Understanding terror 5e ch 07

Chapter 7:Chapter 7:
Violent IdeologiesViolent Ideologies
Terrorism From the Left and RightTerrorism From the Left and Right
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

 From the Left Fringe to the Right FringeFrom the Left Fringe to the Right Fringe
 Fringe-leftFringe-left: Extreme, often violent, interpretation of Marxist: Extreme, often violent, interpretation of Marxist
or other leftist ideologies.or other leftist ideologies.
 Far-left:Far-left: Radical interpretations of Marxist or other leftistRadical interpretations of Marxist or other leftist
ideologies that are usually non-violent.ideologies that are usually non-violent.
 Liberalism:Liberalism: Policy agenda promoting people’s rights.Policy agenda promoting people’s rights.
Expectation of positive government role.Expectation of positive government role.
 Moderate center:Moderate center: Usually largest segment in democracies.Usually largest segment in democracies.

 From the Left Fringe to the Right FringeFrom the Left Fringe to the Right Fringe
 Moderate center:Moderate center: Usually largest segment in democracies.Usually largest segment in democracies.
 Conservatism:Conservatism: Traditional distrust of change orTraditional distrust of change or
government intervention.government intervention.
 Far-right:Far-right: Strong adherence to social order and tradition.Strong adherence to social order and tradition.
 Fringe-right:Fringe-right: Uncompromising, often violent, belief inUncompromising, often violent, belief in
ethnonationalist or religious superiority.ethnonationalist or religious superiority.

 Ideologies and IdealsIdeologies and Ideals
 Ideologies: Systems of belief.Ideologies: Systems of belief.
 Anarchism: Minimal central governmental control.Anarchism: Minimal central governmental control.
 Propaganda by the deed.Propaganda by the deed.
 Marxism: Class warfare leading to a communist dictatorshipMarxism: Class warfare leading to a communist dictatorship
of the proletariat.of the proletariat.
 Fascism: Strong antidemocratic, anti-Communist belief in lawFascism: Strong antidemocratic, anti-Communist belief in law
and order.and order.
 Often ethnocentric and militaristic.Often ethnocentric and militaristic.Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth

 Class StruggleClass Struggle
 Orthodox Marxism.Orthodox Marxism.
 Relationship to the “means of production.”Relationship to the “means of production.”
 Goal: Dictatorship of the proletariat.Goal: Dictatorship of the proletariat.
 Leftist NationalismLeftist Nationalism
 Selective application of Marxist theory.Selective application of Marxist theory.
 Rooted in Cold War rivalries.Rooted in Cold War rivalries.
 Wars of national liberation.Wars of national liberation.

 Special-Interest ExtremismSpecial-Interest Extremism
 Single-issue terrorism.Single-issue terrorism.
 Cases: Environmentalism. Peace movements.Cases: Environmentalism. Peace movements.
 Problems on the Radical LeftProblems on the Radical Left
 Marxist revolutions occurred in the developing world.Marxist revolutions occurred in the developing world.
 Infighting about the revolutionary party.Infighting about the revolutionary party.
 Soviet versus developing world Communism.Soviet versus developing world Communism.
 Working classes in the West never acquired aWorking classes in the West never acquired a
revolutionary consciousness.revolutionary consciousness.

 Case: Latin AmericaCase: Latin America
 ColombiaColombia
 FARCFARC
 National Liberation ArmyNational Liberation Army
 PeruPeru
 Shining Path (Shining Path (Sendero LuminosoSendero Luminoso))
 Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA)Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA)
 ArgentinaArgentina
 MontonerosMontoneros Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth

 Case: EuropeCase: Europe
 ItalyItaly
 The Red BrigadeThe Red Brigade
 Years of LeadYears of Lead
 GermanyGermany
 Red Army FactionRed Army Faction
 June 2June 2ndnd
MovementMovement
 Northern IrelandNorthern Ireland
 Provisional Irish Republican ArmyProvisional Irish Republican Army


 Political Parties and Dissident MovementsPolitical Parties and Dissident Movements
 Reflect the distinctive features of national environments.Reflect the distinctive features of national environments.
 Neofascist political parties in Europe and Latin America.Neofascist political parties in Europe and Latin America.
 Unorganized or partly organized dissident movements.Unorganized or partly organized dissident movements.
 Tradition and OrderTradition and Order
 Defenders of a supreme principle such as a “new order.”Defenders of a supreme principle such as a “new order.”
 Scapegoating enemy groups.Scapegoating enemy groups.Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth

 Right-Wing NationalismRight-Wing Nationalism
 Notion of a superior national group or race.Notion of a superior national group or race.
 Loyalty to the superior group.Loyalty to the superior group.
 Subordination of inferior groups.Subordination of inferior groups.
 Religion and MysticismReligion and Mysticism
 Not universal traits on the reactionary right.Not universal traits on the reactionary right.
 Common in America.Common in America.
 Less common in Europe or Latin America.Less common in Europe or Latin America.

 Case: EuropeCase: Europe
 GermanyGermany
 Usually street-level confrontations.Usually street-level confrontations.
 ItalyItaly
 Random attacks by small fascist-leaning groups.Random attacks by small fascist-leaning groups.
 TurkeyTurkey
 Grey Wolves.Grey Wolves.
 Northern IrelandNorthern Ireland
 Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF)Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF)Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth

 The “New Terrorism”The “New Terrorism”
 Difficult to classify as “left” or “right” terrorism.Difficult to classify as “left” or “right” terrorism.
 The Terrorist Left in the New EraThe Terrorist Left in the New Era
 Defeat of the urban guerrillas.Defeat of the urban guerrillas.
 A few remaining “rebels in the hills.”A few remaining “rebels in the hills.”
 Some grass-roots neo-anarchist activism.Some grass-roots neo-anarchist activism.
 The Terrorist Right in the New EraThe Terrorist Right in the New Era
 Continued scapegoating.Continued scapegoating.
 Rightist reactions to unpopular agendas.Rightist reactions to unpopular agendas.

Understanding terror 5e ch 07

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Understanding terror 5e ch 07