The Development of Models for Understanding Obsidian Hydration Rates in Ancient Societies

Stratum 3 In The Blue Mountain Site
Stratum 3 in the Blue Mountain site lacks any evidence of settlement or subsistence; on the other
hand, this could be evidence that the people who were there were nomadic rather than sedentary.
The 4,534 debitage pieces and 234 cores suggest that it was a hunter–gatherer society and they used
local obsidian which means that they could have had no contact with other people and likely did not
travel very far. The majority of their tools were also made from the outer part of the cores. Stratum 2
is the same volcanic ash that covers all the sites. Stratum 1 is very similar to stratum 3 and lacks any
evidence of settlement, subsistence, or contact with outside groups. The increase in debitage and
cores could imply that their population had grown
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Shoen Tell Assignment
Mortuary remains are a major source of data on human social relations. In this exercise, you will
analyze data from a fictive mortuary assemblage (described below and separate data sheet), and then
discuss some of the ambiguities and pitfalls of this sort of analysis. Shoen–Tell Site: An
unscrupulous archaeologist by the name of Henirich Hochstetter excavated the Shoen–Tell site in
Turkey in the late 1920s. Hochstetter was interested more in antiquities than in data, so he provided
little substantive information tot eh professional community about his dig or his findings. However,
a conscientious assistant of Hochstetter's, Roxanne Browne, managed to collect detailed information
on fifty of the burials Hochstetter plundered. Her data is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some items could be offerings to spirits or what may be needed in the afterlife. 8. Discuss some
problems with using partial data from a site and information from a looted site in trying to create
social patterns from an archaeological perspective. Totally incomplete data! Was there any location
order to the midden sites with regards to individuals rank? Too small of a sample from the site to
draw any sound conclusions. Number | Sex | Age | Location | Position | Grave Goods/Remarks | 1 |
M | 20–24 | M | FF | Chert blade, chert point | 2 | ? | <1 | C | EX | 2 copper bracelets, amber beads,
colored pottery bird, colored pot | 3 | F | 20–24 | M | FF | Grey bowl | 4 | M | 40–44 | M | PF | 2 chert
blades, chert point | 5 | M | 30–34 | M | FF | 2 chert blades, chert point | 6 | M | 20–24 | M | FF | Chert
blade | 7 | M | 15–19 | M | FF | Chert point | 8 | ? | 1–4 | M | FF | None | 9 | ? | 1–4 | M | OO | None |
10 | ? | 5–9 | M | FF | Grey pottery bird | 11 | F | 15–19 | M | FF | Grey jar | 12 | M | 15–19 | M | FF |
Chert blade, chert point, grey bowl with charred barley seeds | 13 | F | 35–39 | C | EX | Copper
bracelet and beads, amber pendant, 3 colored pots, colored pottery figurine and colored bowl with
charred barley | 14 | M | 35–39 | M | FF

Superman And Wonder Woman
It all started out in New York, Superman was fighting Parasite.Parasite was about to destroy
Superman when someone flew out of nowhere and saved superman. At first Superman thought it
was Supergirl but when she landed Superman couldn't believe his eyes it was Wonder Woman. She
came from New Jersey and rescued Superman. One week later Wonder Woman was also about to be
destroyed, but Superman came to the rescue Wonder Woman couldn't believe that Superman saved
her. A month later Superman and Wonder Women were fighting crime and together they were
unstoppable, unbeatable and invincible. A year later after SuperMan and WonderWoman were dating
SuperMan proposed with a sapphire ring in 1998. They lived a happy crime fighting life.
In the year of 2000, Superman and Wonder Woman had a beautiful baby girl named Sapphire. She
had long black hair and dark blue eyes and was the sweetest little girl that anyone has ever met.
Years later superman and Wonder Woman were captured by batman and catwoman and sapphire was
only three years old. So sapphire had to live with her aunt and uncle. Thirteen years later, Sapphire
was about to turn 16. sapphire was sick of this one boy bullying her everyday at school his name
was Obsidian. He was the son of Batman and Catwoman . He had black hair and hazel eyes. He was
only a year older than young sapphire. He was super smart kid and he was a good gymnast. In New
York City that's where obsidian was born and where they still live today. On 1999

The explicit presentation of the mathematics involved in...
The explicit presentation of the mathematics involved in the Arrhenius equation (Michels, Tsong,
and Smith 1983) rendered the parameters involved in glass hydration understandable. However, the
actual implementation of the physical processes described in the mathematical equations into a
model replicating the natural environment is a complicated problem hard to solve (Stevenson 1998).
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODELS FOR THE UNDERSTANDING OF OBSIDIAN
HYDRATION RATES
In order to understand the obsidian hydration dating method, a model that can demonstrate the
process of glass hydration under a certain range of environmental conditions is needed. To
implement this, the nature of the concerned materials i.e. glass and water should be adequately ...
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1999).
Correlation of Rind Width with Chronometric Dates
The initial strategy to document hydration rate development was the correlation of rind widths with
independent chronometric dates provided primarily by radiocarbon dating or dendrochronological
assays (Stevenson 1998: 1983–84). The limits of this method stem largely from the uncertainty of
the association between the obsidian fragment and the absolute date. The result of this method has
been weakened by its failure to provide rate equation (Meighan 1983).
Induced Hydration Model:
In an innovative approach to the rate development problem, Ambrose (1976), Friedman and Long
(1976) initiated the "Induced Hydration" approach. Flakes of obsidian were hydrated at one
atmosphere in a reaction vessel raised to temperatures between 95°C and 245°C. Drops of water
were injected at regular intervals into the vessel in order to maintain the environment at 100%
relative humidity at one atmosphere of pressure. But the experiment failed to reproduce the actual
hydration rate since the continuous refill of the surface layer of molecular water through moisture
condensation has resulted in an excessive dissolution of glass matrix, hence did not allow the
hydration layer to develop in a manner that reflects periodic replacement (Stevenson et al. 1998)
Michels et al. (1983) Alternate Model:
An alternate model of rate development has been presented by Michels and his colleagues (1983)
several years later. In their model,

Mayan Civilization Anthropology
Throughout the semester, we have delved deep into the many aspects of archeology. Submerged in
the world of archeology, we have seen it evolve to the point where it could help us investigate a site
even as complex as Copan. The ultimate question leading to the sites complexity: why did Copan
collapse? The considered categories, the monuments, people, bones, botany and houses of the
ancient Mayan Civilization, will aid in the investigation– turning questions into answers and
theories into facts. Using different types of archeological practices including bioarchaeology,
zooarchaeology, forensic archaeology, taphonomy as well as others, Copan itself will illustrate a
story that has long been locked away. Monuments have been used countless ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The Maya used obsidian to create blades for cutting materials and in using extensive dating
techniques, it seems that they were used from A.D. 500–1200 and then A.D. 950–1000. After this
time, the blades are not found. The obsidian hydration dating is a procedure used to create these
dates by measuring the build up of microscopic rind left on the artifact. Researchers then use the
average modern temperature and moisture of the area the obsidian was found and project it back to
ancient time. The age of the artifact is then calculated based off of the thickness of the rind (Sabloff:

Essay on Catal Huyuk was a Civilization
Catal Huyuk was a Civilization
According to archaeologist in order to be defined as a civilization certain criteria must be met. Early
archaeologists believed in order to be considered a civilization a society must have cultural
superiority, which meant they must have the ability to read and write. If this was the sole criteria
used to judge if a society was labeled a civilization, then you could say the Inca of South America,
who constructed cities on top of mountains and had a complex system of irrigation canals, were not
one because they did not have a system for reading or writing. Modern archaeologists now think of
civilization as not better but different. The modern definition of civilization consists of the
development of cities, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is often seen in ax heads and maces. Obsidian mirrors are made in the same grounding process.
Bone needles used for stitching clothes were also found. My point with identifying all these
different methods of making tools is that it is highly unlikely that each and every household had the
skills to do all these functions. There must have been class levels in this society and since there
wasn't any sign of currency they must have used some sort of bartering system attain these services.
Like a hunter going to get his ax re–sharpened and paying the craftsmen with some game that he has
killed.
The clay balls mentioned during class were very technologically advanced for the time. These clay
balls were used in all sorts of ways. For instance after being heated they could be used for bringing
water to a boil quickly and the clay balls could also be used in cooking meat. The clay balls are
placed inside the meat buried and as the clay balls slowly cool the meat cooks. The final use for the
clay balls that was mentioned during class was for heating a section of the house. Since the only
opening on the roof was over the oven it would be very dangerous to have an open fire near the
beds, which the residents of Catal Huyuk probably had to learn the hard way. That's why the clay
balls were so handy to have all they did was radiate heat.
It appears that Catal Huyuk was a

Research Paper On Mayan Civilization
the mayan civilization was so skilled and advanced that they can predict solar eclipses. some
scientist calls the maya as "the stone age culture". the mayan civilization developed metal before the
spanish came. they did not use the metal for weapons or tools and other stuff. the mayan people used
metal for trade for food or clothing. they would use obsidian for weapons and tools. they built
sculptures, art, tools, and crafts from obsidian because they thought that obsidian was stronger and
sharper. the mayan civiliation believed in many gods but the main one was that the sun god and the
moon god. they believed that they sent their son and daughter to form people out of clay so they
could worship the gods. the people kept on falling apart because

Obsidian Energy Case Study
Obsidian Energy is a gas and oil producer of energy. It is located in Calgary, Canada. The company
showed increasingly exciting growth in the third quarter of the last year. The CEO David French
recently addressed the wells that were discovered in the Rocky Mountains of Western Canada. In
that comment, Finch added that there are three million acres of land included in that region. This is
encouraging news for the energy community. Obsidian Energy had begun exploration in the area
just this past year. The results of that exploration have been promising. So afar three wells have been
created that have produced 2,000 barrels of product per day. This equals 60 barrels of energy in the
form of oil each day. That has far exceeded the expectation

The Rock Cycle
The Rock Cycle
The rock cycle is a very important cycle of our lives, we can change our form from any three ways.
There are three types of rocks we can change into, metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary.
Changing our form isn't the easiest thing in the world. We must change by either melting, erosion
and compression, or heat and pressure.
When I was born I started off as a little igneous rock. Before I was a rock, I was magma drifting up
through the rift of a large volcano. When I finally reached the surface, I cooled faster than most
rocks. I formed on the surface of the earth. Some of the other rocks said I looked glassier or shiner
than others. I could have turned out as a coarse grained igneous rock or a fine–grained but the other
rocks say I turned out glassy. An example of glassy igneous rock is obsidian. Obsidian is glassy and
was cooled faster than others. Obsidian rock doesn't have a lot of crystals unlike granite which has
well formed crystals. While I was a glassy igneous rock I saw a lot of ... Show more content on
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Over the next few days it felt like I was being heated and enormous amounts of pressure were being
placed on me. Slowly the heat and pressure went away. When it was finally over the rocks said I
looked different than before. I had turned into a non–foliated metamorphic rock due to all the heat
and pressure being applied to me at one time. Metamorphic rocks are rocks that are changed by heat
and pressure and they can either be foliated or nonfoliated. Non–foliated rocks show no sign of
banding like foliated rocks do. An example of non–foliated rock is gneiss, gneiss shows no sign of
banding. When I was a metamorphic rock I saw a lot of things such as hot lava and walls of stone all
because when I was changing into a metamorphic rock I was formed deep underground and not on
the surface like some rocks. After a while the scenery got boring, I think I waited for another a week
until I was finally on the surface of the

Octavia Butler's Speech Sounds
"Speech Sounds" is a short story written by Octavia Butler that follows the adventures of Rye in a
dystopian world where a mysterious pandemic severely limits humankind's ability to communicate.
Written in the time period of the late 1970's/early 1980's, Rye as a female in a dystopian story is
unusual and against the normal conventions for this genre of stories. So now Rye, a woman with the
ability to speak, becomes the dominant female character throughout the story. This breakthrough
fight against the norms allows Butler to take steps forward in feminist culture through the power of
Rye's character. Through Rye's actions and dialogue, it is seen that she does not stand for
man??????? As a genre, science fiction literature is based off of ... Show more content on
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Gender stratification is the idea of how each gender is "given different access to property, power,
prestige, and other privileges available in their society" (Henslin 232). Butler opposes this ideal with
the implementation of a character with intelligence, bravery, determination, and ambition. When the
male passengers on the bus think Rye is having sex with Obsidian for the ride, they all believed that
she should also give themselves and the rest of the men on the bus sex too. This reaction shows that
men think they have a right over women. Women are objects, less important even. However, this
approach is undone by Rye throughout the whole story.]]]]] She is willing to use her gun to shoot the
man on the bus (Butler 249). Although women can be viewed as "defenseless", Rye takes immediate
action when it comes to her own safety, even when she knows such action could be "punished by
beatings, [or] even death" (Butler 247). She fears for her safety again on page 253, where she shoots
the man who shot Obsidian. Instead of fleeing for her safety or attacking the man in some other way,
she takes matters into her own hands. Another instance where Rye defies gender stratification is
when she initiates sex with Obsidian (252). It is obvious that Rye had feelings for Obsidian and took
advantage of having developed a relationship with someone for the first time in years. Instead of
waiting for Obsidian to start something, she took it upon herself to do it because she didn't want to
lose those feelings of love and safety that she forgot all about. It distracted her from the hell she was
living in and she wanted to preserve it as best she could. The likely passiveness of how women are
in this setting is obviously lost on her. Rye does not care about everyone's expectations of her, or the
amount of power and status she apparently has. She essentially dismantles all

Analysis Of Speech Sounds By Octavia Butler
The short story "Speech Sounds" is a science fiction story written by Octavia Butler. This essay
portrays a central theme that really opened my eyes as well as many others. This theme is to never
take your ability to communicate for granted. Communication is a huge part of our culture and
civilization. I never truly realized how important communication really was until reading this story.
Without it, we cannot express our feelings in a correct manner. Not being able to connect with other
individuals results in it being very hard to cooperate with others, causing chaos amongst society. In a
short amount of time, the world would turn on each other causing mass amounts of violence.
Likewise, this is similar to the story "Speech Sounds." There are many takeaways one can have after
reading this story.
Additionally, there is some background information about the author that is significant to the story.
In June 1947, Octavia Butler was born in Pasadena, California. Butler had a very rough childhood.
Moreover, growing up in the racially integrated community of Pasadena, Butler experienced ethnic
diversity when racial segregation was at its worst. Being an African American and being diagnosed
with dyslexia, made it extremely tough for Octavia at this point in her life. Also, she started working
with her mother cleaning houses at age seven. "Speech Sounds" was published in 1983 which was
during the cold war.
In the story, the unknown epidemic has civilization in chaos and severely limits humankind's ability
to communicate. Many of the citizens are deprived of their ability to read or write. Others lose the
ability to speak. Society identifies themselves by carrying items or symbols that represent their
name. Furthermore, individuals communicate through common sign language and gestures that can
commonly result into mayhem. Correspondingly, it appears common that the folks who obtain the
illness, are the ones who are attacking the non–infected humans. One very important quote that
directly represents the effects of the virus is, "The illness, if it was an illness, had cut even the living
off from one another. As it swept over the country, people hardly had time to lay blame on the
Soviets. The illness was stroke–swift

Analysis Of Jennifer Armentrout's 'Obsidian'
The book Obsidian by Jennifer L. Armentrout is based around the life of a young female named
Katy who just moved to a small desolate town near West Virginia. The story begins with Katy's
mom encouraging her to speak to the twins living next door. Daemon has a mysterious and arrogant
vibe to him, and Dee (his sister) instantly hits it off with the protagonist. A friendship was forged on
many levels between the three characters. For example, Daemon is very against Dee and Katy being
friends due to their differences, he states "You don't need to be friends with someone...someone like
her." although there is a void between Daemon and Katy the chemistry between them is undeniable
even though their personalities seem to be incompatible. Strange

Nether Portal Essay
How to Build a Nether Portal in Minecraft: Xbox 360 Edition
If you have just started out in Minecraft, or if you are already into the game and have acquired
Stone, Iron, Diamonds ect. and you need to know how to build a nether portal, then this guide
should help you.
If you have just started out and you have nothing, and you say "I really wanna work towards
building a nether portal as my main goal." the first thing you would need to do is start collecting
wood. Now, if you don't know how to collect wood, basically you walk up to a tree and hold down
the right trigger until the wood has broken, then you should have either picked it up or if you see it
floating around the ground walk over to it and it should appear in your inventory (press ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You must keep digging to find diamonds (this might take quite some time) . Once you find
diamonds, you will need to craft a diamond pickaxe. This is absolutely necessary because you
cannot mine obsidian with any other pickaxe.
You might now be thinking "What's obsidian?". Obsidian is what you need to build the portal. Now
you will need to find or create this substance. To create it, you can pour water on top of lava with a
bucket, and to find it you will have to look near lava. You will need about 12 of these. The shape of
the portal is going to be a rectangle, standing up. On the bottom you will need 4, and then put 3
blocks on the bottom left and right blocks, then two in between those two at the top.
The portal is not complete, though. You will need flint and steel. To craft this you need flint and
iron. To acquire flint you will need to dig gravel, which is found underground and in caves. After
crafting this, go to your portal and press the left trigger to light it. It should be purple inside of the
rectangle, which means that it worked. To go inside you just have to stand there until you appear in
the Nether. So obviously that means it worked. You have successfully created a nether

What Are The Theories Of The Mayan Building And Warfare
Mayan Building/Warfare
My theory is they created tools for many different things and not many were for war because the
Mayans weren't violent people The Mayan people created tools that could be easily used by hand for
a wide variety of tasks, such as stone cutting, woodworking, farming and sculpting. They were
typically simple in design, with minimal decoration and curved blades fastened to wooden or bone
handles. Farming tools were crafted to reduce any unnecessary amount of work and to improve crop
quality through techniques such as slash–and–burn agriculture. The Mayans also dug ditches for
irrigation with stone and wood tools. Stone and wood used for building structures were cut with
special hand tools made of volcanic glass or durable

Speech Sounds Octavia Butler Analysis
Octavia Butler, the author of "Speech Sounds" and many other short stories, is a well–known author
for her feminist point of view which might be attributed to her father who died when she was young
and her mother taking on the role as the father figure as well as the mother figure. After the bus stop,
Valerie Rye, the protagonist in this short story who goes by Rye for a lot of the short story, met
Obsidian who Rye assumes his name to be; also, he used to be a LAPD officer. Rye immediately
trusts Obsidian to drive her to Pasadena to see what is left of her family. In Octavia Butlers "Speech
Sounds," the men and women have reverse gender roles throughout this short story than we are used
to because men in our world tend to have more power over women. After the bus came to a full and
complete stop, Rye left the bus and she saw Obsidian who was "a big man, young, nearly bearded
with dark thick hair" (Butler 409). It was unusual because the Obsidian was wearing a Los Angeles
Police Department uniform even though LAPD had been dismantled many years ago, and replaced
with neighborhood watchmen along with armed men. Police officers, in today's world, either male
or female, are assumed to be indestructible even though we know that they get hurt some times in
their line of work. Also, they are believed to be trustworthy and dependable for our needs. After
Obsidian and Rye were driving in their car and were disturbed by the un–named man and woman
who ran out of a

Jarmo Case Study
An Early Agriculture Village: What was the diet of the people of Jarmo? The people of Jarmo ate
many different things. They grew barley and 2 types of wheat. They also ate meat from their animals
(goat, sheep and pigs). In addition, they also consumed large amounts of land snails. 2. Why does
Braidwood find it interesting that portable pottery did not appear until late in the life of Jarmo?
Portable pottery was not common in the village of Jarmo. It only appears in the last third of the life
of the community, and only in certain parts of the land. The people of Jarmo used to make pots the
sizes of their houses, until they had the idea to make them greatly smaller. 3A. Why does the
existence of obsidian tools indicate the people of Jarmo ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What three advantages of Rome's location does Cicero mention? Rome had three main assets that
other cities didn't have. One, Rome was surrounded by land on all sides, which means enemies
could be seen coming from all directions with plenty of advanced notice. Secondly, the geography
around Rome gave the city another advantage. There were steep hills around all side and the only
entrance is above a deep ditch making it extremely hard for enemies to enter. Thirdly, the hills
offered the city a breeze and provided shade from the hot sun. 3. Why do you think geography is
such a important factor in the devolvement of cities? Geography is very important when expanding
a city. Cities are developed where resources including: water, soil, animals, plants, are plentiful. The
areas of land with the highest populations are usually around a water source. Deserts and have the
lowest populations because it's hard to sustain life in a very dry, hot environment. People want to
live where resources are abundant. Justinian's Code According to the code, what are the precepts of
the law? There are two Precepts of Justian's law. One: Justice is the constant and perpetual desire to
give to each pother that to which he is

Tezcatlipoca Obsidian Mirror Analysis
Tezcatlipoca's mottled grey stone features irregular blotches over the figures surface, both specks of
black and color dance throughout the surface. The surface seems polished and refined. The scale of
the object is 7.3 in. x 6.4 in. x 3.5 in., making it slightly smaller than life size.
The face of a young man can be seen in this sculpture. The style employed by the artist is described
as simplistic naturalism. The face is near natural without abstracting any details. This style conveys
essential aspects in order to portray a human–like face. Carved into the head are eyes, a nose, and a
mouth bearing its teeth. Decorating the top of the head are delicate engravings that could represent
the god's headdress. Within the headdress there are images ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The Aztec state could have control of craft production, use, and distribution of such goods. The
precious materials used by the craftsmen were not always local to the Valley of Mexico. The
acquisition of such materials also occurred via the extensive trade networks and the economic
control of the Aztec over foreign territories.
The demand on craftsmen resulted in them paying their personal tribute through the products of
their labor. Both the crafts and the fine materials could have acted as tribute through their own merit.
These craft products were produced almost entirely for the nobility and government. The governing
body had control over the arts market in terms of professional activity of the craftsmen, exchange,
and distribution.
In many ways, masks represented the dominance over a groups' goods and services. Masks were
involved in the tribute system to the powerful military Aztec state. Therefore, they had a deep
connection to the socio–economic system of tribute demand. Masks worked as a mechanism to
symbolize an elite groups supremacy and elite's intent and right thereof to collect tribute from a
subordinate

Economy in Early American Civilizations: Maya, Aztecs and...
The economic systems of early American societies were very similar. One of these societies, the
Mayans, lived in southern Mexico and northern Central America from the 3rd to the 10th century
CE, and they relied on the trade of goods such as obsidian and crops such as cacao beans. Another
American civilization was the Aztec civilization. They were located in the Valley of Mexico around
the 13th to 16th century CE, and they used slash–and–burn farming to plant crops to trade. The Inca
Empire existed from the 13th to the 16th century CE along the Pacific coast of South America near
the Andes Mountains. The Inca used terrace farming and irrigation to grow crops such as corn. The
economies of these early American civilizations were heavily ... Show more content on
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Maya economy and trade is still one of the more mysterious aspects of Maya life. Research into the
area is very tricky, as the records left behind by the Maya themselves in terms of their trade are
little. They mostly would document their wars and lives of their leaders much more completely than
their trading patterns.
The Mayan economy depended upon trading and centralized markets to sustain itself. They used
canoes to transport goods across rivers and lakes. Cacao beans were used as currency, or traders
bartered with each other to exchange goods. They traded food with societies close to them and
nonperishable goods, such as obsidian, with societies farther from them. In Mayan society,
agriculture was looked upon as a key part to the economy. The Mayans main crops that were grown
were corn, beans, chili peppers, and squash. These crops were a very big priority for the Mayan
settlement and economy for trading purposes. The Mayans also developed wonderful cities with
larger community centers. These centers featured temples, pyramids, and palaces. These were good
strategic central location which would enhance the economy. The Mayan economies wonderful trade
and agricultural products all helped form a great base for the Mayan economy. Those aspects like
agriculture and trading also immensely helped the Aztec civilization. Some major aspects of the
Aztec civilizations were farming and trading. The Aztecs were hunters and

Teotihuacan Culture
The culture that I will be talking about is the culture of Teotihuacán from Mexico. Between
100B.C.E and 200 C.E the city grew rapidly, becoming one of the largest cities in Mesoamerica.
From my perspective there are different factors that contributed to the growth of Teotihuacán,
resources, neighbors, trade, religious matters, and economy. This paper will basically focus on the
economy and how it was utilized to form this urban state of Teotihuacán, whether it be the effects of
trade and tribute, goods and services, reciprocity, or corruption it all played a role in the uprising of
this city. Teotihuacán was developed by different reason but I think that its economy had more
influence on its growth and this may explain the development of Teotihuacán. ... Show more content
"Teotihuacan now experienced a kind of renewal, probably to accommodate the populations growth
and to keep people at work." (Kurtz 1997, 337)The raw and finished material entering Teotihuacán
and its growing political and economic influence throughout Mesoamerica helped to expand its
economy, enlarging markets, increasing jobs, and developing technology. "The completion of the
Ciudadela suggests a centralized political structure. The completion of the political, religious and
market complexes effectively symbolized Teotihuacan's hegemony over a resource zone that
extended from coast to coast."(Ronald 1997, 335) The establishments of these areas around public
building suggest a centralized political system. Some craftsmen engaged in employment by the
elites. This might have been dedicated to the production of exported goods controlled by the elites
and would have complemented the work of craftsmen. It could be said that manufacturing expanded
during this time, and that obsidian was manufactured and exported beyond the basin. I think that
obsidian production was complemented by increase in other work, such as pottery making, painting

Rise And Fall Of The Aztec Empire
Long before the Aztecs there were people known as the Toltecs who lived and flourished in the
Valley of Mexico. They used geological advantages such as large shallow lakes at its center,
accessible resources, and fertile soil to develop advanced civilizations that controlled much of the
area. The Toltecs built and impressive empire with Tollán as the capital, ultimately passing on that
heritage to the Aztecs who considered the Toltecs as a successful civilization. The Aztecs even
claimed that they are descendent from this once powerful civilization.
Aztec Rulers and the Rise and Fall of the Empire:
The founder of the Aztec and first ruler was Acamapichtli. Acamapichtli means Handful of Reeds or
Handful of Arrows. He became ruler in 1376 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Aztecs used two calendars to calculate time. "Since gods ruled specific periods of time, it was
important to know which gods controlled the day. During the time they ruled, offerings were made
to them." (World History Patterns of Interaction) It was extremely important to the Aztecs to offer to
the gods at the right time, so they created a 260 day religious calendar. The second calendar that the
Aztecs created was a 365 day solar calendar to keep track of the days. Once and every 52 years both
cycles started on the same day. The Aztecs also created a sun stone at Tenochtitlan, the capital of the
Aztec's empire. The Aztec calendar stone was 13 feet in diameter and weighs around 24 tons. In the
center of the sun stone is a picture of the sun god. He is surrounded by symbols of movements and
four words: Tiger, Water, Wind and Rain of Fire. There were 20 panels representing the 20 days that
make up each of the 18 months of the Mesoamerican year. The Mesoamerican year was made up of
360 days and 5 more days that were seen as unlucky days. The Aztecs also used a valuable trade
item called obsidian. Obsidian is a hard, glassy, green or black rock found in the Valley of Mexico.
It was used to make razor sharp weapons. The Aztecs also used them to make knives for sacrifices.
The obsidian knives were used to cut out the hearts of the sacrificed person. Another

Radiocarbon Dating
Organic archaeological specimens, matter that was once living, such as bone, shells, skins, fibers,
wool, etc., are all dated by use of radiocarbon dating (anything that once lived). The radiocarbon
dating process measures the Carbon–14 isotopes within the organic material being examined. This
method measures the radioactive emissions from the once living matter, comparing its activity with
the equilibrium level of living things, a measurement of the time elapsed can be made. The
radioactive isotope within the artifact will help determine the objects age.
2. Geological formations and rock samples– Potassium–argon (d)
The age of rock samples and geological formations can be determined by the method of potassium–
argon dating (K–Ar dating). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This dating method is a geochemical method, which determines the age of obsidian (volcanic glass)
by measuring the layer of film present on the rock that has been formed by diffusing water over time
onto the surface of the artifact. The obsidian, over time, absorbs water when exposed to air.
Therefore differentiating conditions the rock is exposed to will determine the amount of water the
sample absorbs. In order to use obsidian hydrations for absolute dating, the conditions that the
materials have been exposed to must be understood, (i.e. climate conditions, location of excavation
will determine hydration levels within the sample), or comparing the material to samples of a known

Speech Sound Octavia Butler
Language is key for survival
In Speech Sound by Octavia Butler is a fascinating short story that embellish in humankind's
inability to communicate with actual words with one another. Language is in fact an active medium
of communication through which we establish and comprehend society norms and custom, is
certainly recognized as a pivotal tool for survival. Is usual to view language as simply system
nonetheless, Butler demonstrate that language is complex system which is vital to describe and
shape our experiences in which our lives unfold. Speech Sound being introducing the main character
named Rye, a woman who was left alone as result of the illness who had stripped her killing her
parents, sisters, husband, children's one by one and the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She asks Obsidian to go home with her, he was surprised but took her offer in consideration
afterword. Rye knew Obsidian was not regular guy and there were few like him, she notices he was
left hand it which is sing that he was less impaired and drive but they are certainly more reasonable
and comprehending and at course more intellectual. This seem to be the perfect ending of story of
two people has been affected by illness and are struggling to survive, although they are privilege
than others. After agreeing that they were unifying their lives and on her way home; they run into
women being a chased by men who is presumably her husband who carry a knife. As soon as
Obsidian encounter this situation he jumped out the car and shout it was the first times Rye had
heard his voice. In few second the men have already stab the women to dead and obsidian killed him
but the unthinkable happen, in moment when Obsidian was distracted the men open his eyes and
pull the trigger and kill Obsidian, he had died and left Rye along, the men that represented hope and
new beginning to Rye was gone now. In addition, two children came out of the house where the man
and the woman had run, a boy and little girl they crossed the street where Rye was. They look and
Rye and the directed their path to the woman, the little girl move the

The Obsidian Mirror : The Consequences Of The Mirror
People are often confronted with difficult choices. Ordinarily, these difficult choices have subtle
consequences. Nethertheless, in The Obsidian Mirror, Catherine Fisher writes of Sarah, who has to
choose between two choices with severe repercussions. Sarah is a girl from the future, whose
universe will be destroyed by a time machine called the Obsidian Mirror. In Sarah's time, the
Obsidian Mirror will collapse into a black hole due to the mirror's constant abuse from a man named
Janus. Rashly, Sarah goes back in time to present day Wintercombe, where the Obsidian Mirror
currently is, with the plan to smash the Obsidian Mirror to forestall it from destroying the future.
However, she learns that the Obsidian Mirror is being used by Oberon Venn to bring back his dead
wife along with Jake Wilde, who is trying to bring back his father, who journeyed to the past and got
stuck there. Conflicted, Sarah starts questioning whether she should destroy the Obsidian Mirror,
seeing that doing so would ensure that Venn, along with Jake would never have the ability to bring
their loved ones back. After factoring this in, Sarah should still destroy the Obsidian Mirror. When
the Obsidian Mirror collapses into a black hole, it will have the potential to destroy the universe.
The black hole would kill every single human that is alive, along with everything they worked so
arduously for. "'We found, linked to a network of computers, an ancient, black glass mirror... When
it exploded–––and that

The Transformation Of A Golden Age
When one civilization collapses, the next civilization inherits its accomplishments. In Mesoamerica,
there were many civilizations that preceded the Aztecs. The Teotihuacans, Toltecs, Incas, Olmecs,
and Mayans were various civilizations that occupied the region of Mexico prior to the Aztecs.
Referring to the Teotihuacans, fertile land was most profitable for agricultural purposes. Thus, a
period of economic prosperity resulted. Moreover, the Toltecs harvested obsidian as an export of
trade which benefited the Toltec financial system. Henceforth, pre–Aztec civilizations exhibited
qualities of a golden age. At first glance, a period of economic proliferation in pre–Aztec
civilizations resulted in a golden age; however, due to impending economic turmoil, the Aztec
civilization rose to power due to their authoritarian political regimes.
Primarily, many pre–Aztec civilizations experienced a time of economic augmentation which caused
an era of success; however, economic turmoil resulted in the downfall of these civilizations. For
example, at the beginning of the sixth century, the Teotihuacans grew from a small settlement to a
robust society. Inhabited by 1000 B.C., the Teotihuacan and Cuicuilco civilizations flourished.
However, a disaster struck the civilization of Cuicuilco which resulted in the death of that
civilization. Now, Teotihuacan would be able to grow and flourish into an enormous city.
Furthermore, the Teotihuacan population was comprised of one–hundred fifty

Essay On Minecraft
OPCraft Guide: Base Defense and Raiding Hey there! If you've found your way here, you're
probably into Minecraft. More specifically, the OpCraftFactions Server! OpCraft is one of, if not the
largest Faction server out there. Some of the best PvPers, Cannoneers, and Base Builders can be
found here. Clearly, not everyone is on this "godly" level, everyone has to start somewhere. Thats
where I come in! I'm not claiming to be great, I'm just another player. I've come to show you all
what I know, in the hopes you'll be able to profit off my knowledge. Everyone has a hard time
starting out and learning the ropes of Faction servers, with this information at your disposal,
hopefully you'll be able to pick up a few tips and tricks that'll give you ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
– Understanding the Redstone – Water–Penetrating Cannons/Attachments – Cannon Constructions
Guides! *Use COMMAND + F to enter key phrases, areas of interest, or section titles to quickly
traverse the guide! Enjoy!* Base Defense The key to Faction servers is security. Keeping your
items, your friends, and your Faction safe. Friends and Factions are one thing, but to store and
protect items, you'll need a base. What really is a "base"? Is it a cute little house like the one you
made in Survival? Or the massive castle that you designed on a Towny server, rooms and towers fit
for a "King" and Knights? No. Castles and houses are not bases. A base is a cold, dark, bunker. You
may not like it, it may not look pretty, but it will protect you. So, lesson one: Defenses come first.
You don't get to complain, you don't get to swap out some Obsidian for Cobblestone or Glowstone
because you think it'd look nicer, no. You're going to be digging, placing, and using materials that
you may not have even known existed for this purpose when crafting a base, and that is alright. It
isn't supposed to impress others because of its looks, it is built in such a way so that after 20 straight
shots of 10+ TnT out of a hybrid cannon, this cold, dark, bulky, water soaked behemoth of a "base"
will still be standing, leaving your enemies scattered and jealous. Where to Start? Sounds cool,
doesn't it? Maybe you're over your castle and your beach–house now, and you're ready for
something

Andrew Shortland Archeology
Archeology is not as simple as looking at rocks and figuring out the past. Carbon dating and other
methods that can be used were further explained during this lecture. Other aspects of archeology
were also better elaborated during the talk as well.
The speaker, Doctor Andrew Shortland, told us a little story to begin his lecture and it was about a
man named George Green. His story began with George taking something to the museum and that
something was a valuable 1350 B.C. pop style egyptian mini statue. He brought it in and offered it
to the museum so they could display if to the public and of course get some money. As the story
goes the museum payed £440,000, which in U.S. currency would be about $556,903, as time went
by a new director was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Shortland went on he explained methods of finding out if artifacts were of that time, place, and
material the people used at the time. One of the methods he talked about was Carbon Dating, which
is a way of finding out an object's age by using properties of radiocarbon, a radioactive isotope of
carbon. A second way of finding out an artifact's date can be Potassium–argon dating which can be
used to date extremely old artifacts up to 100,000 years old. The last method he explained was
Obsidian hydration dating which is used on artifacts made from volcanic glass. One thing that got
my attention were the machines they used to find their legitimacy, date, and so on and one of them
was a SEM–EDS, scanning electron microscopy with x–ray microanalysis. It is an electron beam
that scans across a sample's surface. After it scans completely it produces an image or a sample's
elemental composition. The 3 signals that provide the most information in the SEM are the
secondary electrons, backscattered electrons, and X–rays. He also talked about an XRF, X–ray
fluorescence, a non destructive analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of
materials. The XRF analyzers determine the chemistry of a sample by measuring the fluorescent X–
ray emitted from a sample when it is excited by a primary X–ray source. Thirdly he mentioned an
XRD, X–ray powder diffraction, which is a rapid analytical technique primarily used for phase
identification of a crystalline material and

Mayan Calendar Essay
Throughout the years, many different cultures have created many different calendars. Each culture
like the Mayans and Egyptians and others have all used celestial bodies to help determine the
months and years. Each culture has their way of using the celestial bodies to create a calendar
because they had different methods of calculating the time. Having a calendar helped them keep
track of seasonal and celestial events and on predicting eclipses and moon phases.
Originally, the calendars were constructed by ancient civilizations by using the celestial bodies in
which the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars were used as references to calculate the time and to
determine seasons, months, and years. Every culture has kept track of time in their own ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The walls have written and paintings on them which, include the calculations of the Mayan Calendar
which many people believe their calculation prophesies the "end of the world" which the
archaeologist have confirmed not to be true. In Xultun, they have discovered paintings, which
according to William Saturno states, "Maya paintings are incredibly rare, not because the Maya
didn't paint them often, but because they rarely preserve in the tropical environment of Guatemala."
These paintings contain illustrations. The first painting has a king wearing a royal outfit that
contains feathers and a man kneeling beside the king holding a stylus possible being a scribe.
Underneath the painting, there is a label that could be translated to, "Younger Brother Obsidian" or
"Junior Obsidian." The next painting has three men wearing feathered headdresses and medallions
which also have a label translated to, "Older Brother Obsidian" or "Senior Obsidian." The paintings
weren't the only things found, a wall filled with calculation was also found. The wall was filled with
charts of numbers representing bars and dots. Maya astronomers, priests, and mathematicians at the
time used to calculate the moon ages to create the Mayan Calendar and to predict the next eclipses
from observing the heavens. Mayan calculation

The Obsidian Mirror Sparknotes
In the beginning of the story obsidian mirror by Catherine Fisher Sarah arrives at Venns manor. Next
Jake and his teacher Wharton arrive. Jake came to Venns manor trying to figure out what happened
to his dad(Venns best friend and lab partner).Sarah and Jake find out about Venns obsidian mirror
that can be used as a time machine if you are wearing one of the two snake bracelets. Jake also finds
out that his dad traveled in the mirror and never came out. Venn is determined to get the mirror to
work and be able to set the time he wants to go back to, the reason Venn is so determined is that his
wife died in a car crash that he caused and he thinks that if he an go back in time he could prevent
that from happening. Jake try to go in the mirror

The Legend Of Obsidian Susan
This story is all about Obsidian Susan. She was a shiny, black rock called obsidian. Obsidian Susan
was an igneous rock because she was formed by being exploded out of a volcano as magma. Then,
she cooled into rock. She is a pretty rock but she was not like the others. The other rocks had shiny
white crystals that glimmered in the sun. Obsidian Susan thought they all looked beautiful except
her.
What Obsidian Susan really wanted was to look like Ariel Marble. She was the prettiest, shiniest
rock anyone had ever seen! One day, Obsidian Susan went up to her and asked
"How do you get yourself so white and shiny?"
She replied, "It's natural. If you keep trying maybe you could be as neat as me! See you later."
Then, she left to go talk with her other friends.
Then, Obsidian Susan had an amazing idea! What if I try to change myself? She thought. So on she
went. She searched high and low for a place that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Her body was being melted into magma. Then, the ground started to shake. She then realized she
was going to be shot out of a volcano. Since she was magma, she oozed out of the top and started to
slide down. A few minutes later, she was all cooled and to her surprise, she had turned into pumice.
She was an extrusive igneous rock now because when she was magma, she cooled outside of the
volcano so that made her extrusive.
She really didn't like how pumice looked either, she was full of holes and dull. She didn't even look
like a marble rock at all! Then she thought, I really just want to be myself again. So she took one
more chance and jumped back into the volcano, she melted and flowed back out. After she cooled
outside of the volcano, she looked at herself and hoped for the best.
She had turned back into obsidian! She was herself again and she was happy. She really didn't want
to be anyone else anymore. She only wanted to be Obsidian Susan. "There's no way anyone can get
me to change myself again!" she

Octavia Butler's Speech Sounds
Speech Sounds by Octavia Butler is a story that takes place in an apocalyptic world infested with
disease. The effects have caused a large portion of the Earth's population to get wiped out while
many share a worser fate. Many people have completely lost their ability to rationalize, read, or
speak. The protagonist of the story is a woman named Rye who was previously a history teacher.
The disease might have taken away Rye's ability to read, but she is still able to speak and rationalize.
Obsidian is another character who is vital to the progression of the story. He is a man who patrols
the streets while wearing an LAPD uniform, the disease has taken away his ability to speak. The
disease is what propels the story forward. It causes some humans

Warfare In The Aztec Culture
Civilizations have changed over the years from the cavemen using sticks and stones for hunting and
gathering food till now using industries to get our food. With the passing of time humanities
equipment has evolved and helped civilizations become more. Specific cultures used their own type
of equipment for their life styles. The weapons and system of fighting is what helped make each of
these civilizations unique. Aztec's people used wood, stone, and obsidian for their weaponry while
the Greeks used wood, metal, and bronze for theirs. Even though each civilization was different they
have something in common learning to survive with what they have.
Aztecs though they are an older civilizations they were one of the fierce group in the days. Like ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In fact it was called xiphos which is a short sword. These weapons were only used if their spears
were ever lost in combat or snapped during battle. The only other way they would use the xiphos
would be if they were chasing down an enemy since they would have to drop their shield and spear
to lose the weight from keeping them from losing the enemy. Xiphos had a 2 foot blade but Spartans
only had between 1–1.5 feet long blades. The xiphos short blade stature was well needed during
battles against advisories that had shield like the Greeks. When they would clash with other and be
at a type of stale mate the short sword comes in hand for such a close quarter combat to get into
small places that aren't as

Geldart's Misconduct Case Study
D.C. City Council approved a candidate for the Washington Metrorail Safety Commission on
Tuesday who was found guilty of two allegations of misconduct by the D.C. Office of the Inspector
General during his tenure as the director of D.C. Homeland Security and Emergency Management
Agency. Christopher Geldart, 48, was investigated from 2015 to 2017 for three allegations of
misconduct, two of which were substantiated. The council approved Geldart, but four council
members opposed, Charles Allen (D–Ward 6), David Grosso (I–At Large), Elissa Silverman (I–At
Large), and Trayon White Sr. (D–Ward 8). Geldart's ethical concerns were brought to the Council's
attention by Dorothy Brizill of D.C. Watch, an online D.C. government watchdog organization, in
her testimony at a Committee of the Whole Public ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Geldart would bring nothing to the Washington Metrorail Safety Commission" Brizill said as her
concluding remark. Geldart, who Mayor Muriel E. Bowser (D) nominated as an alternate on Jan. 5,
was accused and found guilty of misusing government resources for unauthorized purposes and
operating a General Service Administration vehicle for personal use. Geldart, who served as director
of D.C. Homeland Security and Emergency Management Agency from June 2012 until April 2017,
responded to the allegations of misconduct, saying "I remain steadfast that I did not break any
ethical requirements I swore to." Geldart did not speak specifically about any of the allegations
made against him. The initial allegation against Geldart was filed in 2015 for giving favor to
Obsidian Solutions Group, a technology and homeland security government contractor. During the
Obsidian investigation, the General Services Administration forwarded an additional complaint
against Geldart. Investigators then found another instance of misuse of government resources. The
allegation that Geldart gave Obsidian unethical favor was unsubstantiated, but the two other
allegations were

Granite Rhyolite Acid
My question is, which mineral will make the water most acidic? My hypothesis is, if I use Granite,
Obsidian, and Rhyolite to make the water acidic, then I believe rhyolite will make the water most
acidic. In this project I filled three cups with a half cup of water, then I tested the pH of water. After
that I put the rocks in different cups, and I waited for ten minutes. Then I tested the pH. pH stands
for potential Hydrogen. According to the pH scale the most acidic is one and the most basic is
fourteen. The pH scale ranges from the numbers one to fourteen. Where one through six are acidic,
seven is neutral and eight through fourteen are basic. My materials are, three cups, water, Granite,
Obsidian, and Rhyolite, pH strips, a camera, and a logbook. My hypothesis was correct, Rhyolite
made the water the most acidic. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Acid igneous rocks contain silica contents above sixty three weight percent. Acid igneous rocks
include the coarse–grained granitic rocks, comprising alkali granite, monzogranite, and syenogranite
and fine–grained rocks such as alkali rhyolite, rhyolite and rhyodacite. The majority of acid igneous
rocks are found in the continental crust and, together with intermediate rocks, construct large
composite intrusions. According to www.imperialcollege.com, most acid magmas are thought to be
generated by partial melting of crustal rocks, however, smaller volumes can be generated by extreme
crystal fractionation of basic magmas and are found in a wide range of tectonic settings.
An obsidian rock is an igneous rock as well. It forms when molten rock material cools very quickly
that atoms are unable to arrange themselves into a crystalline structure. On the Mohs scale, the
hardness of an obsidian rock ranges from five to six. An obsidian rock is a basic rock. Basic rocks
have around 50% or less silica and a lot of magnesium and iron. Further classification depends on
other chemical

Paleoamerican Fieldwork : Chivacabe, Huehuetenango, Guatemala
The third article will report on the research results of three planned seasons of fieldwork (either
Spring/Summer or Fall 2018, 2019, and 2020) at the late Pleistocene paleontological site Chivacabe,
Huehuetenango, Guatemala (Western Highlands), and will place it in the larger context of
Paleoamerican activity within Middle America. In the 80s, non–prismatic obsidian artifacts,
including a lanceolate fluted point (Figure...), were found at the site but without archaeological
control. Interestingly, one of the obsidian items is a very small piece of green Pachuca obsidian from
Central Mexico (Figure...). Although not from a known context, the possibility that early
Paleoamerican occupants at the site had access to Central Mexican obsidian is ... Show more content
All are identified by the presence of fluted projectile points and only one, Los Tapiales (Gruhn et al.
1977) has yielded somewhat complementary Paleoamerican 14C dates (Table...). Piedra del Coyote
also yielded early 14C assays, but without diagnostic artifacts.
Other than this small list, very little is known about the earliest occupations in the Guatemalan
Highlands: it is unknown when people first came to the region, what their subsistence or social
practices were, or precisely when they might have transitioned to a broad–spectrum foraging way of
life that typically characterizes the Archaic (see Dillehay 2000). Given the lack of data, Chivacabe
stands to contribute a great deal on this topic for Middle America.
4.1. The Chivacabe Site, Huehuetenango, Guatemala
The site is located on a deep alluvial terrace of a small stream that drains into the Rio Selegua and
the Huehuetenango Basin (Figure ...). Relatively steep valley sidewalls are present to the northwest,
and the terrace slopes gradually down–slope to the east. Some considered the site to be a place
where early Paleoamericans exploited now–extinct megafauna. An on–site museum presents
findings from earlier projects, including a collection of obsidian artifacts, and the bone bed remains
open for viewing (~3–4m below the surface) (Figure...).
This site was discovered in 1976 when the landowner, Octavio Villatoro dug a

A Short Story : A Story?
Anaru woke up covered in sweat, the ground was cold and hard. He had just had a terrible
nightmare. He had had the same nightmare three nights in a row. Every time the same thing
happened, he was swimming in the river, the water was always jet black and every time a group of
eels would bite into his leg. Using the rows of hooked teeth in their mouth to hold his legs tight.
Then they would start to pull him under water, every time he would fight with all his energy, but
every time the eels would pull him under, and just as he thought he was going to die he would wake
up. He knew that these reoccurring nightmares had to mean something so he went to the village
elder and explained what was going on, "every time I go to sleep I have the same nightmare, the eels
they attack and kill me, what does it mean," The elder responded in a low gravelly voice, "young
one these nightmares trouble me, the meaning of them is still not clear, you must go back to your
dreams explore within your mind," Anaru replied, "but how am I supposed to do that?" The elder
laughed a little and whispered, "that is something you must discover yourself" Anaru left the hut
more confused than before. How was he supposed to explore a dream? Anaru was almost annoyed
by the elder's mysterious answer, but he knew that everything the elders said and did had a purpose.
That night before he went to sleep Anaru prayed to Tangaroa, the Maori god of water for protection
in his dreams from whatever lurked below the

Case Study Cocahuischo
The site of Cocahuischo is located in the Tierras Blancas river valley near the modern day city of
Nasca, Peru. Temporally it is on a border between the Early Intermediate period, or EIP and the
Middle Horizon, MH. All ranges of archaeological materials are found at the site, but here the
obsidian projectile points will be examined. After excavations, a total of 18 intact obsidian projectile
points were recovered. While obsidian projectile points were recovered, evidence for the production
of these was very sparse. In total, out of 10 structures excavated, only 6 obsidian flakes and 3 pieces
of shatter were recovered. Obsidian would also be considered an exotic material to the residents of
Cocahuischo and it most likely comes from the Quispisisa ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
We often divide Andean cultures into highland and coastal groups. Cocahuischo, located in the
foothills of the Andes, is in–between these two. With a mainly Nasca component, it would be
labeled as such. Only a few kilometers up valley is the site of Pataraya, a Huari site. It would be
interesting to compare the projectile point assemblage from Pataraya to that of Cocahuischo. This
may be able to tell us some interesting things about how these two sites were related, if at all. More
research, which could also prove interesting, would be the use of geochemical sourcing to tell us
which obsidian outcrop these projectile points came from. As stated earlier, it is probable that this
obsidian was obtained at the Quispisisa source, as this is the most dominantly exploited outcrop for
the Nasca region (Eerkens 2010:829) and for Huari (Stone 1983:29). Interesting trends occur which
would make the projectile point assemblage of Cocahuischo deserving of some geochemical
analysis. According to Eerkins (2010), obsidian from more distant sources (not Quispisisa) was
traded into the area in its completed form. There was also very little evidence for tool manufacturing
at these sites as well. In addition, "source diversity is lower in the southern valleys, and greater in
the Tierras Blancas valley, where at least four non–Quispisisa geochemical types are present"
(Eerkins 2010:829). The site

Obsidian In The Sumerian Goddess
Throughout history and into modern times, Obsidian has been used for a number of reasons, both
mundane and magickal. It is harvested from locations all over the world, and has physical, mental,
emotional, and spiritual healing properties. Common varieties of obsidian include black, snowflake,
and rainbow.
Obsidian can be found throughout the world, in any location where volcanic activity has occurred. It
is a natural glass formed by cooling lava from volcanic eruptions. Obsidian harvested from the San
Carlos Apache Reservation in Arizona is known as "Apache Tears." As a type of glass, obsidian can
be worked to an edge sharper than any metal can achieve.
Obsidian is a variety of quartz, but is not formed in the same crystalline structure as ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
To the Romans, obsidian honors Jana, Goddess of Secret and Hidden Things, perhaps in relation to
its powers of luck. In Polynesia, it is a sacred stone of Pele, Goddess of Fire. Obsidian is also a stone
that corresponds to the Sumerian Goddess of the Underworld, Ereshkigal.
Magickally, obsidian can be used in a variety of ways. Including the stone on your altar during a
spell is a simple way to incorporate obsidian into your work. It can also be made into talismans or
amulets, added to spell bags, bottles, or charms, and fashioned into jewelry. In jewelry, the wearer is
provided with grounding energy associated with the lower chakras. It can dispel negative emotions
by releasing old energy patterns, and transmutes energy blockages into white light.
The black variety of obsidian was revered by ancient cultures. It was a major barter material as it
could be worked into razor–sharped edges for arrows and spears. Since prehistoric times, it has been
used for tools, weapons, mirrors, jewelry, and masks. It is one of the earliest known stones to be
used for scrying. Black obsidian is said to protect the sensitive against depression and it blocks
negativity. Black obsidian also provides protection and strengthens self–control and

Analysis of the Fallout New Vegas Video Game
Fallout New Vegas takes place in post–nuclear Las Vegas, where the New California Republic
(NCR) and Caesars' Legion are battling it out for control of the strip. You are a random courier who
wakes up in the small town of New Springs after being shot in the head. After being patched up, you
set off into the Mojave to find out who shot you. When Fallout New Vegas was announced, I was
not interested in it at all. I had never heard of the Fallout games beforehand, and it just seemed like a
very generic shooter. Was I ever wrong. Fallout New Vegas is now one of my favourite games of all
time. The most amazing thing about Fallout New Vegas is the atmosphere. The game has a very
nineteen fifty's style to it. In the more civilized parts of New Vegas people walk around with the
elvis–style jackets and the flowing skirts that were popular in the 50's. There is also an optional in–
game radio which belts out popular fifties and sixties tunes from the likes of Nat King Cole and
Dean Martin. It all really makes you feel like you're actually there. Another thing that makes Fallout
New Vegas great is overall game–play. The game is a mix between a shooter and a role–playing
game. The game takes place from a first person perspective and your character generally uses guns
and laser weapons, but you also level up. When you level up you get experience points to upgrade
different skills like your ability to fix things or your speaking skills. If you want to be able to talk

What Are The Similarities Between Aztec And Spanish Weapons
Aztec and Spanish Weapon Comparison
The Aztecs and the Spanish had many different weapons, along with a few that were similar. While
the Aztecs used wood and obsidian to make a large amount of their weapons, the Spanish used quite
a bit of wood and mostly steel for their weapons. Despite the different materials, certain weapons
can easily be compared. For example, the bow and arrow and the harquebus. Also, the Aztec's spears
and Spanish lances. And, of course, the macuahuitl and sword. The bow and arrow and the
harquebus are both long distance weapons. You place the ammo in the proper place, aim and fire.
Despite the similar function, they are also quite different. Hard to believe, right? Anyways, the
Aztecs made their bows out of a flexible wood native to Mexico and made the tips of their arrows
from animal bones or obsidian. Of course, the Spanish used several types of metals to create the
harquebus. A harquebus was an early type of rifle that sat on a tripod or forked rest. These guns were
not able to pierce one's armor from a distance, as the Spanish's armor was strong enough to stop the
bullet from easily destroying it. But, at a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was called the macuahuitl. The macuahuitl is a war club with obsidian blades along the sides. This
was a very effective weapon for close combat, despite the fact that the blades shattered after several
uses. Unfortunately, when the Spanish came, the macuahuitl was rendered useless. The swords that
the Spanish used completely destroyed the war clubs. The swords made of steel or bronze easily
shattered the macuahuitl's blades, leaving Aztec warriors with no defense what so ever. Yes,
obsidian is incredibly sharp and can do a large amount of harm to the enemy, but volcanic glass is
brittle. Well, it is glass, so it is expected. Although obsidian is stronger than steel, it is easily
destroyed. Fortunately for the Spanish, they were able to defeat the Aztecs with their steel

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The Development of Models for Understanding Obsidian Hydration Rates in Ancient Societies