Chapter 6: Violence in the Name of the Faith, Religious Terrorism

1. Chapter 6:Chapter 6:
Violence in the Name of the FaithViolence in the Name of the Faith
Religious TerrorismReligious Terrorism
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
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2.  Understanding Jihad as a Primary MotiveUnderstanding Jihad as a Primary Motive
 Greater Jihad: Struggling with oneself to do what isGreater Jihad: Struggling with oneself to do what is
right.right.
 Lesser Jihad: The outward defense of Islam.Lesser Jihad: The outward defense of Islam.
 The Protocols of the Learned Elders of ZionThe Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion as aas a
Secondary MotiveSecondary Motive
 Forgery written by Czarist secret police around 1895.Forgery written by Czarist secret police around 1895.
 Used repeatedly to scapegoat Jews.Used repeatedly to scapegoat Jews.Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

3.  Judeo-Christian AntiquityJudeo-Christian Antiquity
 Bible references to violence in the name of the faith.Bible references to violence in the name of the faith.
 Includes conquest and annihilation of enemies.Includes conquest and annihilation of enemies.
 Christian CrusadesChristian Crusades
 A series of Western Christian military campaigns.A series of Western Christian military campaigns.
 Marked by many atrocities against non-Christians.Marked by many atrocities against non-Christians.
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

4.  The AssassinsThe Assassins
 Founded in 11Founded in 11thth
-century Persia to purify the faith.-century Persia to purify the faith.
 Adept at disguise, stealth, and surprise killings.Adept at disguise, stealth, and surprise killings.
 A Secret Cult of MurderA Secret Cult of Murder
 Thuggee cult in 13Thuggee cult in 13thth
to 19to 19thth
century India.century India.
 Ritually strangled and mutilated travelers.Ritually strangled and mutilated travelers.
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

5.  Modern Arab Nationalism and the Rise of IslamistModern Arab Nationalism and the Rise of Islamist
ExtremismExtremism
 A progression from secular phases of Arab nationalism.A progression from secular phases of Arab nationalism.
 Movement has transcended most ethnic and culturalMovement has transcended most ethnic and cultural
differences.differences.
 Cult Case: Mysticism and Rebellion in UgandaCult Case: Mysticism and Rebellion in Uganda
 Alice Lakwena’s Holy Spirit Mobile Force.Alice Lakwena’s Holy Spirit Mobile Force.
 Josef Kony’s Lord’s Resistance Army.Josef Kony’s Lord’s Resistance Army.Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
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6. Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
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7.  National Case: IranNational Case: Iran
 Revolutionary Guards Corps’ Qods (Jerusalem) Force.Revolutionary Guards Corps’ Qods (Jerusalem) Force.
 Cases: Support for Lebanon’s Hezbollah and PalestinianCases: Support for Lebanon’s Hezbollah and Palestinian
Islamists.Islamists.
 Regional Case: Pakistan and IndiaRegional Case: Pakistan and India
 Hindu-Muslim conflict.Hindu-Muslim conflict.
 Pakistan’s Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI).Pakistan’s Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI).
 Cases: War in Jammu and Kashmir and Golden TempleCases: War in Jammu and Kashmir and Golden Temple
massacre.massacre.
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

8.  Regional Case: Religious Zealotry in the Middle EastRegional Case: Religious Zealotry in the Middle East
 Convergence of claims by Islam, Judaism, and Christianity.Convergence of claims by Islam, Judaism, and Christianity.
 Case: Competing claims to Jerusalem and sacred sites.Case: Competing claims to Jerusalem and sacred sites.
 Movement Case: The InternationalMovement Case: The International MujahideenMujahideen
 Islamist “holy warriors” sworn to defend the faith.Islamist “holy warriors” sworn to defend the faith.
 Case: The Afghan Arabs.Case: The Afghan Arabs.
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

9.  Organization Case: Al-Qa’ida’s ReligiousOrganization Case: Al-Qa’ida’s Religious
FoundationFoundation
 A movement and loose network.A movement and loose network.
 Inspired by Osama bin Laden’s worldview.Inspired by Osama bin Laden’s worldview.
 Belief that Islamist armed resistance is required.Belief that Islamist armed resistance is required.
 Transnational Case: The AlgerianTransnational Case: The Algerian JihadisJihadis
 Civil war in Algeria during 1990s.Civil war in Algeria during 1990s.
 Violent Islamist uprising.Violent Islamist uprising.
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

10.  Internecine Case: Sectarian Civil War in IraqInternecine Case: Sectarian Civil War in Iraq
 Sectarian conflict between Sunni and Shi’a Muslims.Sectarian conflict between Sunni and Shi’a Muslims.
 Presence of Al-Qa’ida inspired Sunni Islamists.Presence of Al-Qa’ida inspired Sunni Islamists.
 Backlash by Shi’a majority.Backlash by Shi’a majority.
 National Case: Boko Haram in NigeriaNational Case: Boko Haram in Nigeria
 Sectarian conflict in northeast Nigeria.Sectarian conflict in northeast Nigeria.
 Boko Haram’s opposition to Western influence.Boko Haram’s opposition to Western influence.
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

11.  Cult Case: Aum ShinrikyōCult Case: Aum Shinrikyō
 Japan-based cult founded in 1987 by Shoko Asahara.Japan-based cult founded in 1987 by Shoko Asahara.
 At peak, 9,000 members inn Japan and 40,000At peak, 9,000 members inn Japan and 40,000
worldwide.worldwide.
 March, 1995 Tokyo subway sarin nerve gas attack.March, 1995 Tokyo subway sarin nerve gas attack.
 5,000 to 6,000 people were injured.5,000 to 6,000 people were injured.
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
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12. Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
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