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1. IDEALISM
BY PUKAR NEUPANE

2. INTRODUCTION
 Idealism is a philosophical belief that emphasizes the importance of ideas,
concepts, and values above material objects and physical reality. Idealists
believe that the world we experience is a result of our perceptions and that
the mind plays a key role in shaping the world around us. They often reject
the notion that reality exists independently of human thought and argue that
the external world is only known to us through our subjective
experiences.Idealism takes various forms, including metaphysical,
epistemological, and political idealism. Metaphysical idealism posits that the
ultimate reality lies in the world of ideas rather than the material world.
Epistemological idealism contends that knowledge is based on our subjective
experiences and that we can never have objective knowledge of the external
world. Political idealism seeks to achieve a utopian society based on moral
principles and values.Proponents of idealism argue that it offers a more
holistic and thoughtful perspective on the world by embracing the complexity
of human consciousness and experience.

3. WHAT IS IDEALISM?
 Reality is subjective and mental, not objective and material.
 The physical world is a manifestation of a spiritual or non-physical reality.
 Human beings have an innate capacity for reason and understanding.
 Truth and knowledge are universal and transcendent.
 Ethics and morality are important for human life, and the pursuit of moral
excellence is the ultimate goal.

4. TYPES OF IDEALISM?
 Berkeleyan Idealism: This theory was developed by the philosopher George
Berkeley. It asserts that physical objects only exist if they are perceived by a
conscious mind, and that there are no independent material objects.
 Absolute Idealism: This theory was developed by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich
Hegel. It holds that the universe is a manifestation an absolute spirit or mind,
and that all reality is ultimately spiritual.
 Subjective Idealism theory holds that all reality is dependent on human
perception and consciousness. It asserts that the world exists only within the
mind, and that there is no external objective reality.
 Transcendental Idealism: This theory was developed by Immanuel Kant. It
holds that reality is shaped by both our perceptions and the structures of our
mind. Kant argued that we cannot know the true nature of the world beyond
our mental representations of it, but that our perceptions are shaped by
innate concepts and categories that structure our experiences of reality.
 Platonic Idealism: This theory was developed by Plato. It asserts that there is
a perfect realm of abstract concepts or Ideas that is more real than the
physical world we experience. The physical world is only a shadow or
imperfect copy of these ideal forms.

5. CONCLUSION
 Idealism has been an influential philosophical perspective throughout history
and has had significant impacts on various fields, including spirituality,
metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and politics. By emphasizing the
importance of the mind and consciousness in shaping our understanding of
reality, idealism challenges conventional views of objective reality and offers
alternative ways of understanding the world around us. Its influence can be
seen in various religious and spiritual practices, as well as in scientific and
cultural movements. Idealism has also had implications for social and political
philosophy, inspiring movements that prioritize the values of human
autonomy, creativity, and individualism, while also promoting a more holistic
and interconnected perspective on the world.