Construction Industry's Impact and Safety Issues

Construction Industry And Its Impact On The World Essay
In the year 2009, more than 150 incidents were reported where fatalities occurred due to workers
colliding with construction equipment or other objects on site in The United States. (Marks and
Teizer 2012). The number of these accidents causing deaths in this year accounted for
approximately 18% of the total construction deaths and 3% of the total workplace deaths
experienced that year (Marks and Teizer 2012). Construction Industry is considered as one of the
biggest industries in the world. It plays a vital role in the economic growth of any country
worldwide, as it contributes to a major portion of the gross domestic product of a country (Lee et al.
2009). In the U.S., it adds to almost 4.5% of the total GDP. Apart from this it also offers very high
employment opportunities (Lee et al. 2009). Construction Industry while being one of the leading
employing industries in the world also suffers from worker 's site safety issues. Managing the
construction resources, such as equipment, labor and material is very important for any project to be
successful. Completion of activities on within specified time, budget and quality without any
causality requires an integrated planning effort. For this reason, project completion can be a
challenging and a very time–consuming task (Teizer et al. 2010). The collective effort for many
field personnel, several existing technologies are reviewed for their benefits and limitations of
keeping oversight of resource location and status at job
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The Concept of MSA
LITERATURE SURVEY
The concept of MSAs was first proposed by Deschamps in 1953. A patent were issued in France in
1955 in the names of Gutton and Baissinor. After the 1970, the research publications started to flow
within the appearances of the first design equation. Since the, different authors started investigation
on microstrip patch antennas like James hall, David M. Pozars and there are also some who
contributed a lot. Throughout the years, the authors has dedicated there investigations to create a
new designs or variations to the original antenna that, to some extent; produce either the wider
bandwidth or the multiple frequency operation with in a single element. However most of these
innovations bear some disadvantages related to size, height,width or overall volume of the single
element and the improvement in the bandwidth suffers usually from degradation the other
characteristics. Line feeding technique of microstrip antenna are also attracted researchers because
of several advantages over other feeding techniques. Since the feed layout and patches could be
etched on one board, it could makes the fabrication easier. The level of the input impedance are
easily controllable. Line patches of microstrip had bandwidth and gain characteristics which is
relatively narrow. These techniques are also suffers from poor surface wave efficiency and the
relatively high spurious feed radiation .
In 1987, the Rigorous Analysis of a Microstrip line Fed Patch Antenna are

Unit 3 Assignment 1 Cognitive Radio Spectrum
The increased demand for radio spectrum has resulted from the evolution of feature–rich and high–
data–rate wireless applications. The spectrum is limited, and the current radio spectrum regulations
make its use less productive. This has necessitated the development of dynamic spectrum allocation
policies to make the utilization of the existing spectrum in a better way. As per the current spectrum
allocation regulations, specific bands are assigned to particular services and only licensed users are
granted access to licensed bands. Cognitive radio (CR) is expected to modernize the way spectrum
is allocated. In a CR network, the cognitive radio part allows the unlicensed users (secondary users)
to access spectrum bands allocated to the licensed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the underlay approach, secondary users should operate below the noise floor of primary users,
and thus severe constraints are imposed on their transmission power. Ultra–wideband (UWB)
technology is very suitable as the enabling technology for this approach. In spectrum overlay CR,
secondary users search for unused frequency bands, called white spaces, and use them for
communication.
Developing reconfigurable filter for overlay and underlay CR would be the effective solution for
sensing and sharing by ensuring security. This would start by studying techniques employed in the
design of UWB filters. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 brings out the theory
of UWB and Cognitive Radio. Filter geometries and performances are discussed in Chapter 3.
Section 4 compares the results of existing developed filters available in the literature. Section 5
concludes the

Wireless Networks : An Indispensable Tool
Wireless Networks
Micheal Bennett
Nova Southeastern University
Abstract
Wireless communication has become an indispensable tool in the world today. Most of the world is
connected and as a result, we have been able to carry out multiple tasks in a short time leaving us
spare time to engage in other activities that demand our attention. Wireless networks have gone
through several developmental phases to offer the fast and efficient services that we have presently.
In this paper, I discuss the various classifications of wireless networks, going into details about their
unique characteristics and why most people and organizations opt for them instead of their wired
counterparts.
Wireless Networks
As the name ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Kumar et al. , (2008) classify wireless networks into three taxonomical groups, namely: fixed
networks, mobile access networks and ad hoc or mesh networks. The mobile access networks are
further divided into the circuit multiplexing (e.g. GSM cellular network), centralized statistical
multiplexing (e.g. CDMA cellular networks, IS 95, CDMA 2000, WCDMA and IEEE 802.16
WIMAX networks) and distributed statistical multiplexing (IEEE 802.11 WLANs) (Kumar et al. ,
2008). Additionally, they classify ad hoc networks into the wireless Internets and sensor networks (
Kumar et al. , 2008).
Wheat, Hiser, Tucker, Neely and McCullough (2011) define fixed wireless networks as a technology
which utilizes line–of–sight technology with both the transmitter and receiver at fixed locations (p.
159). The Fresnel zone within which the signals operate must be clear of any form of obstruction in
order to avoid absorption and loss of signal strength. Wheat et al. , gives examples of fixed wireless
technologies as Wireless Local Loop technologies, Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service
(MMDS), Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS) and Point–to–Point Microwave.
Mobile wireless access networks have evolved from first generation, second generation, third
generation, fourth generation and now fifth generation (Umar, 2004). Umar further states that first
generation cellular systems used analogue transmission and were

Antenna Is The Main Component Of Every Communication System
Antenna is the main component of every communication system. The design of UWB antennas is
one of the major factors affecting the progress of UWB technology. As a result, UWB antenna
design has been studied much in recent years. UWB antennas must be electrically small and
inexpensive without compromising on performance. Omni directional radiation pattern is desired in
order to be well suited for ad hoc networks with arbitrary azimuthally orientations. Gain ﬂaterns and
phase linearity, i.e., constant group delay, are also required for an UWB antenna in order to not
distort the waveform of an ultra narrow–on the order of nanoseconds–electromagnetic energy pulse.
In addition, the time domain impulse response is another important criterion of UWB antenna
performance. The antenna must transmit UWB signal with minimal dispersion effect. In this thesis
all the antennas have been simulated in ANSOFT HFSS–13. This chapter contains the ﬁnal design
of antennas, the parasitic study of antenna in term of impedance band width. The peak gain,
radiation efficiency, peak directivity has been calculated in whole operating band and radiation
pattern at some frequencies has been studied. The time domain analysis also has been done in this
chapter. The total design of antenna include the two parts– first is the designing on the software and
second one is hardware part where the testing of the antenna is done on the Vector Network
Analyzer (VNA).
5.1 About HFSS The simulation technique used to

Gi-Fi
UACEE International Journal of Advances in Computer Networks and its Security – Volume 2:
Issue 3 [ISSN 2250 – 3757]
Evaluation of Gi–Fi Technology for Short–Range,
High–Rate Wireless Communication
Marzieh yazdanipour
Mina Yazdanipour
School of Information Technology
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University
Hyderabad, India
E–mail:m_yazdanypoor@yahoo.com
College of Commerce and Business Management
Osmania University
Hyderabad, India.
E–mail: ammfr_66@yahoo.com
Afsaneh Yazdanipour
Amin Mehdipour
Department of Engineering
Iran Zamin University
Isfahan, Iran
E–mail: mehr_parand@yahoo.com
Department of Engineering
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University
Hyderabad, India
E–mail: am_mehdipour@yahoo.com
CMOS (complementary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Comparison between the existing technologies and Gi–Fi technology is performed in Section 3. In

Section 4, benefits of the Gi–Fi technology are mentioned. In Section 5, main features of gigabit
wireless technology are explained. The applications
Gi–Fi or Gigabit Wireless is the world's first transceiver integrated on a single chip that operates at
60GHz on the
15
UACEE International Journal of Advances in Computer Networks and its Security – Volume 2:
Issue 3 [ISSN 2250 – 3757]
Fig. 2 Gi–Fi chip in mobile device
and uses of the Gi–Fi technologies are described in Section 6.
The future of Gi–Fi is traced in section 7. Finally, conclusions are presented in Section 7.
The GiFi chip is the first transceiver in the world that is integrated on a single chip and operates at
60GHz on the
CMOS (complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor) process and delivers short–range multi–
gigabit data transfer in an indoor environment. It is a complete wireless system on a single
integrated circuit that provides around ten times the bandwidth at one–tenth the cost of existing
technologies such as Bluetooth and Wi–Fi. The integration of the existing technologies is shown in
fig. 3.
II. DEFINITION
The process of Gi–Fi would use a chip that transmits at an extremely high 60GHz frequency versus
the 5GHz used for the fastest forms of Wi–Fi. The sheer density of the signal would allow a chip to
send as much as five gigabits per second. While the spectrum

Ultra Vires Essay
6. Ultra Vires Lending.
7. Ultra Vires Torts.
INJUNCTIONS
In the first place, that the members are entitled to hold a registered company to its registered objects
has been recognized long since. Hence whenever an ultra vires act has been or is about to be
undertaken, any member of the company can get an injunction to restrain it from proceeding with it.
In this case the House of Lords observed that the doctrine of ultra vires, as it was explained in the
Ashbury's case, should be maintained. But it ought to be reasonably and not unreasonably
understood and applied and that whatever may fairly be regarded as incidental to the objects
authorized ought not to be held ultra vires, unless it is expressly prohibited.
Accordingly in London County Council V Attorney General , the council having statutory power to
work tramways was restrained from running omnibus in connection with tramways. The court found
that the omnibus business was in no way incidental to the business of working tramways, and
therefore, could not be undertaken although it might have materially contributed to the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To put it in other words, that ultra vires contract is void and without any legal effect, which may
cause hardship to innocent persons who are unaware with the capacity of the company to enter in to
such contract. The observation made in the historical example of the famous case of Ashbury
Railway Carriage & Iron Co. V Riche , concluded that an ultra vires contract being void– abinitio
which cannot become intra vires by reason of estoppels, lapse of time, delay or acquiescence.
The incapacity of the company to make contract sometimes caused great injustice and hardships to
the person who had no knowledge of such incapacity of the company. For example, in Beauforte
(Jon) London, Ltd.
The company, Jon Beauforte Ltd., was authorized by its memorandum of association to carry on

The Benefits Of Radio Frequency Identification
RFID, or Radio Frequency Identification, is becoming the new technology through which data can
automatically be collected and transferred, along with the capability of tracking assets such as
inventory, machinery, or even people. RFID readers collect, store, and relay important data to other
application systems, and receives this information from RFID tags. The two types of RFID tags are
active and passive. Active RFIDs use power and can broadcast signals to the RFID readers, while
passive RFIDs are powerless and only communicate with the reader when within a specified
distance. Passive RFID's are typically used to identify things, whether it be patients at a hospital,
drug authentication, inventory, etc; they are very similar to barcodes. ... Show more content on
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Patient identification with the use of wristbands containing identity, medical history, and insurance
information have been implemented in the University College Hospital in Galway, Ireland. Other
applications still pending are RFID use as sensors for temperature and chemical sensing to protect
hospital blood supply, and use as alerts or triggers to protect patients dangerous or emergencies
during surgeries.
Hospitals are finding all kinds of uses for RFID systems in order to improve safety and save money
long–term. Many of these same uses can be applied elsewhere as well. For our senior project,
RFIDs will be put to use in a very similar way as hospitals have started to do so. We plan to use
active and passive RFID tags, in addition to RFID readers, all connected to a main database, in order
to essentially create zones on drilling or production rigs that allow only designated personnel. In
order to do so, active RFIDs will be placed on IDs given to all working personnel while RFID
readers will be set up at selective zones on the rig, so that sensors may be used to alarm the
individual or staff that he or she is in a restricted area for their level of clearance. Other passive
RFID tags will be placed in equidistant locations in each zone so that their interaction with the
active

Research Paper On Graphene
In this paper, the copper and flexible printed graphene with highly conductive are used as patches
antennas for wideband applications. The copper antenna has been designed to operate for a dual
band from 2.65 to 3.2 GHz and from 4.59 to 5.34 GHz, with maximum gain 2 and 3.37, dBi for first
and second respectively. But the flexible graphene patch mounted on an elastic substrate introduces
more wide impedance bandwidths, from 2.6 to 3.2 GHz and from 4.84 to 7 GHz with maximum
gain 1.04 and 1.33 dBi for first and second respectively. The copper structure has been fabricated
and measured. The return loss, VSWR, radiation pattern and the gain of the structures are
investigated. All the simulated results are analyzed, it is concluded that graphene ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The graphene as a Patch Antenna is able to radiate electromagnetic waves in the terahertz band (0.1
–10.0 THz) [22]. It is utilized to construct antennas and transmissions lines on elastic substrate, but
the copper cannot. For the same geometry, the metal antennas working at the same frequencies are
narrowband but the graphene antenna is a wideband antenna[23].The conductivity of graphene is
very frequency–dependent but has completely different behavior at RF/microwave respect to THz
and optics Properties of graphene depend on a a number of parameters including magnetic and
electrical field bias, electron velocity, temperature and scattering rate. The printed graphene can be
mechanical flexibility, lightweight, low cost consumable wearable electronics and environmental
friendliness. Using the Kubo formula, [24] to calculat the conductivity of single layer graphene, that
can be reduced to a simple Drude model if uc >> ħω, where µc is the Fermi level of graphene and ω
is the frequency:
σ=(2e^2 τ)/(πħ^2 ) 〖k_B Tlog〗⁡
〖(cosh〗⁡
〖μ_c/(〖2k〗_B T))1/(1+jωτ)〗 (1)
Where, τ is a scattering time, T is a temperature, kB is a Boltzmann constant, and e is unit electron
charge. The

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Wusb
INTRODUCTION
In this paper of Wireless USB, I will try to give the uses of WUSB, its advantages, work area,
features of using WUSB, etc. At the same time I will points out the application of using WUSB
along with its specification.
Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a serial bus standard to connect devices to a host computer. The USB
3.0 is the version of the USB. As the USB 3.0 support a raw throughput of 500 M bytes/s, it is also
known as super speed USB. There are many new features that has been included in the universal
serial bus specification. The most important characteristics is its fast speed data transfer. Thus it is
possible for the USB 3.0 to support many more devices than the currently using specification of
USB 2.0.
Wireless USB ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
APPLICATIONS OF WIRELESS USB:
In the business world, application of wireless USB include a variety of different possible using
style. The common devices that has been used in the business world regularly like printers,
scanners, hard discs, projectors etc can also be used in the wireless scenarios. By using these
devices without wired USB that is with wireless USB, there functions remains the same and it
seems that these devices are functioning with wired USB.
So, to get the benefits for performing faster, it is better to use wireless USB instead of wired USB.
Digital media in the PC, consumer electronic and mobile communication is growing highly and thus
with it a common standard interconnection is needed, which could be able to support the on–going
convergence of these environments. The consumer electronic will have high–performance wireless
interface expectations. Consumer usage models will mainly focus on streaming media distribution
that mainly uses algorithms for compression. The main objective of the performance of the wireless
USB is to provide a high quality of service that is maintained to meet typical consumer

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using Wusb
INTRODUCTION
In this paper of Wireless USB, I will try to give the uses of WUSB, its advantages, work area,
features of using WUSB, etc. At the same time I will points out the application of using WUSB
along with its specification.
Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a serial bus standard to connect devices to a host computer. The USB
3.0 is the u version of the USB. The USB 3.0 is also called super speed USB because the USB 3.0
support a raw throughput of 500 MByte/s. In the new universal serialbus specification, there are
many new features which are also included. The most important one is the fast speed data transfer.
Thus the USB 3.0 can support more devices than the currently using specification which is using
USB 2.0.
Wireless USB is also ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Here common devices that are used regularly like printers, scanners, hard discs, projectors etc can
also be used in the wireless scenarios. In the wireless scenarios, the function of these devices
remains the same as if it seems that they are using the wired USB. So, to get the benefits for
performing faster, it is better to use wireless USB instead of wired USB.
Digital media in the PC, consumer electronic and mobile communication is growing highly and thus
with it a common standard interconnection is needed, which could be able to support the on–going
convergence of these environments. The consumer electronic will have high–performance wireless
interface expectations. Consumer usage models will mainly focus on streaming media distribution
that mainly uses algorithms for compression. The main objective of the performance of the wireless
USB is to provide a high quality of service that is maintained to meet typical consumer
entertainment expectations.

Future Mobile Applications Demand Novel Wireless...
Future mobile applications demand novel wireless communication technologies due to new
challenges as– sociated with the shortage of spectrums, low–power radio architectures, and
communication security. For example, though mmWave can fulfill some of the spectrum demands,
it can still struggle to meet the growing demands for higher data connectivity over a myriad of
devices, e.g., Internet of Things (IoT) []. Therefore, more bands in the electromagnetic domains will
be needed. Besides, in current and future wearable devices, battery lifetime is the critical design
constraint that limits the sensor performance and data throughput []. In addition, security in wireless
communication is another significant challenge since future mobile devices ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
When a longer range is demanded, the power consumption of the UWB transceiver increases
dramatically. Since RF trans– mission follows the "inverse square law" that the power density is
proportional to the inverse square of the distance. In practice, when considering obstacles, multipath
and fading, which is a big problem of impulse radio, the scenario can be even worse. In other words,
increasing RF transmission distance will cost lots of power of RF devices, and shorten their battery
lifetime. This power–bandwidth trade–off of UWB can be alleviated by taking advantage of optical
wireless communications, which offers huge unlicensed bandwidth, high spatial re–use capability,
and low co–channel interference. Therefore, by creating a UWB/Optical relay, the communication
range of a UWB terminal can be extended without interfering other communications. On the other
hand, optical communication has a shortcoming of directivity, so handling mobility is more
challenging in optical systems than RF systems. This weakness can be overcome by using UWB as
radio terminals since impulse radio has less directional constraints. Moreover, since optical signals
One application example of the proposed system is illustrated in Fig. 1 (b). In this scenario, multiple
mobile sensors distributed over a geographical area need to transmit data to a remote destination
node. Here

Examples Of Em Festival
Top 5 biggest EDM festivals in the world
The popularity of European Dance Music is growing and with incredible festivals across the world,
it's no wonder EDM lovers are on the hunt for some of the best festivals to check out.
Traveling is fun, but it's even more fun when you can enjoy some of the biggest music events of the
year. Of course, with so many festivals to choose from it's easy to understand why many of you are
shy about buying tickets. Perhaps the greatest example would be the recent mis–Fyre Festival (one
of the founders was arrested on charges of fraud). It was touted as the ultimate destination festival,
with social medias biggest influencers promoting it, it seemed as though the Bahamas' Fyre Festival
was the place to be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It's an August affair and 2017s stars included Deadmau5 as well as Eric Prydz. It's certainly
England's biggest music festival, but not the fever has spread across the globe and people from all
over the world are looking to get in on the action.
3. Ultra Music Festival
This giant festival takes place in Miami in March and you can expect to see the likes of The
Prodigy, Underworld, DJ Snake, Major Lazer, David Guetta, and more. This festival has been going
strong for almost 20 years and continues going from strength to strength. Tickets are already on sale,
though the lineup hasn't been finalized. You can see from 2017's names, though, that the biggest
names in EDM will always show up.
4. Electric Daisy
This is the largest EDM festival outside of Europe and took place in Las Vegas during June, but
2018's festival is set for May. If you can stand the heat you'll be in for a treat. 230 performed at the
2017 event and the big names involved include Martin Garrix, Kygo, Afrojack, Porter Robinson,
and the legendary Tiësto. You can snag tickets now if you hurry. Better yet, you can even have your
wedding there and make it the most memorable festival ever!
5. Sunburn
The festival kicks off in December and 2017's event will mark this Indian festival's 10th
anniversary. While it is definitely Asia's largest festival the popularity has spread and now people
from all over the world are clamoring to secure tickets. What type of stars are expected to be

Wireless Human Area Network
We are heading towards an electronic future(era of electronics) where information will be accessible
at our fingertips, wherever and whenever wanted. Some of the communication and computing
equipment required to provide this immediate and intimate access to information will be
incorporated into our fit out. Just as a glance at present day's wristwatch saves a trip time to the
nearby clock, a glance at future's wristwatch will replace finding a terminal to check e–mail.. A
Human Area Network (HAN), also referred to as a wireless human area network (WHAN) or a body
sensor network (BSN), is a wireless network of wearable computing devices. In particular, the
wireless network comprises of several miniaturized Body Sensor Units (BSUs) together with a
single Body Central Unit (BCU). The development of WHAN technology started around 1995
around the idea of using wireless personal area network (WPAN) technologies to implement
communications near, on, and around the human body. About seven years later, the term "HAN"
came into existence to refer systems where communication is entirely on, within, and in the
immediate presence of a human body. A WHAN system can use WPAN wireless network
technologies as gateways to reach longer network ranges. Human Area Networking (HAN) is a
technology that safely and securely turns the surface of the human body into a data transmission
path by using minute electric fields generated on surface of human body at speeds up to 10 Mbps
between any

Research in the Area of Sinuous Antennas
We conducted a literature review as a part of our study, of recent research in the area of sinuous
antennas. From the review, it is clear that sinuous antennas are very useful due to their wideband
ability and dual polarized application. Hence, we can find a number of applications where these
antennas are being used. Waldschmidt et al.1 have conducted a study and evaluated the use of the
sinuous antenna for wideband multiple–input multiple–output (MIMO) and diversity applications.
They found that in addition to being extremely broadband the sinuous antennas are also very
compact. In fact, they found that when placing dipoles on the same space required by the sinuous
antennas, that the sinuous would reach much greater capacities for multimode–based MIMO
systems. Edwards and Rebeiz2 utilized the sinuous antenna type placement on a silicon dielectric
lens. The lens had a diameter of 50.8 mm necessitating a compact design. They chose the four–arm
sinuous antenna configuration as an alternative to traditional log–periodic antennas, which suffer
from polarization variation versus frequency and high cross–polarization levels. Their results have
shown that the lens–coupled sinuous antennas do exhibit polarization stability and low cross–
polarization levels over a wide band. In addition, the antenna is very efficient, radiating only 5% of
its total power to its backside. A much more recent application from Suzuki et al.3, again utilizes the
silicon lens–coupled sinuous antenna as a

Advantages And Disadvantage Of Passive Targets In...
Passive tags
Today, the passive tags are the simplest form of tags without any power source such as a battery, in
order to start communication with the reader. The passive tag gets its power from the radio waves
transmitted by the reader. The tag contains minimal information such as the unique tag ID and it can
be read at a range of ten to twenty feet away from the reader. Passive tags are cheaper to
manufacture and are mostly used in disposable items or they can also be used in asset management.
Radio frequency bands, the memory used inside the tag, antenna design etc. act as a factor to the
cost of passive tags. Passive tags operate at various frequencies ranging from low, high, ultra–high
to microwave frequencies. The manufacturing of passive tags ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These tags are more expensive than passive tags the reason being the internal hardware and the
range that they cover. The cost of the tags is based on the storage type, battery and the area that the
tag can cover.
Semi–passive tags
Semi–passive tags are a combination of active and passive tags. Even though they do not initiate the
communication with the reader, they contain batteries to respond back to the reader with its own
power. Such type of tags are useful in environments where continuous monitoring is required over
large areas.
Sometimes in order to save the battery life of the tag, the tags remain in the passive state and wait
for an activation signal from the reader. Once the signal is received, it uses its own battery power to
transmit the signals. Semi passive tags can also be connected to the sensors to store sensor
information.
To summarize passive tags are the most used tags if we can trade–off with its major disadvantage: it
cannot cover longer ranges as in the case of active and semi–passive

The Principles Of Radio Dequency Identification
The acronym RFID stands for Radio frequency Identification, which is one of the most prominent
technologies being used in the modern lifestyle, which has wide range of applications like enabling
physical security in an enterprise, tracking objects/merchandise on a shop floor etc. A general RFID
System has a Reader and Tags. The RFID tags are nothing but small sized transponders, which store
small amount of data which can be either information about the product that is being tracked or any
unique serial number directly fed into it and the information can be read multiple times by the
reader . The RFID reader which is a two way trans reciever uses the radio waves which enabling
wireless transfer of data between tags and the reader.
Fig 3.17: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because of the on–board power supply the cost of the active RFID tags is higher.
Fig 18: RFID active tag
b).passive tags:
A passive RFID tag has no on–board power source. But they are passively powered by the energy
from the electromagnetic field of the RFID reader. The antenna present in the passive tag converts
the energy from electromagnetic field of the reader into an RF wave that is transmitted into the
coverage zone of the reader.
33
Passive RFID tags find eligibility in applications which require low range of detection like access
control, supply chain management etc. Apart from active and passive tags there is a new
classification called Battery assisted passive tags . These tags have a small on board batteries which
get activated in the presence of an RFID reader.
It is clear that the above classification is based on the availability of power source in the RFID tag.
Also it is known that the tags contain vital data regarding the object that is being tracked. The
memory in the tags can be either a read only type of memory (a unique serial code embedded into
the chip) or a read write/ programmable memory type in which the data in the tag can be written by
the end user.
Fig 19: RFID passive tags
3.8.2 RFID Reader:
An RFID reader is a two way Transceiver which operates on a fixed frequency (generally 125 KHz).
An RFID reader's main task as described above is mainly to

Case Study Of Referring To Hutchinson's Case
Q1a)
Referring to Hutchinson's case, it state that an agent who is appointed to manage a business has
implied authority to make all those contract what a manager in such a position customarily has. As a
managing director of Beanstalk Ltd, Jack has the implied actual authority of signing a contract with
outsider. The company has a policy of all transaction over $100,000 require board approval. With
the knowledge of the company policy, Jack acted as an agent and continues to sign a $150,000
purchase agreement with Giant Ltd in s126. Giant Ltd does not know about the company policy but
in s129 they are protected to make assumption that the agents properly perform their duties and
document are duly executed when signing the contact. In addition, the indoor management rule from
Turquand's case also allow outsider to make certain assumptions. With the help from s129 and
Turquand's case, Giant Ltd contact ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is stated in s125. Nevertheless a company should comply with its constitution and although the
rights of an outsider are protected in the event of an ultra vires act, those managing the company
could expose themselves to damages should the ultra vires act result in detriment to the company.
Even if there is no detriment, members could seek an injunction to compel the directors to conduct
the affairs of the company in a constitutional manner. As Beanstalk Ltd is a public company, its
constitution would have been lodged [s136(5)] and the objects clause would have been available to
any party to inspect. However, the doctrine of constructive notice is abolished over such lodgements
with ASIC [s139(1)]. Further, even if Giant Ltd has actual knowledge of the objects clause and is
aware of the breach by Beanstalk Ltd, it does not diminish the legal capacity of Beanstalk Ltd
provided by s124(1) and supported by s125. The contract will be

Radio And Optical Wireless Communication
This collaborative effort outlines a comprehensive framework to apply novel radio and optical
wireless communications with channel coding to develop energy–efficient and secure links for the
problem of limited spectrum resource in future wireless applications. In particular, the project aims
to study the fundamental properties and develop practical solutions for a hybrid RF/optical system
that combines energy–efficient ultra–wideband architectures with secure and RF–spectrum–saving
optical technology.
Future mobile applications demand novel wireless communication technologies to address the new
challenges associated with the shortage of radio spectrum [1–5], the need for low–power radio
architectures
[6–9], and secure communication ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The key idea is to combine the advantages of localized short–range
UWB–IR and longer range optical wireless communication, and use jointly optimized LDPC coding
to improve the link reliability with low complexity encoder and decoder circuits. To achieve these
goals, as illustrated in Fig. 1, the proposed research will also focus on designing the UWB/optical
relaying circuits and hybrid communication protocol, exploiting network diversity and coding for
hybrid channels, and investigating low–complexity LDPC encoder/decoder circuits with soft
information for UWB–IR.
The advantages of UWB–IR and optical communication compensate each other's shortcomings very
well, as illustrated in Fig 1. For example, UWB–IR is power efficient; however, to achieve ultra low
power, the transmission distance of UWB must be short (sometimes less than 1 meter). When a
longer range is demanded, the power consumption of the UWB transceiver increases dramatically
since the received power varies as d−γ, where d is the transmission distance and γ is the path loss
exponent [36–38]. In other words, increasing RF transmission distance will significantly shorten the
battery lifetime. This power/distance trade–off of UWB can be alleviated by employing a
UWB/optical relaying device. The stationary relaying devices use dedicated power lines so the
battery–powered UWB terminals can save

Design And Analysis Of Uwb Funnel Shape Monopole Antenna
Design and Analysis of UWB Funnel Shape Monopole Antenna
By
Dr. Muhammed N. , Dr. Jamal K. Al–Rudaini, Muhammed H.
Abstract: A Funnel Shape antenna for use in an ultra–wideband UWB media is proposed. The
proposed antenna consists of Funnel antenna with monopole bridge antenna and partial ground
plane. The Funnel antenna with monopole bridge antenna are etched on the same sides of the
antenna substrate, a dielectric layer of FR4 microfiber. The overall dimension of the proposed
antenna is 50 mm × 50 mm × 1.6 mm. The antenna operates in the frequency range from 2–20 GHz
covering UWB band. Moreover, the proposed antenna provides good radiation patterns across the
whole working bands and a relatively good gain over the entire frequency band.
RF and microwave inte– grated techniques and energy harvesting
RF and microwave inte– grated techniques and energy harvesting
1) INTRODUCTION
UWB antenna are used in a wide frequency range in on–air and ground telecommunication systems
[1, 2]. RF and Microwave energy harvesting techniques, UWB antenna design is attracted by Global
Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and Galileo satellite navigation systems [3, 4]. Micro strip
patch antenna has various applications in UWB due to its important behavior. Design and analysis
of a model of square–shaped wideband monopole antenna is proposed in the Reference [5].
Recently, flat monopoles are proposed and used for wideband schemes [6–9] but their radiation
patternis not wholly directional due to

Case Study Of Tetra Pak And Nestle
ANSWER NO. 1
Refers to a case examine offered, I came across the problem prevailing between Tetra Pak and
Nestle is really a crisis where crisis management has taken place between both parties. I think, the
problem of the crisis I discover the Tetra Pak has lied and attempted to full cover up the problem
was developed by them when Tetra Pak's experience lies in creating safe and responsible
presentation for liquid food. In 2005, the printing ink scare stories centred on the remember of
Nestlé' s models in Italy, France, Spain and Portugal. The remember was started following the
finding of isopropylthioxanthone (ITX) in the products, requiring regulators and presentation
companies to focus on the potential for harm from this compound found ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Newspaper in the United Empire and ireland reported that ITX could take their products. Nestle
issued a statements in China and Singapore, protecting the safety of these milk in those countries.
This can be a Nestle record from Singapore: "We wish to encourage all events that our baby milk
items are safe for use and we adhere to the strict examination and safety requirements needed by the
Singapore Agri – Food and Veterinary Power" (Young, 2005 , p.15). The situations of ITX in milk
were reported in the United Claims, Europe and South Africa as well.The above statements are
excerpts from the Case Study given. Here I want to explain that how this crisis become a global
crisis. How does it become a global crisis? First of all, as we all know, Nestle brand is an
international brand which is very famous for its dairy products. Around the world, when called
Nestle, everyone will inevitably associate with baby milk products, milk for adults, supplement
drinks and snacks like Maggi. So, when the occurrence of a crisis involving Nestle products, then
we will certainly wonder whether the products sold in our country are safe to eat or whether the
products sold in our country involved with ITX incidents reported in countries such as Italy, United
States, Canada and South

Wireless Sensor Network
1.1 Wireless sensor network (WSN)
A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of sensing device, computation element, and
communication elements that gives user the ability to measure, observe and react to particular
events and phenomena in that problem field. A sensing device provides data from sensing physical
characteristics such as temperature, pressure and sound etc and then transmits that data to the base
station via radio either on time basis or demand basis. A wireless sensor network may contains just a
few or large number of wireless sensor nodes, operating in a synchronized and coherent manner to
fulfill a common task depending on application.
1.1.1 Overview
A sensor network has large number of sensor nodes, which are appropriately deployed or place
either inside the experiment or very near to it. A sensor network is a network consisting of
distributed wireless automatic devices using sensors to coordinately monitor physical or
surrounding conditions, such as temperature, sound, stress/ pressure, movements or pollutants etc at
different locations and time. The development of wireless sensor networks was originally motivated
by military applications such as battlefield surveillance. The wireless sensor networks nowadays can
be used in many more application areas, including environment and domain monitoring, medical
applications, intelligent home systems, and traffic commanding.
Sensor nodes will collect environment information and send it towards a sink node, which

Football Symbolism Essay
With more than a billion watchers yearly, football is the biggest spectator sport on the planet. The
popularity of football is based on the competitive nature of the game and the idea of being a fan. In
addition to cheering for their team, fans inside or outside the stadium have a great deal to express.
Football is seen by many as a stage to express their national personality, political association, ethnic
pride, and religious belongings. This gives Football numerous qualities that make it something
beyond a game to many. The symbolism of football clubs, players, and colors can mean for the fans
a close feeling of having a place and personality. Also they are crystallized by the economic, social
and political settings that surround communities associated with Football. Football all over the
world depends on the masses, for its huge popularity. It is considered to be the game of the crowds.
Football is a game of 12th side (11 players and the fans), which shows the important role of the
football fans. Through football it is quite easy to grab the perception of identity in its ethnic,
religious, and national borders. Archetti (1999) describes Football as a game that captures the notion
of an imagined community perfectly. He suggests that when players are representing a nation, it is
much easier to imagine the nation and confirm to the national identity. Football is seen as a game in
which each team works as much as they can to occupy the territory of the other team by getting the
ball into the goal. This makes the game announce a winner and a loser, not only inside the stadium.
As football depends on the masses it becomes a stage for political activity. In the case of the ultras
which they rely mainly on the jobless youth, in this sense it shows the collective identity and class
struggle. Therefore the ability to channel and influence the ultras is appealing to the governing elite.
Accordingly the political governments sent messages through using the fandom of football. For
example Mubarak meant to associate his name through the national football team by attending
matches in the stadium especially the final match of Africa cup of nations in 2006. In this way the
NDP (National Democratic Party)

Letters from the Samantha
An interesting short story is "Letters from The Samantha" by Mark Helpin. This story
tells the fascinating tale, in the form of never sent letters, of an ape brought aboard an iron–hulled
sailing ship in 1909 by Samson Low, the ship's captain. Although the author makes a point to tell the
reader, through Samson Low, that the animal does not symbolize anything or mean anything, in fact,
"He stands for nothing" (280), several arguments can be made to contradict this. One
could argue that the ape symbolized the untamed and rarely used wild side of Samson Low through
a comparison of their personalities, appearances, and the way they are treated by others. Samson
Low was a captain of a ship owned by the Green Star Line. He ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He is listless " (280). For the first time the captain has headaches' on the same journey he has
taken aboard an ape. The heat my be partially to blame but the guilt he feels of not living his life as
he secretly wants to could also be a factor. The ape also imitates what Samson Low does. When
Samson offers his hand to the creature, "In imitation, he put out his arm, looking much less
fearsome." (277). The captain and the ape act as if they are communicating on a different,
more primitive level. At times, the crew's behavior is primitive as well. Their reactions change
throughout the story. At first they fear the ape as a wild creature until the captain "tames' him.
"The crew has divide into two factions–those who wish to have the monkey shot, and those
who would put him in his boat". (274). Because they do not understand him they wish to be
rid of him. The next stage is acceptance and approval. After the creature comes down from the
rigging and takes the captain's hand, "the crew cheered and laughed" (277). Now that
they no longer fear him, they enjoy his novelty as a kind of pet. They write home and describe the
ape with some pride; they are the ones who have this animal and have conquered him. The next step
is indifference. The crew ignored the ape where they had had such

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Ink And Dielectrics
1.4.4 INKS AND DIELECTRICS
Different materials are being used now days for the printing of ink on a substrate. The conducting
inks are more useful for this purpose. The difference basically is that of the dielectrics which makes
it different for the working.
Here is a table representing some materials of inks along with their dielectrics: Ink material
Dielectric constant
Copper 6.0
Lead 4.2
Silver 0.99
Nickel 600
Graphite 36.5
Silicon 11.1
Wax 2.3
Printing ink 3.1
Aluminum 2.7
1.5 SUBSTRATES FOR ANTENNA DESIGN
There are several substrate materials that can be used for fabrication antenna. Some of them are low
cost while the others are highly expensive. Each substrate being used has its own advantages and
disadvantages. The dielectric of each substrate plays an important role in the ... Show more content
Sowpati and his co–workers in (2010) investigated the performance of printable antennas with
indifferent conductor thickness. This paper presents an antenna which is able to create very
competitive overall antenna performance, manufactured by inkjet printing of nano–silver ink against
Rogers copper foil structures.
T.H Liu (2012) presented a spiral antenna that was backed on photonic band–gap material. This
exhibits a larger front–to–back radiation level ratio, a broader frequency bandwidth, and higher gain
than a traditional spiral antenna. J.Bell and M.Iskander (2004) presented the implementation of
electromagnetic band–gap structures with an inherently wide–band Archimedean spiral antenna. The
EBG structure was designed to emulate a perfect magnetic conductor.
P.Calvert (2001) presented the inkjet printing for devices and materials with multilayered and
uniform prints. Higher resolutions were required for organic transistors which were to be printed. It
was also possible to print pinhole free layers to sidestep shortage of devices. Multiple layers were
printed in a way that they mixed and reacted to form a single material or sometimes they formed
distinct un–mixed

Benefits Of A Wireless Technology
Choosing a wireless technology to transmit very small amounts of data from A to B should be very
simple in todays world, but in reality making sense of the wireless connectivity technology
landscape for the Internet of Things is the opposite of simple and obvious – it is a complex
landscape and its getting more complex as time goes by.
In the short range corner we have some familiar LAN and PAN technologies such as Bluetooth, Ble,
Wi–Fi and even Zigbee. Local area network technology will find IoT applications in the home and
office where range is not a priority, if someone finds a way to remove complexity from the process
of setting the IoT devices or else we will find ourself having to adapt long range connectivity
solutions to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So far we have enjoyed LTE–M, LTE–MTC, Cat 1, Cat 0, Cat M, Release–12, Release–13, CIoT,
Extended Coverage IoT and NB–IoT and the milestone date in our diary has slipped March 2016.
So what can we expect then?
NB–IoT could be the long term goal, but we don 't know for sure. What we have until that arrives is
Cat 1. In between, Cat 0 will be skipped outright, and we will also have Cat M as a stepping stone.
The difference between Cat M / NB–IoT and Cat 1 is in the power consumption and cost.
Nevertheless Cat 1 is not where it needs to be. It is the interim solution until we get to Cat M / NB–
IoT. When will these actually arrive? Cat–M is scheduled to be commercially available in 2017,
while NB–IoT is announced for 2018.
Ultimately it won't be a single race of course, and there won't be a single winner. NB–IoT or
whatever it is called when it finally arrives will undoubtedly play a very significant part of the IoT
landscape but not yet and then only for use cases where there is a good fit.Applications where the
value of the individual data streams are relatively high and where energy consumption is not so
critical are a natural fit. The reality of required backward compatibility with a complex legacy (LTE)
technology is that no amount of optimisation will be competitive with a true 'clean–slate'.
The simplistic view from a decade ago is not even close to reality today and the dozen or so

Electronic Product Code Upc And Optical Character...
With the passage of time and extreme advancement in the technology the field of automatic
identification has come up with great potential. There are different methods to do this. The most
commonly used methods are Universal Product Code UPC and Optical Character Recognition OCR.
OCR has limited the use of UPC but Optical Character Recognition has also different deficiencies
which ultimately lead towards another technique called as Radio Frequency Identification also
termed as RFID. RFID is the most modern technique. RFID tags are readily available in the market.
As the name RF suggests that RFID reader uses radio frequency for the identification of objects.
Chapter 2 of the book describes the general introduction of Radio Frequency ... Show more content
No Battery.
Simple Circuitry.
The use of a microphone and speaker coil was the first example of using backscatter radio link to
carry substantial amount of information. This was done in 1948. The passive back scatter radio
technique was used when the radar or reader is very far away from the object to be identified. But if
the object to be identified is very close to the reader i.e. in the range of few centimeters then there is
no need for passive back scatter technique. In this case we used a technique in which the receiver
and the transmitter are inductively coupled. Such systems can operate at very low frequencies i.e.
few kilohertz to few megahertz. These are also called as low range transmitters and receivers
because they operate in a very low range of centimeters. Talking about the manufacturing of such
cheap transponders these can be made by using a sensitive magnetic strip. When the reader comes
close to the strip it vibrates and takes the necessary information. They were developed in 1960's
wildly used in retail stores and etc. Now if we want more ID space we have to slightly change the
circuitry of the transponder. Such circuitry can be composed with the help of a capacitor and the
inductor which operates at a resonant frequency. Such a system will provide much larger ID space
than the previous ones. Then inventors thought of a more sophisticated tag in which radio frequency
can also be used as a power source for the tag. Such a tag can be made by

Weaknesses Of Tetra Pak
Weaknesses: Following factors are included in the weakness of Tetra Pak;  One of the biggest
weakness of Tetra Pak is that it is primarily dependent on dairy products.  Unfortunately Tetra Pak
is losing sales volume in Western Europe  Some of the competitors are priced below Tetra Pak's
pricing  A big weakness of Tetra Pak Pakistan is that they don't practice internal hiring  With all
the other types of packaging solutions, Tetra Pak is weaker in a weaker position when it comes to
plastic packaging  Though Tetra Pak maintains a long history with Pontero, there is now a
potential of crack in their relationship. Opportunities:  There is a great potential in the plastic
packaging market and Tetra Pak is growing in the same very rapidly  The rise of "Enriched Milk"
is a great opportunity for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When it comes to hiring new employees, Tetra Pak is very picky and strict in choosing the people
who are goal–oriented, self–confident, team players, humble and people who can manage to balance
both the results/outputs and relations simultaneously. The other good thing about Tetra Pak is that its
employees are always paid a handsome salary, along with bonuses which are entirely based on their
overall performance in the organization. Nevertheless Tetra Pak is strict about the dress code of its
employees, especially managerial level and above employees. When it comes to Tetra Pak Pakistan,
there are so many events that happen around the year. These events include movie nights, dinners,
and even a grand family reunion in which all the current and ex–employees are invited with their
families. The family reunion for 2014 just happened on Dec 20, 2014 at Country Club Lahore,
Pakistan. There were all sorts of activities for kids and adults both. Food items, songs, adult games
and prize distribution are the main focus of such events. Economic

Radio Frequency Identification in Warehouse Management
Radio frequency identification in warehouse management
Introduction
Radio Frequency identification involves a small electronic device that has a small chip and antenna.
2,000 bytes of data can be carried by this chip. RFID devices give an object or product its unique
identifier, just in the same way that bar codes and magnetic strips which are placed behind credit,
ATM or debit cards. The data stored on the chip is only accessible when on scans the device and
then the information is captured on the computer. Though one needs to scan the RFID device to gain
access to the data, it is not mandatory that one places the scanner directly beside the chip. The chips
can be read from approximately 20 feet as it does not use line of sight. This gives RFID a greater
advantage over the other methods for automated data collection. RFID use radio waves to transmit a
signal that can be read by a reader thus enabling the chip to transmit information to the scanner
which then converts the data to machine readable information(Taghaboni–Dutta & Velthouse, 2006).
RFID devices can be semi–passive, active, or passive. Passive devices are powered when
electromagnetic waves are sent to it thus inducing electric current to the devices antenna. Semi–
passive devices use battery and waves that are sent from the scanner. Active devices use batteries to
power the chip in order for it to broadcast a signal to the scanner. Semi–passive and active devices
are mostly used for goods that need to be scanned

Laboratory of the Microwave and Radar
Recently in 2010, Hocine Kimouche, Djamel Abed and Brahim Atrouz from the Laboratory of the
Microwave and Radar, Ecole Militarie Polytechnique ( EMP), Algeria proposed the novel microstrip
patch antenna design within the inverted stepped cone slot ground antenna. The dependence of the
bandwidth on the main parameters design had been investigated. It would found that by choosing
the suitable combinations of the feed and slot shapes and the tuning their sizes, the optimum
operating bandwidth could be obtained. The proposed antenna has an omni–directional pattern at
(x–y) plane for all the measured impedance bandwidth, which are covered the commercial Ultra–
wide band.
In 2010, Li Zhiyong, Zhang Qian, Wang Huilong and Liu Yunlin from the Laboratory of the
Electromagnetic and Microwave, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China presented Ultra–
wide band microstrip–fed antenna with L shape ground application. The current path of the ground
plane would enlarged by using the L shaped ground which are improved the impedance bandwidth
performance. The notch would inserted on the ground plane under the microstrip line to enhance the
impedance matching of the antenna. The proposed antenna are designed to the operate over a
3.3GHz to 12GHz for the S11 less than the –10dB and they provides a good omnidirectional
radiation patterns. The Simulated results showed that the proposed antenna can be a good candidate
for the hand held Ultra–wide band applications owing to its attractive

Cost Benefit Analysis Essay
COST‐BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF AN RFID ASSET TRACKING SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
This paper outlines the cost‐benefit analysis of using Ultra High Frequency (UHF) Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) technology in an asset‐tracking application. To facilitate the analysis, RFID
will be compared against the incumbent technology, bar‐coding. An experiment comparing these
two technologies was conducted, and the findings from this experiment are further analysed.
Security
Search for missing items
Annual Stock take
Deploy, repair, relocate, refresh and return Figure 1: Hierarchy of Needs for Asset Tracking
Number of Assets 10,000 20,000 50,000 100,000 Number of Reads ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
With a time saving of 90.82%, RFID proves its time and cost savings while performing asset
inventories.
BUSINESS ANALYSIS
In order to clarify what savings RFID can provide for an organisation currently utilizing outdated,
inefficient logistics technologies, these time savings should be used, along with some general
assumptions, to project indicative cost savings. To facilitate analysis of the labour cost savings
associated to implementing RFID processes to an asset tracking context, the life cycle of a typical
asset is considered. The different types of assets and their individual characteristics are ignored to
simplify the analysis. In order for this document to provide useful figures for a wider range of
customers, a basic logistics department with varying asset levels and traffic will be analysed. Some
general assumptions are listed:  Average warehouse worker works a 38 hour week and earns a
$60,000AU salary.  Number of assets to be tracked: o 10,000 o 20,000 o 50,000 o 100,000  Each
tagged asset follows an assumed asset life cycle. Numbers of reads associated to each task: o Asset
Life – 3 years o Initial Deployment of Asset:  Manufacturer applies RFID tag to asset  Received
to Warehouse Stock  2 reads – 1 read into warehouse door, 1 read onto correct shelf/area 
Distribution to a Particular Building/Floor  2 reads – 1 read out of warehouse

The Importance Of Data Analysis
offer high data rates at short distances with low power, primarily due to wide resolution bandwidth
[3].
Different Techniques Used – Wide band phased array antenna is implemented to scan in the range of
(+–45) degree in wideband. A novel wideband mono conical antenna in the shape of tears drop is
implemented with good radiation directivity and frequency response. A dual spiral antenna for ultra
wideband capsule endoscope system is implemented. The capsule endoscope system transmits the
image data of internal human body to an external receiver wirelessly. This system contains sensors,
a tiny camera, LEDs, a wireless IC transceiver and antenna and these are encased in small capsule.
The antenna has omni directional radiation pattern to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These two modes should be with 90 degree phase difference, equal amplitude, and orthogonal to
each other in polarization. Such antenna can be actualized using a single feed or dual feeds.
Wideband U slot micro strip antenna operating in the frequency range of 5.18 to 5.8 GHz and
improving directivity. Two radiation beams off broadside are obtained by operating the patch
antenna at the higher order mode instead of the fundamental mode, which radiates a broadside
beam. Broadening the antenna bandwidth is achieved by using the U slot technique. Micro strip
antennas have been widely used in modern communication systems, because of its robustness,
planar profile, and low cost. Most of these antennas operate at their fundamental mode, which gives
a broadside beam. Micro strip antenna operating at the higher order mode has dual symmetric
radiation beams [2]. It is well known that the major drawback of a micro strip antenna is its narrow
bandwidth (3%). One of the popular techniques for broadening the patch antenna bandwidth is to
incorporate a U slot on its surface as proposed [5].
Ultra wideband millimeter wave stack patch antenna achieving high efficiency >90% and high gain
of 6 to 8 db.
Antenna is fabricated on silicon and takes advantage of cavity etching and BCB membranes
fabrication process of an UWB
60–GHz antenna based on silicon micromachining and BCB
(BenzoCycloButene) membranes to achieve high efficiency and large band performances the use of
membranes

Computer Advancement Of Computer Technology
It seems that the advances of today are moving far more rapidly than people have ever thought
about. The only question is that how much farther can we go in the advancement of computer
technology to support people. One of the ways to support people is in the area of Firefighting. In
this field the firemen with help of computers is allowed to help civilians when they are in need. The
job of now is becoming a little safer to do because of newly advances by computers in the
firefighting field. Three important ways computers have contributed is in the ways firemen can
refine their own personal knowledge of the job, personal protective equipment (PPE), and one of the
tools invented to locate people.
The topic for computer advancement, is of a field that is one of the most critical services given to
people. Why? It is one of most demanding jobs because of what the fireman actually does. In most
senses his or her job is not to only fight fires, but also to search out for life within the fire,
administer aid if needed, along with the searching for clues to what might have been the cause for
the accident or blaze. The Fireman combines the work ethic of not only his or her job, but along
with knowledge of a nurse and police officer. True, he or she does not always play a role on the
other areas besides fighting fires, but they have to be able to pick–up where ever they are needed in
whatever role. In order to broaden the knowledge of the firemen, it is most commonly done through
new

The Legal Powers Of The Company
Introduction
A company in itself is an entity. It can operate independently but only through individuals who serve
as agents of the company. This individual, the director, has been described by legal scholars as one
of the most visible and important persons within the company because he/she serves as the face of
the company. With this much responsibility to the company in one person's hands, the legal powers
available to directors have come to question. In the first reported case of its kind, Lord Hardwicke
held the directors in question guilty of "breach of trust", tagging them as trustees to the company.
Since then directors powers have been likened to that of a trustee. In Re City Equitable Fire
Insurance Co. (1925), Romer J opined that addressing directors as trustees is strictly incorrect, but
rather they are agents of companies . Sealy (1967) agrees to this. He notes that the origin of this
concept of trust principles possesses no concrete evidence and is therefore irrelevant in modern law.
As agents of the company, directors carry are subject to fiduciary duties to the company, also the
principal. Fiduciary duties are the highest standard of care. The director is therefore expected to
carry out his/her activities in the best interest of the company. Further, the companies Act 2006, an
intricate combination of rule derived from judicial precedence and statute developed over time has
vested reformed duties, roles and powers in directors to meet the demands of the

RFID System Analysis
Conventional passive RFID tags contain no internal power source, but instead harvest power from
the RF signal transmitted by the RFID reader system. RFID readers provide sufficient power in the
transmitted RF carrier signal to energize the tag circuitry through the coupled tag antenna. For a
high frequency RFID system, for example, the wavelength of the
13.56–MHz carrier is 22.12 m. The typical parallel resonant circuit of a tag antenna comprises the
inductance, resistance, and capacitance of the antenna loop (see Fig. 5) with resonant frequency.
Frequency = ଵ
ଶπ√ሺ L_ଶ∗Cሻ Hz.
In passive RFID systems, readers communicate with tags by modulating the amplitude, phase, or
frequency of the carrier, according to the specific design of the RFID ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Ultrasonic sensor is used to measure the distance between the vehicles and determine their speed
based on the mathematical formula: Average speed =
ሺdଶ−dଵሻ
ሺtଶ−tଵሻ km/hr. The above formula gives us the average speed of the vehicle by taking the
parameters for the microcontroller from two different points. The data (distance and time) is
subjected to linear mathematical calculations to obtain the required entity. The equivalent code for
the above mathematical formulae and determining the distance between the two vehicles is shown in
code box –1.
The data obtained via ultrasonic sensor are processed by the microcontroller and the resultant is
being displayed on the LCD display system.
The LCD Screens are placed on the turns where the visibility of the incoming vehicles is equivalent
to zero.
Fig. 7: Experimental setup
RFID (NFC MODULE) tag at checkpoint 01 with a hex code, further the code is read again at the
checkpoint 02. If the code reads the same tag at the checkpoint 01 in a certain interval of time. The
vehicle is termed as "SAFE". Else in all other cases such as the reader reading a different code or
the time interval specified in the algorithm to read the code is exceeded etc. leads to the conclusion
that the vehicle is "MISSING" or has encountered a "FAULT".

Wi–fi module is used to send the data collected by the ultrasonic sensor and the RFID reader to the
server

case study Essay examples
Tetra Pak Case study
The challenge of intimacy with a key customer
Content
 Company Profile
 Performance Evaluation
 Marketing Challenges
 Solutions Assessment
 Implementation Proposition
Content
 Company Profile
Tetra Pak – Company profile
Establishment: 1952.
Founder: Dr. Ruben Rausing.
Home country: Sweden.
World's largest producer of
Swedish company
aseptic carton packaging
Tetra Pak's packaging products

Content
 Company Profile
Five Forces– Italian Packaging ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Market leader in full–fat,
Losing shelf space.

Techniques Of Monopole Antenna
operation but also needs to have an appropriate proposed design. It employs two techniques to
improve the radiation pattern. These techniques are the use of an angled dipole and vertical copper
plates arranged on the ground plane for improvement in the radiation pattern of lower and upper
bands, respectively radiation profile in both bands, namely similar gain, wide beamwidth. One of
the popular techniques for broadening the patch antenna bandwidth is to incorporate a U–slot on its
surface. They have the ability to confine the power in certain directions instead of scattering the
power everywhere. As a result of less power loss toward unwanted directions, the multipath and
interference effects are reduced.
Using wideband circularly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fundamental characteristics of this antenna such as the radiation directivity and the frequency
response are measured.
Figure shows a picture of the proposed antenna that has a shape of ―tears drop‖. Using Novel Ultra
Wideband Planar
Reflector Antenna a reflector antenna relies on reflection of energy from the reflector. Reflector
antennas tend to be good directional and high gain antennas [11]. There are some classes of ultra
wideband reflector antennas, such as planar, corner, and parabolic cylinder reflector antennas. In
these reflector antennas, the planar reflector antenna is the simplest and yet most practical design.
Principle of the planar reflector antenna is image theory. As shown in figure according to antenna
image theory, an image antenna can generate in the other side of the perfect electric conducting
plane. Using conducting plane as a back reflector, a more compact antenna structure may be
feasible. The conducting planar reflector serves to concentrate the radiation to the antenna side of
the planar reflector [12].
Fig.
A dual spiral antenna for Ultra wideband capsule endoscope system a dual spiral antenna for ultra
wideband capsule endoscope system is proposed. Since a capsule endoscope system which transmits
real time image data in the body should have ultra–wideband characteristic, an ultra wideband
antenna is suitable for this system. When an antenna is used as capsule endoscope system, a small
sized antenna is

Advantage And Disadvantage Of Uwb
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
In the recent pass, both academia and industry field have shown a substantial general interested in
wireless medium communications, Ultra–wideband (UWB) transmission applications [1, 2]. Having
numerous advantages such as high data rate on very low power and short distance range technology
makes UWB as a fascinating technology. Those benefits placed UWB as an interesting technology
for military and medical applications that uses radar and information sensing.
Figure 1.1: Example of direct–conversion transceiver
Figure 1.1 shows the example of direct–conversion transceiver. It is to give brief picture that power
amplifier (PA) is a critical component that is capable to deliver high power for UWB transmitter.
However, the implementation of Radio Frequency (RF) power amplifier is one of the challenging
aspects in emerging ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this chapter, the topic included was project overview, problem statements, objectives, project
scope and report outline.
Chapter 2 is covered by literature review. It is an overview about UWB technologies as it stated it's
the benefits of UWB in terms of its characteristics features and applications. This chapter is also
concern about the concepts of CMOS technology. Fundamentals of power amplifier are also
included in Chapter 2 such as the specification of the power amplifier performance, the linear and
switching mode classes, and the its topology,. Not to mention the previous works related to CMOS
power amplifier for UWB applications are at the last part of the chapter.
Chapter 3 covers the design methodology that is proposed for this low band UWB CMOS power
amplifier project. It consists of project design stages, project flow chart process and project planning
timeline on completing this final year project. It also dwells with the proposed power amplifier
design specification and expected outcome for this

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