Chapter 5: Terror From Below, Dissident Terrorism

1. Chapter 5:Chapter 5:
Terror From BelowTerror From Below
Dissident TerrorismDissident Terrorism
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

2.  Revolutionary Dissident TerrorismRevolutionary Dissident Terrorism
 Nihilist Dissident TerrorismNihilist Dissident Terrorism
 Nationalist Dissident TerrorismNationalist Dissident Terrorism
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

3.  Revolutionary Dissident TerrorismRevolutionary Dissident Terrorism
 A clear world vision.A clear world vision.
 Goal: Destroy an existing order to build a well-Goal: Destroy an existing order to build a well-
designed new society.designed new society.
 Case: Marxist revolutionary movements in LatinCase: Marxist revolutionary movements in Latin
America.America.
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

4.  Nihilist Dissident TerrorismNihilist Dissident Terrorism
 ““Revolution for the sake of revolution.”Revolution for the sake of revolution.”
 Goal: Destroy an existing order with no clearGoal: Destroy an existing order with no clear
alternative for the aftermath.alternative for the aftermath.
 Victory is destruction of the old society.Victory is destruction of the old society.
 Cases: Abu Nidal. Al Qa’ida network.Cases: Abu Nidal. Al Qa’ida network.
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

5.  Nationalist Dissident TerrorismNationalist Dissident Terrorism
 Championing the national aspirations of groups ofChampioning the national aspirations of groups of
people.people.
 Goal: Mobilize a particular demographic groupGoal: Mobilize a particular demographic group
against another group or a government.against another group or a government.
 Distinguished by their cultural, religious, ethnic, orDistinguished by their cultural, religious, ethnic, or
racial heritage.racial heritage.
 Cases: Kurds in Turkey and Iraq. Catholics inCases: Kurds in Turkey and Iraq. Catholics in
Northern Ireland.Northern Ireland.
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

6. Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

7.  Antistate Terrorist EnvironmentsAntistate Terrorist Environments
 Defined by idiosyncrasies of each country and movement.Defined by idiosyncrasies of each country and movement.
 Histories that are unique to each society/Histories that are unique to each society/
 The Terrorists’ Faith in VictoryThe Terrorists’ Faith in Victory
 Defeat is unthinkable. Victory is inevitable.Defeat is unthinkable. Victory is inevitable.
 Utopian visions justify their means and guarantee theUtopian visions justify their means and guarantee the
triumph of their idealized ends.triumph of their idealized ends.
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

8.  Ethnonationalist Communal TerrorismEthnonationalist Communal Terrorism
 Religious Communal TerrorismReligious Communal Terrorism
 Ideological Communal TerrorismIdeological Communal Terrorism
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

9.  Ethnonationalist Communal TerrorismEthnonationalist Communal Terrorism
 Terrorism directed against ethnic populations.Terrorism directed against ethnic populations.
 Scale of violence varies considerably from region toScale of violence varies considerably from region to
region.region.
 Case: Violence between Hutus and Tutsis in RwandaCase: Violence between Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda
and Burundi.and Burundi.
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

10.  Religious Communal TerrorismReligious Communal Terrorism
 Sectarian violence often combining religious and ethnicSectarian violence often combining religious and ethnic
cultural identity.cultural identity.
 Case: Breakup of the former Yugoslavia.Case: Breakup of the former Yugoslavia.
 Ideological Communal TerrorismIdeological Communal Terrorism
 A pattern of post- World War II civil wars.A pattern of post- World War II civil wars.
 Cases: Greece. Angola. Indonesia.Cases: Greece. Angola. Indonesia.Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

11.  The New Dissident Terrorist MoralityThe New Dissident Terrorist Morality
 Fewer moral scruples than previous generations.Fewer moral scruples than previous generations.
 Broader definitions of “enemy” groups.Broader definitions of “enemy” groups.
 Unrestricted use of modern weapons technologies.Unrestricted use of modern weapons technologies.
 Terrorist Cells and Lone WolvesTerrorist Cells and Lone Wolves
 Cells: Indistinct command & organizational configurations.Cells: Indistinct command & organizational configurations.
 Lone Wolves: Single individuals.Lone Wolves: Single individuals.
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016