Part I: Terrorism, A conceptual Review Chapter 1: Terrorism, First Impressions

1. Part 1: TerrorismPart 1: Terrorism
A Conceptual ReviewA Conceptual Review
Chapter 1: TerrorismChapter 1: Terrorism
First ImpressionsFirst Impressions
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

2.  An Overview of Extremism and TerrorismAn Overview of Extremism and Terrorism
 Terrorism at First GlanceTerrorism at First Glance
 Sources of Extremism and TerrorismSources of Extremism and Terrorism
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

3.  An Overview of Extremism and TerrorismAn Overview of Extremism and Terrorism
 Extremism: A quality that is “radical in opinion,Extremism: A quality that is “radical in opinion,
especially in political matters; ultra; advanced.”especially in political matters; ultra; advanced.”
 Terrorism: Politically motivated violence usuallyTerrorism: Politically motivated violence usually
directed against soft targets with an intention todirected against soft targets with an intention to
affect (terrorize) a target audience.affect (terrorize) a target audience.
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

4.  Terrorism at First GlanceTerrorism at First Glance
 Perpetrators always claim to champion noble causesPerpetrators always claim to champion noble causes
and values.and values.
 Advocates always cite righteous goals to justify theirAdvocates always cite righteous goals to justify their
behavior.behavior.
 Perpetrators uniformly maintain that they arePerpetrators uniformly maintain that they are
freedom fighters or champions of law and socialfreedom fighters or champions of law and social
order.order.
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

5.  Sources of Extremism and TerrorismSources of Extremism and Terrorism
 Terrorist acts are grounded in extremist beliefsTerrorist acts are grounded in extremist beliefs
arising from group identity, intergroup conflict, andarising from group identity, intergroup conflict, and
a chosen strategy.a chosen strategy.
 A subject of extensive discussion, debate, andA subject of extensive discussion, debate, and
research.research.
 Involves many disciplines: Sociology, psychology,Involves many disciplines: Sociology, psychology,
criminology, political science.criminology, political science.
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

6.  The Significance of SymbolismThe Significance of Symbolism
 Political Violence:Political Violence: Mala ProhibitaMala Prohibita oror Mala in SeMala in Se??
 The Just War DoctrineThe Just War Doctrine
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

7.  The Significance of SymbolismThe Significance of Symbolism
 A central feature of terrorism.A central feature of terrorism.
 Central to terrorists’ public relations andCentral to terrorists’ public relations and
propaganda campaigns.propaganda campaigns.
 Targets symbolize the righteousness of the terrorists’Targets symbolize the righteousness of the terrorists’
cause and the evil of their opponent.cause and the evil of their opponent.
 Cases: Oklahoma City Bombing. 9/11.Cases: Oklahoma City Bombing. 9/11.
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

8.  Political Violence:Political Violence: Mala ProhibitaMala Prohibita oror Mala in SeMala in Se??
 Mala ProhibitaMala Prohibita: Acts that are “crimes that are made: Acts that are “crimes that are made
illegal by legislation.”illegal by legislation.”
 Not inherently immoral, wicked, or evil.Not inherently immoral, wicked, or evil.
 Cases: Gambling, prostitution, and so forth.Cases: Gambling, prostitution, and so forth.
 Mala in SeMala in Se: Acts “that are immoral or wrong in: Acts “that are immoral or wrong in
themselves.”themselves.”
 Cannot be justified in civilized society and have noCannot be justified in civilized society and have no
acceptable qualities.acceptable qualities.
 Cases: Murder, rape, and so forthCases: Murder, rape, and so forth.Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

9.  The Just War DoctrineThe Just War Doctrine
 An ideal and moralistic philosophy.An ideal and moralistic philosophy.
 Jus in BelloJus in Bello: Correct behavior while waging war.: Correct behavior while waging war.
 Jus ad BellumJus ad Bellum: Correct conditions for waging war in: Correct conditions for waging war in
the first place.the first place.
 Often used conceptually by extremists to justifyOften used conceptually by extremists to justify
violence.violence.
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

10.  AntiquityAntiquity
 Tyrannicide.Tyrannicide.
 Mass exile.Mass exile.
 Suppression of “dangerous” ideas.Suppression of “dangerous” ideas.
 The Roman AgeThe Roman Age
 Crucifixion.Crucifixion.
 Extermination and slavery.Extermination and slavery.
 Regicide.Regicide.
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

11.  The Ancient and Medieval Middle EastThe Ancient and Medieval Middle East
 Zealots andZealots and sicariisicarii..
 Assassins.Assassins.
 The Dark Ages: Prelude to Modern TerrorismThe Dark Ages: Prelude to Modern Terrorism
 Medieval EuropeMedieval Europe
 Post-Assassin Middle EastPost-Assassin Middle East
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

12.  The French RevolutionThe French Revolution
 Coined the wordCoined the word terrorismterrorism..
 Reign of Terror.Reign of Terror.
 Revolutionary Tribunal and mass executions.Revolutionary Tribunal and mass executions.
 Nineteenth Century EuropeNineteenth Century Europe
 1919thth
Century revolutionary ideologies: AnarchismCentury revolutionary ideologies: Anarchism
and Marxism.and Marxism.
 Luddites.Luddites.
 People’s Will (Narodnaya Volya).People’s Will (Narodnaya Volya).
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

13.  The Modern Era and the War on TerrorismThe Modern Era and the War on Terrorism
 The “New Terrorism.”The “New Terrorism.”
 Cell-based, WMDs, politically vague or religious.Cell-based, WMDs, politically vague or religious.
asymmetrical, use of modern technologies.asymmetrical, use of modern technologies.
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

14.  Anders BreivikAnders Breivik
 Low degree of criminal sophistication.Low degree of criminal sophistication.
 Norwegian neo-Nazi and fascist.Norwegian neo-Nazi and fascist.
 July 2011 “lone wolf” attacks near Oslo, Norway.July 2011 “lone wolf” attacks near Oslo, Norway.
 Theodore “Ted” KaczynskiTheodore “Ted” Kaczynski
 Medium degree of criminal sophistication.Medium degree of criminal sophistication.
 Anarchist “war” against technology.Anarchist “war” against technology.
 18-year bombing spree, labeled by FBI as Unabom.18-year bombing spree, labeled by FBI as Unabom.Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

15.  Ramzi YousefRamzi Yousef
 High degree of criminal sophistication.High degree of criminal sophistication.
 Islamist jihadi.Islamist jihadi.
 February 26, 1993 bombing of World Trade Center.February 26, 1993 bombing of World Trade Center.
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016