Chapter 9TerrorismAlvarezBachman, Violence The Endu.docx

Chapter 9:
Terrorism
Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition
© 2017 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Defining TerrorismDifficult to define for several reasons:Varied
behavior motivated by various agendasContinuously evolving
phenomenonDefinition depends on perspectiveInstead of
focusing on any particular definition, it might be helpful to
review some common themes and ideas that many definitions
share.
Common ThemesFirst, terrorism is a violent activity.It is about
destruction and harm, whether of people or property or
both.Terrorists have chosen violence as the preferred method of
accomplishing their goals.While various social, political,
economic, and cultural avenues are available to help bring about
change, terrorists have settled on violence.

Common ThemesSecond, the violence is instrumental.There is
purpose and reason to it.In this sense, at least, it is
rational.Terrorists engage in extreme acts of violence because
they perceive it will help them achieve some goal.
Common ThemesThird, terrorism usually targets defenseless
victims.Civilian and noncombatant targets are the most common
victims. They are soft targets.Their status as innocents
heightens the dramatic impact of the violence.
Terrorist Attacks by Type of Target, 2014
Source: Adapted from data from The Institute for economics
and Peace. Global Terrorism Index 2015: Measuring and
Understanding the Impact of Terrorism.

Chart1Private Citizens &
PropertyOtherMilitaryPoliceBusinessGovernmentReligious
Deaths by Type of Target
15380
3496
2530
6124
1983
2060
1111
Sheet1Deaths by Type of TargetPrivate Citizens &
Property15,380Other3496Military2530Police6124Business1983
Government2060Religious1111
Common ThemesFourth, the purpose of terrorism is to
terrorize.Terrorist groups aim to create a climate of fear within
a society.The indiscriminate nature of the attacks coupled with
civilian targets exacerbates the fear and perceived vulnerability
of a population.Creating a climate of fear throughout a society
is one way that these groups can project an image of strength
and pervasiveness that is not based on actual capabilities.
Common ThemesFifth, terrorism is systematic.An isolated
event, though it might be considered terrifying, is not
necessarily considered terrorism.Instead, terrorism is a
recurring phenomenon.

Terrorism and Guerilla WarfareGuerrilla means “little war,” and
this kind of conflict is often termedLow intensity
warfareInsurgency warfareTends to involve larger military style
forces that attack military forces and seek to hold and control
territoryTerrorist groups tend to be smaller, do not operate in
the open, target primarily noncombatants, and do not hold
territory
Terrorism and Guerilla WarfareGuerrilla forces sometimes use
terror tactics in their military campaigns.Terrorist groups may
organize in military style units.Individuals and groups can move
from one type to the other.A good example is Osama bin Laden
and Al-Qaeda,Some organizations encompass both. Hezbollah,
for example, includes a political arm, social services, a
paramilitary branch, and also engages in terrorism.
History of TerrorismTerrorism has been around a long time with
many examples from many different places.Zealots
(Sicarii)RomansAssassinsFrench RevolutionMolly Maguires

How Frequent Are Terrorist Acts?
Source: Adapted from the National Consortium for the Study of
Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START). (2013). Global
Terrorism Database [Data file]. Retrieved from
http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd
Chart119941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200
5200620072008200920102011201220132014
Terrorism Events in the United States, 1994-2014
56
62
36
40
30
53
33
40
33
32
9
23
6
9
19
11

17
9
13
16
19
Sheet1Terrorism Events in the United States, 1994-
20141994561995621996361997401998301999532000332001402
00233200332200492005232006620079200819200911201017201
19201213201316201419
Terrorism Acts by Region
http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd
Chart1Southeast AsiaCentral America, CaribbeanEast AsiaNorth
AmericaAustralasia, OceaniaSouth AmericaCentral AsiaMiddle
East, North AfricaSub-Saharan AfricaSouth AsiaEastern
EuropeWestern Europe
Terrorism Acts by Region
9313
10338
758
3195
239
18453
529
34462
11493

33273
4204
15709
Sheet1Terrorism Acts by RegionSoutheast Asia9313Central
America, Caribbean10338East Asia758North
America3195Australasia, Oceania239South
America18453Central Asia529Middle East, North
Africa34462Sub-Saharan Africa11493South Asia33273Eastern
Europe4204Western Europe15709
Typology of Terrorism
Source: Post, J. M. (2004). Leaders and their followers in a
dangerous world: The psychology of political behavior. Ithaca,
NY: Cornell University Press.
Who Becomes a Terrorist?Is there a typical profile of someone
who becomes a terrorist?Research indicates that the majority of
terrorists do not suffer from psychological problems such as
schizophrenia.This makes sense, for such a person would pose a
significant security risk for the organization.Some believe that
terrorists suffer from a narcissistic personality disorder that
renders them somewhat sociopathic, arrogant, and without care
or concern for others.

Tactics and WeaponsTerrorists employ a wide range of tactics
and weapons.Range from nonlethal assaults and campaigns of
intimidation, to massively deadly attacks using bombs and
firearmsTactics are largely dictated by the goals of the
organization.
Terrorism by Type of Attack, 2014
http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd.
Chart1Bombing/ExplosionUnarmed
AssaultUnknownAssassinationKidnapping/Hostage
TakingArmed AssaultFacility/InfrastructureHijackingOther
Attack Type
8802
47
817
1403
1449
4435
984
48

188
Sheet1Attack TypeBombing/Explosion8802Unarmed
Assault47Unknown817Assassination1403Kidnapping/Hostage
Taking1449Armed
Assault4435Facility/Infrastructure984Hijacking48Other188
Weapons of Mass DestructionMany terrorism experts fear
terrorist organizations will acquire and use WMD.These
includeNuclearBuild, steal, or buy; All difficultEasier to deploy
“dirty bomb”BiologicalLong pedigree, but hard to contain and
control ChemicalNerve=inhibits functioning of important
enzymes that regulates nerve activityBlood=affects blood after
being inhaled; prevents body form using oxygen in
bloodChoking=damages lungs and causes lungs to fill with
mucusBlistering=burns whatever parts of body they come in
contact with
What Are We Doing About Terrorism?Department of Homeland
Security (DHS)The mission of DHS includes preventing
terrorism and enhancing security, managing U.S. borders,
administering immigration laws, securing cyberspace, and
ensuring disaster resilience. Giving hope and security to
disenfranchised young people may do more to combat terrorism
in the first place by preventing these youth from being recruited
to groups like ISIS in the first place. Unfortunately, there is no
mention of strategies such as this on the DHS website.

ConclusionsTerrorism is likely to be a problem for the United
States and the world for some time to come.Islamic
fundamentalism is the most recent manifestation of international
terror but far from the only terrorist agenda.Manufacturing and
sale of weapons of mass destruction exponentially increases
potential lethality of terrorism.
Open-Access Student Resources
· SAGE journal articles
· Multimedia resources
and more at study.sagepub.com/alvarez3e
Submission/Content
You are to submit a zipped folder containing
• Your zipped NetBeans project folder.
• Report.docx. This file is to contain the following Sections:
1. Limitations
2. Test plan

3. Test results
name, ID number, unit name and unitcode are to be included on
the title page., a test planand test results.
The limitations section is to specify any limitations that your
program has in terms of calculations and data validation. With
respect to data validation, note that the only validation that you
are required to do is to check whether the SBP is greater than
the DBP.
The test plan is to contain a comprehensive list of program
functionality to be tested, the input values to be used to test
each item of functionality, the expected output from the test and
the actual output from the test. Note that because MAP is
calculated as a floating point value, we can’t (in general) test it
for equality. What this means in terms of your test plan is that
you do not need to test the category end points
The test results section is to contain screenshots to demonstrate
that the program generates the actual outputs shown in the test
plan.
You are to develop a Java console application using the
NetBeans 8.2 IDE. The application is to calculate and
classifyMAP (Mean Arterial Pressure) for a randomised subset
of individuals in a clinical trial. The number of individuals in
the subset is not fixed, but will be in the range 5-10.
MAP is determined from an individual’s blood pressure using
the following formula:
MAP = 1.0/3.0 * SBP + 2.0/3.0 * DBP
where
• MAP is the mean arterial pressure,
• SBP is the systolic blood pressure, and
• DBP is the diastolic blood pressure.
Normal blood pressure for a healthy adult is typically between
90 mmHg and 120 mmHg for systolic blood pressure and

between 60 mmHg and 80 for diastolic blood pressure. The
normal mean arterial pressure in healthy patients should be in
the range of between 70 and 100 mmHg.
For each person in the trial, you are to enter their identifier,
together with their SBP (in mmHg) and DBP (in mmHg). SBP is
always greater than DBP; if this is not the case, an error
message is to be displayed and no processing is to be performed
for that particular record. The identifier is an integer in the
range 1-100. Blood pressures are to be stored in variables of
type double. The application is to then calculate and display the
trial identifier and the MAP value, together with a message
indicating whether the MAP value is high, normal or low. When
all data has been entered, a summary report consisting of
1. The lowest MAP value
2. The highest MAP value
3. The average MAP value
is to be displayed. Values are to be displayed to one decimal
place, e.g. 10.1, NOT 10.123456789.
NOTE: arrays cannot be used.
The application is to use the following classes and methods:
public class MAPCalculator {
public MAPCalculator() {
// no code required
} public double value(double sbp, double dbp) {
// return MAP value
}
public String category(double map) {
// return one of “high”, “normal” or “low”
}
}
public class Assignment1 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// create scanner object
// create MAP calculator
// read and process records
// display summary results
}
}
The classes are to be included in your NetBeans project in two
separate source files – Assignment1.java and
MAPCalculator.java.
Submission/content
You are to submit a zipped folder containing
• Your zipped NetBeans project folder.
• Report.docx. This file is to contain the following Sections:
1. Limitations
2. Test plan
3. Test results
name, ID number, unit name and unitcode are to be included on
the title page., a test planand test results.
The limitations section is to specify any limitations that your
program has in terms of calculations and data validation. With
respect to data validation, note that the only validation that you
are required to do is to check whether the SBP is greater than
the DBP.
The test plan is to contain a comprehensive list of program
functionality to be tested, the input values to be used to test

each item of functionality, the expected output from the test and
the actual output from the test. Note that because MAP is
calculated as a floating point value, we can’t (in general) test it
for equality. What this means in terms of your test plan is that
you do not need to test the category end points
The test results section is to contain screenshots to demonstrate
that the program generates the actual outputs shown in the test
plan.
Chapter 11:
Toward violence Prevention
There Is No “Cure”There is no “silver bullet” or “cure” for
violence.
“Where do we go from here?” This isn’t an easy question to
answer since there are as many different solutions to preventing
violence as there are policy makers passing laws.
We as individuals and as communities can rethink our responses
to the enduring problem of violence.

Costs of ViolenceOne estimate suggests that combined, murder,
rape, assault, and robbery costs the United States over $42
billion annually in medical expenses, law enforcement, courts,
and correctional facility expenses and lost earnings. This
translates into $137 dollars for every single American.This
doesn’t include intangibles, such as pain, suffering, and a loss
of life quality.
Costs of Violence72% of Americans fear becoming a victim of
violent crime when traveling. 61% fear being attacked when out
alone at night in their communities. 60% acknowledge fear even
when they are at home.Because of violence, in other words, we
are less social and communal, and we do not see the world as a
safe and just place.
How Do We Know What Works?There are literally hundreds of
programs marketed by private businesses or delivered by
government agencies that claim to reduce particular kinds of
violence. In order to determine whether a program or policy has
a causal effect on an intended outcome (e.g., reducing
violence), a randomized control trial (RCT), otherwise known as
a true experimental design, is needed.

Criminal Justice Response to ViolenceThere are a total of 222
programs listed as violence prevention on Crime
Solution
s.gov.Only 54 programs have proven to be effective when using
the search terms “preventing violence.” The majority of these
programs are not directly related to violence prevention but are
instead directed to those factors that are related to violence, like
substance abuse.
Problem-Solving PolicingProblem-solving or problem-oriented
policing generally focuses law enforcement efforts on
proactively solving “problems” related to crime rather than
reactively responding to calls for service after a crime has

already occurred.The goal of such an orientation for law
enforcement agencies is to identify and resolve underlying
problems related to crime.
SARA Scanning, which involves police identifying and
prioritizing problems that may be causing crime and disorder.
Analysis, which involves policy analyzing the problem to
determine appropriate responses. Response, where the police
implement interventions to solve the problem(s). Assessment,
which involves determining whether the intervention actually
worked.
Prison Re-entryIn 2014, there were approximately 6,851,000

people under some form of federal, state, and local correctional
supervision in the United States including those on probation or
parole or in prison.In state prisons, about half of all inmates are
serving time for a violent crime.It is extremely difficult for
those released from prison with a criminal record to find
suitable housing and jobs that pay a living wage.
Serious Violent Offender Re-entry Initiative Program Model
Source: Lattimore, P., & Visher, C. (2010). The multisite
evaluation of SVORI: Summary and synthesis. Washington, DC:
U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.
Violence as a Public Health ProblemDeterrence models and

continued criminal justice interventions are not effective at
reducing violence.Mandatory minimum sentencing has caused
prison overcrowding.SVORI study findings indicate that
correctional reentry programs impose only modest effects on
recidivism outcomes.The public health approach differs from
the criminal justice perspective:Examines factors related to
violenceEpidemiological approach to understanding the causes
of violence and reducing harmPrimary prevention and
population outreach
Fundamentals of a Public Health Approach
© 2017 SAGE Publications, Inc.1.Rely on community-based
methods to identify root causes and sources of the problem.
2.Generate data to identify patterns of risk and protective
factors.
3.Identify and monitor trends in the frequency and nature of risk
factors.
4.Implement multilevel community interventions grounded in

empirical data designed to reduce or eliminate risk factors or
strengthen protective factors.
5.Evaluate and monitor the effectiveness of intervention
strategies, and revise tactics accordingly.
6.Educate the public about the problems and issues as well as
what has been shown to be effective for intervention
The Public Health Model of Violence Prevention
Source: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The
Public Health Approach to Violent Prevention.
http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/overview/publichealtha
pproach.html.

Fundamental Violence Prevention MeasuresReducing
inequalityDecrease/eliminate violent images in media and
entertainmentSecondary preventionIdentify high-risk youth
without protective factorsExample: provide after-school
activities Tertiary preventionIntervene in the lives of those
already affected
ConclusionsThere are few promising violence-reduction
strategies that are implemented by the criminal justice
system.The criminal justice system is important for holding
offenders accountable.The public health perspective, however,
can enhance and broaden our ability to deal with the causes of
violence in the first place.Advocate for a synthesis between the
two platforms/approaches to violence control.

Chapter 10:
Genocide

Defining GenocideMost lethal form of collective political
violenceGENO–CIDE is derived fromGreek “GENOS” (race or
tribe)Latin “CIDE” (killingDefining genocide is difficultMisuse
of the wordOverlap between genocide and related human rights
violations and war crimesSelective application of the
termVague terminology (in whole or in part)Variation in intent,
scale, method, and context)
United Nations Definition of GenocideOn April 9, 1948, the
general assembly of the United Nations approved the Genocide
Convention which defined genocide as a crime under
international law.

U.N. DefinitionAny of the following acts committed with intent
to destroy in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or
religious groupKilling members of the groupCausing serious
bodily or mental harm to members of the groupDeliberately
inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring
about its physical destruction in whole or in partImposing
measures to prevent births within the groupForcibly transferring
children of the group to another group
Common Characteristics of GenocidePerpetrated by the
STATEPlanned, systematic, and ongoing attempts to destroy a
populationVictims are chosen because of their identity as
members of a targeted groupVulnerability of the targeted
groupOccur for varied reasons:Eliminate real or imagined
threatSpread terror among enemiesAcquire economic
wealthImplement belief, theory, or ideology

20th Century GenocideArmenian
GenocideHolocaustCambodiaBosniaRwanda
Selected 20th Century Examples of
GenocideLocationYearsPerpetratorsVictim GroupDeath
CountSouth West Africa1904–1905German
militaryHereros60,000Turkey1915–1923Turkish military and
policeArmenians1 millionSoviet Union1932–1933Soviet
policeUkrainians3–7 millionNazi-occupied Europe1941–
1945Nazis and collaboratorsJews, Gypsies, Slavs,
homosexuals21 millionIndonesia1965–1966Indonesian military

and policeIndonesian Communists500,000Guatemala1968–
1993Guatemalan military and
policeMayans200,000Bangladesh1971Pakistani
militaryBengalis1–3 millionBurundi1972Tutsi military, police,
and paramilitariesHutu100,000–150,000East Timor1975–
1999Indonesian militaryEast Timorese200,000Cambodia1975–
1979Khmer RougeEthnic Chinese, Ethnic Vietnamese, Ethnic
Chams, Buddhist Monks, Educated Classes1–2
millionIraq1988Iraqi militaryKurds500,000–
100,000Bosnia1992–1995Bosnian SerbsBosnian
Muslims250,000Rwanda1994Hutu military, police, and
paramilitariesTutsis800,000

Why Do Genocides Happen?Genocide does NOT simply unfold
as a sudden and unexpected catastrophe.Four Motivators for
Genocide:Developmental: targeted groups seen as an
impediment to the colonization and/or exploitation of a given
geographic areaDespotic: government wields genocide as a
weapon against rivals for political power Ideological: attempted
destruction of a population because of a belief system; seeking
utopiaRetributive: one group wages war against another in the
struggle for political and social power

Society Types from Genocidal to Permissive
Source: Horowitz, I. L. (1997). Taking lives: Genocide and state
power (fourth ed., expanded and Revised. New Brunswick, NJ:
Transaction.
Precursors to GenocidePerpetrated almost exclusively by
totalitarian statesLeaders of these governments are
megamurderersStalin’s Soviet UnionMao’s ChinaHitler’s
GermanyGovernment leadership based on fear and coercionWar
enables genocideUniverse of obligation and heightened feelings
of marginalization experienced by targeted scapegoat groups
during a war

Perpetrators of GenocideMost genocide participants are
ordinary people who believe in the necessity of their
action“Banality of evil” 9 primary motivations for
participationsIdeologicalBigotedViolentFearfulCareeristMateria
listDisciplinedComradelyBureaucratic
Victims of GenocideSelected for extermination because they
fall into stigmatized social categoryRelatively powerless due to
political and social marginalizationOften immigrant
“middleman minority groups” breed resentment and hostility
Typically have long histories of persecution and stigma

When People Do NothingGenocide depends on bystanders who
defer to powerful government authority.Stanley Milgram
experimentMost people believe that nothing can be done and
that they are too powerless to stop the violence.Many also agree
with the policies of destruction that result in
genocide.International community also stands by without taking
action.
International Law and GenocideThere is hope that the next
century will not be as dreadful as the lastNetherlands Institute
of War DocumentationInternational Criminal Tribunal at the
HagueInternational Criminal Tribunal for the Former
YugoslaviaInternational Criminal Tribunal for
RwandaInternational Criminal CourtIncreasing strength if
International Human Rights Law and weakening of National

Sovereignty
ConclusionsInternational law has gained a new potency and
preeminence in recent years.We are continually (re)defining the
nature of international relations and justice.

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