to the
route record and re-broadcast the request.
After getting the route reply the sender send the data to the
destination.
1. ROUTE MAINTENANCE
In DSR every node is responsible for confirming that the next
hop in the source route receives the packet. Also each packet is
only forwarded once by a node (hop-by-hop routing). If a
packet can’t be received by a node, it is retransmitted up to
some maximum number of times until a confirmation is
received from the next hop. Only if retransmission results in a
failure, a Route Error message is sent to the initiator that can
remove that source route from its route cache. So the initiator
can check his route cache for another route to the target. If there
is no route in the cache, a route request packet is broadcasted.
Figure 10: Example of DSR protocol
Step 1: if node C does not receive an acknowledgement
form node D after some number of requests, it returns a
Route Error to the initiator A.
Step 2: As soon as node receives the Route Error
message, it deletes the broken-link-route from its cache.
If A has another route to E, it sends the packet
immediately using this new route.
Step 3: Otherwise the initiator A is starting the Route
Discovery process again.

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2.4 GEOGRAPHIC ROUTING PROTOCOL (GRP)
GRP is classified as proactive routing protocol. In GRP the
Global Positioning System is used to locate the location of node
to collects network information at a source node with a small
amount of control overheads. Source node can finds routes and
continuously transmit data even if the current route is
disconnected. This approach is widely known as hybrid routing
protocol, because it can simultaneously use the strengths of
reactive routing and proactive routing protocols. A packet that
named DQ is used continuously to forward to each node’s
neighbours until the destination is reached. When it reaches the
destination, the destination node broadcasts a network
information gathering (NIG) packet to its neighbours. The
source node computes the best route according to collected
information and then immediately starts to transmit data
packets. In GRP two techniques are used. These are :
2.4.1 Geographic Forwarding:
In Geographic Forwarding, the sender node rebroadcast the
packet and this packet receives by nearer sensor node. When
receiver receives the packet it also receive the time period, it
will first store the packet in buffer. At the end of the receive
period and if the channel is clear, the packet at the head of the
queue in the buffer will be transmitted [11].
2.4.2 Greedy Forwarding:
Greedy forwarding algorithms perform varied optimization
techniques to choose the next-hop node near a destination node
[12]. Source nodes send messages to destination nodes in
greedy forwarding mode. When location service selects the
next-hop adjacent to the destination For example, node A
selects the next-hop using similar selection rules till the
message reaches the destination node. When a next hop is
unable to be located by a node, it uses void-handling mode
where a node decides to route packets around a void due to the
existence of a valid path from source to the destination node
[12]. For example we find the shortest path in mesh graph by
using flowchart [13].

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3. VARIOUS PARAMETERS IN TRAFFIC LOADS
SR.
NO.
PARAMETERS DESCRIPTION
1 Delay(Sec) Represents the end to end delay
of all the packets received by the
wireless LAN MACs of all
WLAN nodes in the network and
forwarded to the higher layer.
2 Load (Bits/Sec) Represents the total load
submitted to wireless LAN layers
by all higher layers in all WLAN
nodes of the network.(Global)
3 Media Access
Delay (Sec)
For each frame, this delay is
calculated as the duration from
the time when it is inserted into
the transmission queue, which is
arrival time for higher layer data
packets and creation time for all
other frames types, until the time
when the frame is sent to the
physical layer for the first time.
4 Throughput
(Bits/Sec)
Represents the total number of
bits (in bit/sec) forwarded from
wireless LAN layers to higher
layers in all WLAN nodes of the
network.
5 Network load
(Bits/sec)
Network load represents the total
load in bit/sec submitted to
wireless LAN layers by all
higher layers in all WLAN nodes
of the network. When there is
more traffic coming on the
network, and it is difficult for the
network to handle all this traffic
so it is called the network load.
The efficient network can easily
cope with large traffic coming in,
and to make a best network,
many techniques have been
introduced.(node network).
6 Retransmission
(Packets)
The number of times data has to
be retransmitting i.e called
Retransmission Attempts. How
many no of times data has to be
retransmit by the Source node.
All these parameters help us to evaluate the best routing
protocol between them. All the parameters that have taken play
a very vital role to judge or evaluate the performance of the
wireless network.
4. SIMULATION ENVIROMENT
Several researchers have done the qualitative and quantative
analysis of ad hoc routing protocol by means of different
performance metrics. They have used different simulators for
this purpose which is one of several tools provided from the
OPNET Technologies suite. For undertake the experimental
evaluation, the most recently available version, namely OPNET
MODELER 14.5 has been adopted in our study OPNET is one
of the most extensively used commercial simulators based on
Microsoft Windows Platform, which incorporates most of the
MANET routing parameters compared to other commercial
simulators available [11]. The network entities used during the
design of the network model are wireless server, application
configuration, profile configuration, mobility configuration and
workstations (nodes). Table 1 shows the various simulation
parameters.
Table 1: Simulation parameters
Figure 13: Environment Scenario of 20 Nodes
SIMULATION
PARAMETER
VALUE
Simulator OPNET MODELER 14.5
Area 800x800 (m)
Network Size 20 nodes
Protocol DSR,OLSR,AODV,GRP
Mobility Model Random Way Point
Traffic Type DATABASE
Simulation Time 900 (Sec)
Address Mode IPv4

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5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION DATABASE LOAD
Figure 14: Comparison of DSR, AODV, GRP and OLSR
Protocol for Delay in Database Load
In figure 14, X-axis denotes time in minutes and Y-axis is
denotes time in seconds. It shows that the average peak value of
delay is almost 0.007804 seconds for AODV, 0.008207 seconds
for DSR, 0.008014 seconds for GRP and 0.008161 seconds for
OLSR. After 15 minutes, it gradually drops and attains a
constant value of approximately 0.007144 seconds for AODV,
0.006750 seconds for DSR, 0.007144 seconds for GRP and
0.006585 seconds for OLSR.
Protocol for Load in Database Load
denotes data rate which is in bits/sec. It shows that the average
peak value of load is almost 420148 bits/sec for AODV,
410631 bits/sec for DSR, 430260 bits/sec for GRP and 415752
bits/sec for OLSR. After 15 minutes, it gradually drops to
almost 5021 bits/sec for AODV, 7637 bits/sec for DSR, 5091
bits/sec for GRP and 7631 bits/sec for OLSR.
Protocol for Media Access Delay in Database Load
denotes time in seconds. It shows that the average peak value of
Media access delay is almost 0.002924 seconds for AODV,
0.002832 seconds for DSR, 0.003001 seconds for GRP and
0.002810 seconds for OLSR. After 15 minutes, it gradually
drops and attains a constant value of approximately 0.002344
seconds for AODV, 0.002157 seconds for DSR, 0.002344
seconds for GRP and 0.002130 seconds for OLSR.
Protocol for Network load in Database Load
peak value of network load is almost 761704 bits/sec for
AODV, 800194 bits/sec for DSR, 781165 bits/sec for GRP and
813179 bits/sec for OLSR. After 15 minutes, it gradually drops
to almost 10183 bits/sec for AODV, 15274 bits/sec for DSR,
10183 bits/sec for GRP and 15262 bits/sec for OLSR.

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Protocol for Retransmission attempts in Database Load
denotes data rate which is in Packets/sec. It shows that the
average peak value of retransmission is almost 0.04199 packets
for AODV, 0.03657 packets for DSR, 0.04199 packets for GRP
and 0.03450 packets for OLSR. After 15 minutes, it gradually
drops as time progress and reaches to almost 0.01851 packets
for AODV, 0.02469 packets for DSR, 0.01851 packets for GRP
and 0 packets for OLSR.
Protocol for throughput in Database Load
peak value of throughput is almost 420148 bits/sec for AODV,
410569 bits/sec for DSR, 430260 bits/sec for GRP and 415752
bits/sec for OLSR. After 15 minutes, it gradually drops to
almost 5091 bits/sec for AODV, 7637 bits/sec for DSR, 5091
bits/sec for GRP and 7631 bits/sec for OLSR.
Table 3 shows numeric values of various parameters taken into
consideration for Email load in AODV, DSR and OLSR
protocols. It gives the performance comparison of 3 protocols
in terms of delay, load, media access, network load,
retransmission attempts and throughput for email load.
Table 3: Values of various parameters corresponding to 4 protocols for Database load.

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As shown in Table 3, AODV performs better than DSR, GRP
and OLSR protocol for delay. For load parameter GRP
performs better than AODV, DSR and OLSR because it
transfers large number of bits in second as compared to AODV,
DSR and OLSR protocols. For Media Access Delay DSR and
OLSR is better than AODV and GRP because in DSR and
OLSR, the drop value is less than GRP and AODV For
Network Load GRP is better than DSR, AODV and OLSR
because in GRP transmission of bits are more than DSR, OLSR
and AODV in seconds DSR is better than AODV, GRP and
OLSR for retransmission attempts because the packet in DSR
sends more packets than GRP, AODV and OLSR. For DSR,
route discovery and route maintenance is done by using route
cache for the retransmission of packets. So the DSR is better
than GRP, AODV and OLSR. For throughput parameter GRP
is better than OLSR, DSR and AODV because GRP transfer
more data in bits from lower layer to higher layer.
CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, we performed the comparison between four
protocols AODV, GRP, DSR and OLSR with traffic loads
database in terms of Delay, Load, Media access delay, Network
Load, Retransmission and Throughput. The results are taken in
tabular form as well as graphical form by using OPNET
Simulator 14.5. The results show that which protocol performs
better than another corresponding to various traffic loads for
some important parameters.
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Performance analysis of aodv, olsr, grp and dsr routing protocols with database load in manet